Orange passion fruit (Passiflora caerulea L.) as a new raw material for acetic fermentation: evaluation of organic acids and phenolic profile, in vitro digestion, and biological activities.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated for the first time the potential of orange passion fruit as a base for alcoholic and acetic fermentations, with a view to assessing its profile of organic acids and polyphenols, in vitro digestion, and biological activities. RESULTS: In terms of aliphatic organic acids, malic acid was the majority in the wine (3.19 g L-1), while in the vinegar, it was acetic acid (46.84 g L-1). 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB) was the major phenolic compound in the wine and vinegar samples (3443.93 and 2980.00 µg L-1, respectively). After the in vitro gastrointestinal simulation stage, the wine showed high bioaccessibility for the compounds sinipaldehyde (82.97%) and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHBA, 81.27%), while the vinegar exhibited high bioaccessibility for sinipaldehyde (89.39%). Through multivariate analysis, it was observed that 3,4-DHB was highly concentrated in the different digested fractions obtained from the wine. In contrast, in the vinegar, the stability of isorahmenetin and Quercetin 3-o-rhamnoside was observed during the in vitro digestion simulation. Lastly, the vinegar stood out for its inhibition rates of α-amylase (23.93%), α-glucoside (18.34%), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (10.92%). In addition, the vinegar had an inhibitory effect on the pathogenic microorganisms Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. CONCLUSION: Orange passion fruit has proved to be a promising raw material for the development of fermented beverages. Therefore, this study provides an unprecedented perspective on the use and valorization of orange passion fruit, contributing significantly to the advancement of knowledge about fermented products and the associated nutritional and functional possibilities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

High-dietary fibers cereal bars containing malt bagasse by-product from the brewing industry.

The aim of this study was to use the malt bagasse by-product for developing high-dietary fibers cereal bars. Three formulations were tested and contained 0% (control), 19% and 24% of malt bagasse. The bars with malt bagasse were rich in dietary fiber and protein, with 6.06 and 26.35 g/100 g, respectively for samples with 19% of bagasse, and 8.43 and 26.22 g/100 g, respectively, for bars with 24% of this by-product. The total phenol content (TPC) of the bars with 19 and 24% of bagasse, was 100.37 and 192.13 mg GAE/100 g of sample, and the EC50 was 21.58 and 14.78 mg/mL (DPPH assay), respectively. The incorporation of this by-product into the formulations enhanced their TPC and antioxidant capacity. These samples had a high sensory acceptance. The formulation with the lowest malt bagasse concentration showed high global acceptance (56%) and purchase intention. The sensory attributes that pleased the tasters the most, rated as "liked moderately," were the color and odor of both bars. Cereal bars showed an improved nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity after malt bagasse addition, and the formulation with 19% should be the best choice among the tested formulations, when considering the set of nutritional and sensory aspects. The malt bagasse was successfully valorized as an ingredient in a functional food, whilst contributing to the environment.

Cytokine storm in human monkeypox: A possible involvement of purinergic signaling.

Some evidence has indicated that monkeypox can induce a cytokine storm. Purinergic signaling is a cell pathway related to the cytokine storm. However, the precise mechanisms that lead to cytokine storms in monkeypox infections and the possible involvement of purinergic signaling in the immune response to this virus remain unknown. In this review article, we aimed to highlight a body of scientific evidence that consolidates the role of the cytokine storm in monkeypox infection and proposes a new hypothesis regarding the roles of purinergic signaling in this immune-mediated mechanism. We further suggested some purinergic signaling modulators to mitigate the deleterious and aggravating effects of immune dysregulation in human monkeypox virus infection by inhibiting P2X3, P2X7, P2Y2, and P2Y12, reducing inflammation, and activating A1 and A2A receptors to promote an anti-inflammatory response.

Phenolic compounds profile of optimised green and eco-friendly extracts of Eugenia pyriformis leaves: an alternative for antioxidant and antibacterial applications.

The Eugenia pyriformis Cambess (uvaia) is a well-known source of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the efficiency of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) in obtaining uvaia leaf extracts with high antioxidant and antibacterial activity. In a first step, different variables of the leaves were employed to define the best conditions for obtaining the extract with the highest total phenolic content. In a second step, the optimised extracts were characterised. In total, twenty-four phenolic compounds were identified through LC-ESI-MS/MS. The EAE in optimised conditions showed a higher amount of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential. It was possible to note an analogous potential of antibacterial activity of the extracts, which showed action mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. These findings suggest that the aqueous extracts of uvaia leaves are feasible, economic, and sustainable alternatives for adding value to uvaia leaves, which are an agricultural residue that is generally underutilised.

