Prediction model for individualized precision surgery in breast cancer patients with complete response on MRI and residual calcifications on mammography after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Identifying whether there is residual carcinoma in remaining suspicious calcifications after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients can provide crucial information for surgeons in determining the most appropriate surgical approach. Therefore, we investigated factors predicting calcifications without residual carcinoma (ypCalc_0) or with residual carcinoma (ypCalc_ca) and aimed to develop a prediction model for patients exhibiting residual suspicious calcifications on mammography but complete response on MRI after NAC. METHODS: This retrospective study included breast cancer patients undergoing NAC, showing residual suspicious mammographic calcifications but complete response on MRI between January 2019 and December 2020 (development set) and between January 2021 and December 2022 (validation set). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified significant factors associated with ypCalc_0. The prediction model, developed using a decision tree and factors from logistic regression analysis, was validated in the validation set. RESULTS: The development set included 134 women (mean age, 50.6 years; 91 with ypCalc_0 and 43 with ypCalc_ca) and validation set included 146 women (mean age, 51.0 years; 108 with ypCalc_0 and 38 with ypCalc_ca). Molecular subtype (P = .0002) and high Ki-67 (P = .02) emerged as significant independent factors associated with ypCalc_0 in the development set. The prediction model, incorporating hormone receptor (HR)-/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ with high Ki-67 as ypCalc_0 predictors, and HR+/HER2- cancers or HR+/HER2+ or triple-negative (TN) cancers with low Ki-67, as ypCalc_ca predictors, achieved an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.844 (95% CI 0.774-0.914) in the validation set. CONCLUSION: Minimized surgery may be considered for managing residual calcifications in HR-/HER2+ with high Ki-67 cancers, while complete excision is recommended for HR+/HER2- breast cancers or for HR+/HER2+or TN breast cancers with low Ki-67.

Ultrafast sequence-based prediction model and nomogram to differentiate additional suspicious lesions on preoperative breast MRI.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether ultrafast sequence improves the diagnostic performance of conventional dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in differentiating additional suspicious lesions (ASLs) on preoperative breast MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective database search identified 668 consecutive patients who underwent preoperative breast DCE-MRI with ultrafast sequence between June 2020 and July 2021. Among these, 107 ASLs from 98 patients with breast cancer (36 multifocal, 42 multicentric, and 29 contralateral) were identified. Clinical, pathological, conventional MRI findings, and ultrafast sequence-derived parameters were collected. A prediction model that adds ultrafast sequence-derived parameters to clinical, pathological, and conventional MRI findings was developed and validated internally. Decision curve analysis and net reclassification index statistics were performed. A nomogram was constructed. RESULTS: The ultrafast model adding time to peak enhancement, time to enhancement, and maximum slope showed a significantly increased area under the receiver operating characteristic curve compared with the conventional model which includes age, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression of index cancer, size of index cancer, lesion type of index cancer, location of ASL, and size of ASL (0.92 vs. 0.82; p = 0.002). The decision curve analysis showed that the ultrafast model had a higher overall net benefit than the conventional model. The net reclassification index of ultrafast model was 23.3% (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: A combination of ultrafast sequence-derived parameters with clinical, pathological, and conventional MRI findings can aid in the differentiation of ASL on preoperative breast MRI. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Our prediction model and nomogram that was based on ultrafast sequence-derived parameters could help radiologists differentiate ASLs on preoperative breast MRI. KEY POINTS: Ultrafast MRI can diminish background parenchymal enhancement and possibly improve diagnostic accuracy for additional suspicious lesions (ASLs). Location of ASL, larger size of ASL, and higher maximum slope were associated with malignant ASL. The ultrafast model and nomogram can help preoperatively differentiate additional malignancies.

The Parathyroid Gland: An Overall Review of the Hidden Organ for Radiologists.

Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands that regulate calcium metabolism by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). These are located at the back of the thyroid gland. Typically, four glands comprise the parathyroid glands, although their numbers may vary among individuals. Parathyroid diseases are related to parathyroid gland dysfunction and can be caused by problems with the parathyroid gland itself or abnormal serum calcium levels arising from renal disease. In recent years, as comprehensive health checkups have become more common, abnormal serum calcium levels are often found incidentally in blood tests, after which several additional tests, including a PTH test, ultrasonography (US), technetium-99m sestamibi parathyroid scan, single-photon-emission CT (SPECT)/CT, four-dimensional CT (4D-CT), and PET/CT, are performed for further evaluation. However, the parathyroid gland remains an organ less familiar to radiologists. Therefore, the normal anatomy, pathophysiology, imaging, and clinical findings of the parathyroid gland and its associated diseases are discussed here.

