ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity worldwide. Ocular and periocular metastasis present as a rare but clinically significant manifestation. This study aims to explore demographics and clinical aspects of ocular and periocular metastasis in breast cancer patients. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study comprising 45 breast cancer patients with ocular or periocular metastasis treated between 2013 and 2023. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, visual outcomes, and survival data were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 9902 breast cancer patients, 0.5% developed ocular or periocular metastasis, constituting 2.4% of metastatic cases. The median age was 50 years. Ocular metastasis timing varied: 5% before breast cancer, 24% concurrent, 22% within a year, and 49% after. The most common presentations included incidental MRI findings (42%) and vision decline (31%). Metastasis involved the orbit (47%), choroid (40%), optic nerve (11%), and iris (2%), with 44% having bilateral involvement. Predictive factors included invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) (p < 0.0001) and brain metastasis (p < 0.0001), with ILC exhibiting a sixfold higher likelihood of ocular metastasis than invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Primary treatment was radiation therapy (89%), yielding a 55% maintenance of excellent vision (<0.5), with 93% developing dry eye disease. Patients with ocular metastasis faced an increased risk of disease-related mortality (p < 0.0001), with 71% succumbing within 10 months post-diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular metastasis in breast cancer is rare (0.5%) but signifies poor outcome. It is linked to ILC and concurrent brain metastasis. Primary treatment involves radiation therapy, with a favorable visual prognosis.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to demonstrate that the denervation of the pancreas may affect the enteric neuronal plexus, which controls both the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas. By using the light microscope, the histological changes of the islets of Langerhans and the pancreatic acini in the rat pancreas were studied two and three weeks after sympathectomy and truncal vagotomy. More-over, measurements of the changes infasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance tests in the control and experimental animals were recorded. Atrophic changes and degeneration of the pancreatic acinar cells and islets of Langerhans cells were observed after both sympathectomy and vagotomy. Biochemical measurements of fasting blood, and the glucose tolerance tests after sympathectomy and vagotomy were increased significantly, which is consistent with the histological results. The results of this study explain that the exocrine and endocrine parts of the pancreas are dependent on both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation via the enteric plexuses of the rat pancreas. These results establish a firm correlation between the autonomic innervation and the enteric plexus, which controls the function of the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas
No disponible