Potential of milk-derived bioactive peptides as antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and xanthine oxidase inhibitors: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and updated review.

Bioactive peptides consist of small protein fragments, which are inactive in their original conformation, and they become active when released from these through enzymatic hydrolysis or fermentation processes. The bioactivity of such peptides has been extensively reported in the literature as contributors to organic homeostasis processes, as well as in immunomodulation, organism defense against oxidative processes, among others. In this study, reports of the activity of BPs isolated from milk with the potential glycemic control, antihypertensive activity, and inhibitors of uric acid formation were compiled. A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis were conducted, using the PICO strategy for the research. The temporal analysis of publications revealed a growing interest in the investigation of bioactive peptides with potential antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities, using dairy sources as products for their extraction. The literature analysis also revealed an increase in research involving non-bovine dairy products for bioactive peptide extraction. The collaboration network among authors exhibited weaknesses in scientific cooperation. Regarding the analysis of keywords, the usage of terms such as "bioactive peptides", "antioxidant", "antihypertensive", and "diabetes" was evident, constituting the main research clusters. Peptides with low molecular weight, typically < 10 kDa, of hydrophobic nature with aliphatic and aromatic chains, have significant implications in molecular interactions for the required activities. Although there is a growing interest in the industry regarding the utilization of bioactive peptides as potential drugs, there is a need to address gaps related to elucidating their interactions with cellular targets and their use in human therapy.

Kinetic modeling of the adsorption and desorption of metallic ions present in effluents using the biosorbent obtained from Syagrus romanzoffiana.

In this study, the kinetic mechanism of adsorption and desorption, as well as the equilibrium isotherms, of four metallic ions (Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+) mono and multicomponent were investigated. The biosorbent used was produced from Jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana-commonly known as queen palm) coconut. A kinetic model that considers macropore diffusion as a control step was solved. The finite volume method was used in the discretization of the equations, and the algorithm was implemented in the Fortran programming language. The equilibrium time for monocomponent adsorption was 5 min; for the multicomponent tests, equilibrium occurred instantly (less than 2 min of adsorption). The pseudo-second-order model presented the lowest mean of the sum of normalized errors (SNE) and represented the experimental data of mono and multicomponent adsorption and desorption. Single and multicomponent Langmuir model represented the adsorption isotherms. The maximum capacity of adsorption of metallic ions, both mono and multicomponent, was higher for copper, and the multicomponent adsorption proved to be antagonistic; the presence of co-ions in the solution reduced the removal of metals due to competition between these contaminants. The capture preference order was justified by the physicochemical properties of the ions, such as electron incompatibility and electronegativity. All these situations justified the maximum adsorption of Cu2+, followed by Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ in the mixture.

Phytochemical profiling, antidiabetic, antitumoral and cytotoxic potential of Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine leaves of red variety.

In this study, phytochemical profiling, and antidiabetic, antitumoral and cytotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of leaves of red variety of Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine were investigated. The extracts were obtained using a cellulase complex. The total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined, and the individual phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. For the TPC, the amounts varied from 85.91 to 106.33 mg EAG g-1. Eighteen compounds have been identified. The compounds with the highest concentrations were gallic acid, quercetin and protocatechuic acid. Antidiabetic activity was obtained through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition tests. The extract inhibited 17.94% of α-amylase activity and 73.34% of α-glucosidase activity. The antitumoral activity in cells of cutaneous melanoma (SK-MEL-28) and the cytotoxic activity was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The cellular migration was determined for cells SK-MEL-28. Antitumoral effects on cells SK-MEL-28 were observed and the absence of cytotoxicity on the PBMCs.

Eugenia uniflora L. seed and pulp extracts: phytochemical profile, cytotoxic potential, antitumoral activity, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition capacity.

In this study, phytochemical profiling, cytotoxic potential, antitumoral activity, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition capacity of extracts of seed and pulp of Eugenia uniflora L. fruits were investigated. The extracts were obtained using a cellulase complex and the phenolic compounds were quantified. The cytotoxic potential and antitumoral activity were evaluated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and melanoma-type tumor cells, respectively. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition capacity was determined. For all extracts, the compounds identified and quantified were salicylic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid and, myricitrin. For extract of pulp, ellagic and p-coumaric acids were also identified and quantified. The extracts do not show cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Extract of seed was able to decrease cell viability in melanoma-type tumor cells within 24 h of exposure. The concentration 5 µg mL-1 of extracts inhibited 7.73% of α-amylase and 15.34% of α-glucosidase. The Pitanga extracts presents substances with biological activities.