Determination of axillary lymph node status by fine-needle aspiration: preoperative axillary staging vs. postoperative surveillance for breast cancers.

Background: Despite the common use of ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for axillary node (AN) in breast cancer patients, only a limited number of studies are available regarding the diagnostic performance of AN-FNA according to the suspicion level based on US findings. This study compares the outcomes of US-guided AN-FNA in breast cancer patients, differentiating between those undergoing staging and surveillance. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study with retrospective analysis was conducted on 767 consecutive AN-FNA procedures performed in 2017 at Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, with 654 for staging and 113 for surveillance in breast cancer patients. The radiologists performed axillary US and the specific finding was prospectively classified into the AN-reporting and data system (AN-RADS) category 3-5 before FNA. The malignancy rate of each category was evaluated. The chi-square test, with or without Bonferroni correction, or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the malignancy rates between the staging and surveillance groups for each category. Results: Among the 767 AN-FNAs, 424 (55.3%) were malignant. The malignancy rate was significantly higher in the staging group (59.5%) than in the surveillance group (31.0%, P<0.0001). The distribution of AN-RADS categories differed between the groups (P=0.015), with 4A being the most common. The malignancy rates in categories 3, 4A, 4B, 4C, and 5 were as follows: 5.6%, 36.0%, 77.4%, 87.7%, and 98.4% in the staging group, and 0.0%, 9.7%, 53.3%, 88.9%, and 100% in the surveillance group. The malignancy rate was significantly different between the two groups only in category 4A (P=0.0001). Conclusions: AN-FNA according to AN-RADS category appears to be an appropriate method for determination of axillary nodal status. Overall malignancy rate of AN-FNA in breast cancer patients was higher in the staging group than in the surveillance group. According to the suspicion level, the difference between two groups was significant only in category 4A.

Characteristics of Breast Charcoal Granuloma: A Delayed Complication Following Tattoo Localization.

Rationale and Objective: To evaluate the characteristic clinical and imaging findings of charcoal granuloma and suggest features that may differentiate charcoal granuloma from breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 18 patients with a histologically confirmed breast charcoal granuloma between 2005 and 2021 at a single institution. All patients had a history of breast surgery after ultrasound (US)-guided charcoal marking. Two radiologists analyzed the radiologic findings of charcoal granulomas, including the presence of a mass or calcification; the shape, margin and density of the masses on mammography; and the location, size, shape, margin, orientation, echogenicity, vascularity, presence of an echogenic halo, and posterior acoustic shadowing on US. In cases with available follow-up images, we also investigated whether the size and shape had changed. Results: The median interval between breast surgery and the diagnosis of charcoal granuloma was 2.3 years (range, 0.7-18.3 years). Thirteen lesions (72.2%) were detected on screening images. In 11 (61.1%) cases, the surgical incision was not made in the tattooed skin area. Mammography showed positive findings in 10/15 patients, and most lesions were isodense masses (70%). There were no cases with calcification. On US, all lesions were masses and showed a taller-than-wide orientation (61.1%), round or oval shape (55.6%), and iso- or hyperechogenicity (83.3%). Echogenic halo (27.8%) and posterior acoustic shadowing (16.7%) were uncommon. On Doppler US, only four cases (22.2%) showed increased vascularity. Most were classified as BI-RADS 3 (38.9%) or 4A (50.0%). After biopsy, 12 patients had follow-up mammography and US. The size of the lesion decreased in nine cases and remained unchanged in three cases. A decrease in the lesion size after biopsy showed a negative correlation with the interval between detection on imaging and biopsy (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Charcoal granuloma is most commonly found 2-3 years after surgery and occurs more frequently when the incision site is different from the tattooed skin area. US findings of tall and round or oval masses with iso- or hyperechogenicity without increased vascularity could help to differentiate them from malignancies.

Analysis of Prognoses according to Breast MRI Results in Patients with Axillary Lymph Node Metastases from an Unknown Primary Origin.