Production of Collagens and Protein Hydrolysates with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity from Sheep Slaughter By-Products.

This work aimed to produce collagens and hydrolysates with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity from sheep slaughter by-products. The by-products (sheep and lamb) were treated and extracted. The collagens were hydrolyzed with the enzyme Alcalase®. The spectra of collagens and hydrolysates were similar (amide bands I, II, III, A, B). The bands presented by the collagens (α1, α2, ß) were characteristic of type I collagen. The hydrolysates showed molecular weight peptides equal to/lower than 15 kDa. Collagens had a denaturation temperature of 39.32 (lamb) and 36.38 °C (sheep), whereas the hydrolysates did not undergo thermal transition. Hydrolysates showed lower values of antioxidant activity (AA) than the collagens. The collagens from lamb and from sheep displayed an AA of 13.4% (concentration of 0.0002%) and 13.1% (concentration of 0.0005%), respectively. At the concentration of 0.0020%, the lamb hydrolysates displayed an AA of 10.2%, whereas the sheep hydrolysates had an AA of only 1.98%. Collagen also showed higher antimicrobial activity compared to hydrolysates, requiring a lower concentration to inhibit the microorganisms tested. Sheep slaughter by-products proved to be a viable source for obtaining protein hydrolysates and collagens with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, which can be applied in the development of nutraceuticals beneficial to human health.

Incorporation of natural and mechanically ruptured brewing yeast cells in beef burger to replace textured soy protein.

The use of brewer`s yeast to replace textured soy protein (TSP) in burgers was investigated. Three formulations were made, corresponding to a control formulation with 4% TSP, a formulation containing 4% yeast cells in their natural state, and a formulation made with 4% mechanically ruptured yeast cells, which were characterized for the chemical, technological, and sensory properties. Significant differences were observed for pH and instrumental color between the formulations, with no changes in the visual color evaluation by the untrained assessors. The addition of yeast cells resulted in a higher cooking yield and lower reduction in diameter, contributing to maintaining the shape and juiciness of burgers, which is a positive aspect from the technological point of view. The TSP-based formulation presented higher overall appearance and flavor scores when compared with the other formulations, with no significant differences for the other sensory attributes. The results showed that debittering of yeast-cell biomass is required to remove hop resins and tannins before using in burgers, aimed to improve the product`s acceptance and the purchase intent. The debittered yeast cell biomass can be used in burger formulations with great potential to replace TSP, as an alternative to obtain a free allergen meat product.

Potentially toxic metals of vegetable gardens of urban schools in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil / Metais potencialmentetóxicos em hortas escolares na região urbana de Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Urban environments are contaminated in many ways with persistent organic and inorganic pollutants as a result of anthropogenic activities, endangering human health and natural resources. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the soil contamination by cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 10 vegetable gardens of urban schools located near or on Botucatu sandstone outcrops of Guarani Aquifer in the urban areas of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. In each garden, three soil samples at each position (in the soil immediately outside and the soil in the garden) were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm. The ISO 11466 method was used to extract the metals. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was used to quantify the elements and certified materials to evaluate the quantities (SRM 2709a - San Joaquin Soil - NIST). To evaluate the data, principal component analyses and cluster analyses were performed. The cluster analysis for the evaluated metals showed that the highest contents of elements were reported in three gardens. Values above the prevention value defined by resolution no. 420/2005 of the National Council for the Environment -Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) - were reported for cobalt in one garden and copper in three gardens; thus, these areas were categorized as Class III areas. Principal component analysis explained 74.7% of the data and showed the enrichment of some elements within gardens.