PURPOSE: To compare the prognosis of patients with axillary adenocarcinoma from an unknown primary (ACUPax) origin with negative MRI results and those with MRI-detected primary breast cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The breast MRI images of 32 patients with ACUPax without signs of primary breast cancer on mammography and ultrasound (US) were analyzed. Spot compression-magnification mammography and second-look US were performed for the area of MRI abnormality in patients with positive results; any positive findings corresponding to the MRI abnormality were confirmed by biopsy. If suspicious MRI lesions could not be localized on mammography or US, MR-guided biopsy or excision biopsy after MR-guided localization was performed. We compared the prognosis of patients with negative breast MRI with that for patients with MRI-detected primary breast cancers. RESULTS: Primary breast cancers were confirmed in 8 (25%) patients after breast MRI. Primary breast cancers were not detected on MRI in 24 (75%) patients, including five cases of false-positive MRI results. Twenty-three patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) followed by whole breast radiation therapy (WBRT) and chemotherapy (n=17) or subsequent chemotherapy only (n=2). Recurrence or distant metastasis did not occur during follow up in 7/8 patients with MRI-detected primary breast cancers and 22/24 patients with negative MRI results. Regional recurrence or distant metastasis did not occur in any MR-negative patient who received adjuvant chemotherapy after ALND and WBRT. CONCLUSION: The prognoses of MR-negative patients with ACUPax who received ALND and WBRT followed by chemotherapy were as good as those of patients with MRI-detected primary breast cancers.

Delayed Cancer Diagnosis in Thyroid Nodules Initially Treated as Benign With Radiofrequency Ablation: Ultrasound Characteristics and Predictors for Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Regrowth after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of symptomatic large thyroid nodules, initially treated as benign, sometimes turns out to be malignancies. This study aimed to assess the ultrasound (US) characteristics of thyroid nodules initially treated as benign with RFA and later diagnosed as cancers, predictive factors for cancers masquerading as benign, and methods to avoid RFA in these cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 134 consecutive patients with 148 nodules who underwent RFA between February 2008 and November 2016 for the debulking of symptomatic thyroid nodules diagnosed as benign using US-guided biopsy. We investigated the pre-RFA characteristics of the thyroid nodules, changes at follow-up after RFA, and the final surgical pathology. RESULTS: Nodule regrowth after RFA was observed in 36 (24.3%) of the 148 benign nodules. Twenty-two of the 36 nodules were surgically removed, and malignancies were confirmed in seven (19.4% of 36). Of the 22 nodules removed surgically, pre-RFA median volume (range) was significantly larger for malignant nodules than for benign nodules: 22.4 (13.9-84.5) vs. 13.4 (7.3-16.8) mL (P = 0.04). There was no significant difference in the regrowth interval between benign and malignant nodules (P = 0.49). The median volume reduction rate (range) at 12 months was significantly lower for malignant nodules than for benign nodules (51.4% [0-57.8] vs. 83.8% [47.9-89.6]) (P = 0.01). The pre-RFA benignity of all seven malignant nodules was confirmed using two US-guided fine-needle aspirations (FNAs), except for one nodule, which was confirmed using US-guided core-needle biopsy (CNB). Regrown malignant nodules were diagnosed as suspicious follicular neoplasms by CNB. Histological examination of the malignant nodules revealed follicular thyroid carcinomas, except for one follicular variant, a papillary thyroid carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic large benign thyroid nodules showing regrowth or suboptimal reduction after RFA may have malignant potential. The confirmation of these nodules is better with CNB than with FNA.

Effect of artificial intelligence-based computer-aided diagnosis on the screening outcomes of digital mammography: a matched cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether artificial intelligence-based computer-aided diagnosis (AI-CAD) can improve radiologists' performance when used to support radiologists' interpretation of digital mammography (DM) in breast cancer screening. METHODS: A retrospective database search identified 3158 asymptomatic Korean women who consecutively underwent screening DM between January and December 2019 without AI-CAD support, and screening DM between February and July 2020 with image interpretation aided by AI-CAD in a tertiary referral hospital using single reading. Propensity score matching was used to match the DM with AI-CAD group in a 1:1 ratio with the DM without AI-CAD group according to age, breast density, experience level of the interpreting radiologist, and screening round. Performance measures were compared with the McNemar test and generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: A total of 1579 women who underwent DM with AI-CAD were matched with 1579 women who underwent DM without AI-CAD. Radiologists showed higher specificity (96% [1500 of 1563] vs 91.6% [1430 of 1561]; p < 0.001) and lower abnormal interpretation rates (AIR) (4.9% [77 of 1579] vs 9.2% [145 of 1579]; p < 0.001) with AI-CAD than without. There was no significant difference in the cancer detection rate (CDR) (AI-CAD vs no AI-CAD, 8.9 vs 8.9 per 1000 examinations; p = 0.999), sensitivity (87.5% vs 77.8%; p = 0.999), and positive predictive value for biopsy (PPV3) (35.0% vs 35.0%; p = 0.999) according to AI-CAD support. CONCLUSIONS: AI-CAD increases the specificity for radiologists without decreasing sensitivity as a supportive tool in the single reading of DM for breast cancer screening. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: This study shows that AI-CAD could improve the specificity of radiologists' DM interpretation in the single reading system without decreasing sensitivity, suggesting that it can benefit patients by reducing false positive and recall rates. KEY POINTS: • In this retrospective-matched cohort study (DM without AI-CAD vs DM with AI-CAD), radiologists showed higher specificity and lower AIR when AI-CAD was used to support decision-making in DM screening. • CDR, sensitivity, and PPV for biopsy did not differ with and without AI-CAD support.

Correction: Kim et al. Assessment of Enhancement Kinetics Improves the Specificity of Abbreviated Breast MRI: Performance in an Enriched Cohort. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 136.

There were errors in the original publication [...].

Ring Enhancement in Non-Neoplastic Breast Tissue on MRI During Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer: Incidence and Clinical Implications.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe new lesions called ring enhancement in non-neoplastic breast tissue on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients, and to investigate the factors influencing their occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 811 consecutive patients (mean age; 50.0 [range, 24-81] years) with breast cancer who had undergone NAC between January 2020 and December 2021, identifying cases with new ring enhancement on post-NAC MRI. We analyzed the MRI findings and identified factors that were potentially associated with ring enhancement through statistical analyses using the chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Forty-seven (5.8%) patients developed new ring enhancement on post-NAC MRI. The variables associated with ring enhancement were premenopausal status (p = 0.0007), younger age (p = 0.0011), high mammographic density (p = 0.0076), and high background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on baseline MRI (p = 0.0001). Among these, high BPE was independently associated with the occurrence of ring enhancement (p = 0.0294, OR = 2.08; CI: 1.08-4.03). In a subset of high BPE patients, an association between HER2-positive cancers and ring enhancement was observed (odds ratio = 5.51 vs. 2.54). New lesion development exhibited no association with any specific NAC drug (p = 0.1676-0.7583 per drug). CONCLUSION: Ring enhancement often occurs on post-NAC MRI and mostly disappears on subsequent MRI scans. High BPE on MRI was associated with this finding and HER2-positive cancers potentiated it. Knowledge of this finding can prevent unnecessary biopsies.

Benign Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast: Imaging Characteristics.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the radiological and clinical characteristics of benign adenomyoepitheliomas of the breast. Materials and Methods: Over the last 20 years, 120 patients were histologically diagnosed with breast adenomyoepithelioma (AME) at our institution. We excluded 43 patients who were incidentally diagnosed during mastectomy for breast cancer, 28 who underwent percutaneous biopsy without further excision, and 8 who had biopsy-confirmed benign AME and were found to have another pathology after complete excision. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records and radiological findings of the remaining 41 patients with histologically diagnosed benign breast AMEs after complete excision. Results: All 41 patients underwent US; 38 underwent mammography (MG) and US; and 18 underwent MG, US, and MRI. MG detected 38 cases with a round or oval shape (56%), and mass (89%), were non-circumscribed (62%), hyperdense (53%), and without microcalcifications (95%). Breast US revealed suspicious masses (98%) with a non-circumscribed margin (66%), hypoechogenicity (43%), and intratumoral vascularity (63%). All lesions on breast MRI showed suspicious masses (100%) with ill-defined margins (61%), and 84% showed wash-out kinetics. Benign AMEs showed suspicious features of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 4 or 5 in 83%-95% of the MG, US, and MRI. Sixteen of the 41 cases were misdiagnosed on the initial core needle biopsy and two were diagnosed as malignancy. Conclusion: Benign breast AME often shows suspicious radiological features mimicking a malignant mass on MG, US, and MRI. Differentiating benign AME from other pathologies might be difficult on core needle biopsy, and complete excision is needed for a correct diagnosis.