RESUMO: Ambientes urbanos são contaminados de muitas maneiras com poluentes orgânicos e inorgânicos persistentes como resultado de atividades antrópicas, colocando em risco a saúde humana e os recursos naturais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a contaminação do solo por cobalto (Co), cromo (Cr), cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni), chumbo (Pb) e zinco (Zn) em 10 hortas de escolas urbanas situadas próximo ou sobre áreas de afloramento de arenito Botucatu do Aquífero Guarani, no município de Lages, Santa Catarina. Em cada horta, três amostras de solo foram coletadas (dentro e fora da horta) na profundidade de 0-20 cm. O método ISO 11466 foi usado para extrair os metais. Utilizou-se espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) para quantificar os elementos e materiais certificados (SRM 2709a - San Joaquin Soil - NIST). Para avaliar os dados foi feita a análise dos componentes principais e análise de agrupamento. Pela análise de agrupamento para os metais avaliados observou-se que as maiores concentrações de elementos foram encontradas em três hortas. Valores acima do valor de prevenção (PV) definido pela resolução no. 420/2005 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) foram encontrados para Co em uma horta e Cu em três hortas, classificando essas áreas como classe III. A análise de componentes principais explicou 74,7% dos dados e mostrou o enriquecimento de alguns elementos dentro das hortas.

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): evaluation of cellular disruption processes, chemical composition, functional properties and digestibility.

The objective of this study was to evaluate yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from beer fermentation in its natural form (NY) and subjected to different processes of cellular ruptured [mechanical method using ultrasound (MRY) and modified autolysis using NaCl and ethanol (MAY)] regarding functional and digestibility properties, comparing them with textured soy protein (TSP). Ultrasound treatment resulted in 42% disruption efficiency and the micrographs obtained from scanning electron microscopy analysis showed important morphological modifications due to processes of cellular ruptured action. MRY cells presented more pronounced damage than LN, which suggests the rupture of the cell wall and exit of the internal material to the medium. NY, MRY, MAY, and TSP presented a very close composition concerning the protein content, ranging from 39.32 to 43.80% and moisture of 0.07-0.14%. In vitro digestibility of brewing yeast samples equated the digestibility of TSP (higher than 94%). Cellular disruption with ultrasound (MRY) caused an increase in foaming ability, stability and also oil retention capacity (8.82 mL of oil/g of protein). Modified autolysis (MAY) resulted in higher water holding capacity (14.50 g of water/g of protein) and index of water solubility (greater than 64%) with a decrease in their emulsifying properties. The highest water absorption capacity was presented by the TSP and NY. Therefore, in its different forms, yeast can be applied as a functional and technological ingredient in the food industry, with significant technological capabilities and potential applications.

Fosfolipase imobilizada na hidrólise da fração lipídica de efluente de frigorífico de suínos: comparação com a enzima livre / Phospholipase immobilized in the hydrolysis of lipid fraction of the wastewater slaughterhouse swine: comparison with enzyme free

RESUMO Este estudo pretendeu verificar as melhores condições operacionais para a hidrólise de lipídeos presentes em efluente de frigorífico de suínos, comparando uma fosfolipase comercial livre e uma imobilizada, assim como o potencial para reutilização da fosfolipase imobilizada nas reações de hidrólise e sua manutenção de capacidade lipolítica em condições de armazenamento. Analisaram-se a influência da temperatura, o pH e a concentração da fosfolipase na hidrólise, obtendo-se como valores ótimos 36ºC, 8,5 e 1,1% (m.v-1), respectivamente. Os valores de ácidos graxos livres obtidos para a enzima livre e imobilizada diferiram significativamente (p<0,05), sendo os valores para a enzima imobilizada superiores, com máximo de 34 µmol.mL-1. Foram realizados 18 ciclos de reúso da fosfolipase imobilizada nas reações de hidrólise, e até o 17º reúso a atividade relativa ficou acima de 50%. A enzima imobilizada estocada em temperatura de refrigeração manteve a mesma liberação de ácidos graxos até o sétimo dia de armazenamento.

ABSTRACT This study intended to determine the best operating conditions for the hydrolysis of lipids present in wastewater of slaughterhouse swine comparing a free commercial phospholipase and an immobilized one, as well as the potential for reuse of the immobilized phospholipase in hydrolysis reactions and the maintenance of its lipolytic capacity in storage conditions. The influence of temperature, pH and concentration of phospholipase hydrolysis were analyzed, yielding optimal values such as 36ºC, 8.5 and 1.1% (w.v-1), respectively. The amounts of free fatty acids obtained for free and immobilized enzyme differed significantly (p<0.05); the values were higher for the immobilized enzyme, with a maximum of 34 µmol.mL-1. There were performed 18 cycles of reuse in immobilized phospholipase hydrolysis reactions, and until the 17th reuse the relative activity was above 50%. The immobilized enzyme stored at refrigeration temperature remained the same fatty acids release until the 7th day of storage.

Enzymatic hydrolysis (pepsin) assisted by ultrasound in the functional Properties of hydrolyzates from different collagens / Hidrólise enzimática (pepsina) assistida por ultrassom nas propriedades Funcionais de hidrolisados de diferentes colágenos

ABSTRACT: Enzymatic hydrolysis (pepsin) assisted with or without ultrasound in the functional properties of hydrolyzates from different collagens were analyzed. Degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and antimicrobial activity (MIC) were assessed. The treatment that resulted in greater antioxidant activity for the fiber sample was with the use of 4% of enzyme and concomitant ultrasound (40.7%), leading to a degree of hydrolysis of 21.7%. For the powdered fiber sample the hydrolysis treatment with use of 4% of enzyme resulted in lower protein content (6.97mg/mL), higher degree of hydrolysis (19.9%) and greater antioxidant activity (38.6%). The hydrolyzates showed inhibitory capacity against gram-negative bacteria Salmonella choleraesuis and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It can be concluded that enzymatic hydrolysis concomitant or not with the use of ultrasound increased the functionality of the fiber and powdered fiber samples, for the other samples its use as supplementary treatment was not productive, due to the worse results of antioxidant activity (DPPH) reported. However, it provided greater hydrolysis degree.

RESUMO: Foram avaliados os efeitos da hidrólise enzimática (pepsina) assistida com ou sem ultrassom nas propriedades funcionais de hidrolisados de diferentes colágenos. Foi analisado o grau de hidrólise, a atividade antioxidante (DPPH) e a atividade antimicrobiana (MIC). O tratamento que possibilitou maior atividade antioxidante para a amostra fibra foi com a utilização de 4% de enzima e ultrassom concomitante (40,7%), levando a um grau de hidrólise de 21,7%. Para a amostra fibra pó o tratamento de hidrólise com uso de 4% de enzima resultou em menor teor de proteína (6,97mg/mL), maior grau de hidrólise (19,9%) e maior atividade antioxidante (38,6%). Os hidrolisados mostraram capacidade inibitória contra a bactéria gram-negativa Salmonella choleraesuis e gram-positiva Staphylococcus aureus. Pode-se concluir que a hidrólise enzimática concomitante, ou não, ao uso do ultrassom apresentou aumento da funcionalidade das amostras fibra e fibra pó. Para as demais amostras, sua utilização como tratamento complementar, a hidrólise não foi interessante, devido aos piores resultados de atividade antioxidante (DPPH) encontrados. Porém, proporcionou maior grau de hidrólise.

Desenvolvimento de cobertura à base de colágeno parcialmente hidrolisado, manitol e antimicrobianos aplicada em morangos / Development of coating using partially hydrolyzed collagen, mannitol and antimicrobial applied on strawberrie

O presente artigo apresenta o estudo experimental do desenvolvimento de coberturas à base de colágeno parcialmente hidrolisado e manitol (utilizado como plastifi cante) e posterior incorporação de antimicrobianos com o intuito de aumentar o tempo de vida útil de morangos. Testaram-se nove combinações de colágeno parcialmente hidrolisado e manitol, mediante planejamento experimental, buscando-se os efeitos dessas variáveis em relaçãoà perda de massa dos frutos. A cobertura mais efi ciente para a redução da perda de massa do fruto continha 7,5% de colágeno e 2,5% de manitol. Após defi nição da melhor formulação testousea ação dos antimicrobianos sorbato de potássio e do composto comercial, denominado neste trabalho como extrato de pomelo. Obteve-se aumento da vida útil dos morangos usando cobertura àbase de colágeno e manitol com antimicrobianos incorporados, osquais alcançaram vida-de-prateleira de 12 dias.

Response surface method to optimize the production and characterization of lipase from Penicillium verrucosum in solid-state fermentation.

Current studies about lipase production by solid-state fermentation involve the use of agro-industrial residues towards developing cost-effective systems directed to large-scale commercialization of enzyme-catalyzed processes. In this work, lipase production and partial characterization of the crude enzymatic extracts obtained by Penicillium verrucosum using soybean bran as substrate was investigated. Different inductors were evaluated and the results showed that there is no influence of this variable on the lipase production, while temperature and initial moisture were the main factors that affected enzyme production. The optimized cultivation temperature (27.5 degrees C) and initial moisture of substrate (55%) were determined using the response surface methodology. Kinetics of lipase production was followed at the optimized growth conditions. Optimum lipase yield was 40 U/g of dry bran. The crude enzymatic extract showed optimal activity in the range from 30 to 45 degrees C and in pH 7.0.