Subcategorization of intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules based on suspicious ultrasonographic findings.

PURPOSE: This study compared the malignancy risk of intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules according to the presence of suspicious ultrasonographic (US) findings. METHODS: From January 2014 to December 2014, 299 consecutive intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules in 281 patients (mean age, 50.6±12.5 years) with final diagnoses were included in this study. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed the US findings and subcategorized the intermediate suspicion category into nodules without suspicious findings and nodules with suspicious findings, including punctate echogenic foci, nonparallel orientation, or irregular margins. The malignancy rates were compared between the two subcategory groups. RESULTS: Of the 299 intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules, 230 (76.9%) were subcategorized as nodules without suspicious findings and 69 (23.1%) as nodules with suspicious findings. The total malignancy rate was 33.4% (100/299) and the malignancy rate of nodules with suspicious findings was significantly higher than that of nodules without suspicious findings (47.8% vs. 29.1%, P=0.004). In nodules with suspicious findings, the most common suspicious finding was punctate echogenic foci (48/82, 58.5%) followed by nonparallel orientation (22/82, 26.8%) and irregular margins (12/82, 14.6%). Thirteen nodules had two suspicious findings simultaneously. A linearly increasing trend in the malignancy rate was observed according to the number of suspicious US findings (P for trend=0.001). CONCLUSION: Intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules with suspicious findings showed a higher malignancy rate than those without suspicious findings. Further management guidelines for nodules with suspicious findings should differ from guidelines for nodules without suspicious findings, even in the same US category.

Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided Localization for Clipped Metastatic Axillary Lymph Nodes After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study.

We present our initial experience of ultrasound (US)-guided localization of clipped metastatic axillary lymph nodes (LNs) following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We evaluated US visibility and the successful excision rate of clipped LN after NAC in 29 consecutive patients with breast cancer. US-guided localization of clipped nodes was performed in 22 patients on the day of surgery, while seven patients underwent surgery without localization. The clips were identified in all patients with residual metastatic LNs and 6 of 12 (50%) patients without residual metastatic LNs on US. Six patients without visible clips underwent US-guided localization at the presumed previous clip insertion site. The successful excision rate of 22 LNs with localization was 100% (even though 3 of them were non-sentinel LNs) and 57% (4/7) without localization. Regardless of the presence of visible residual metastatic LNs on US after NAC, successful excision of the clipped LN with US-guided localization is feasible.

Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics and survival between symptomatic and asymptomatic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

Although anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a fatal form of thyroid cancer with an overall survival of only a few months, there are some factors associated with longer survival. However, it remains unknown whether asymptomatic ATC differs from symptomatic ATC in terms of characteristics and overall prognosis. Therefore, we aimed to examine the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of asymptomatic ATC compared with those of symptomatic ATC. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 113 patients with ATC who were registered at our institution between November 1994 and July 2020. A total of 86 patients (59 women and 27 men; mean age, 66.9 ± 11.1 years) were enrolled for analysis. The clinicopathological characteristics of the ATC cohort were evaluated, and prognostic factors associated with disease-specific mortality were assessed. Of the 86 patients with ATC, 78 were symptomatic and eight were asymptomatic. Compared with the symptomatic group, the asymptomatic group had a younger age at diagnosis (59.3 ± 10.3 vs. 67.7 ± 11.0 years, p = 0.045), smaller tumor size (2.8 ± 1.2 vs. 5.8 ± 2.0 cm, p < 0.001), and longer survival period (37.5 ± 46.4, 9.5 ± 16.8 months, p < 0.001). However, the ATC component (%) of the tumor, sex, ultrasonographic risk category, and distant metastasis at diagnosis did not differ significantly between the two groups. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, asymptomatic ATC (HR: 0.33, 95% CI 0.11-0.99, p = 0.045) and absence of distant metastasis (hazard ratio (HR): 0.56, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.35-0.88, p = 0.012) were associated with longer survival. Patients with asymptomatic ATC have a smaller tumor size, a longer survival period, and a younger age than those with symptomatic ATC. Being asymptomatic and having no distant metastasis were associated with longer survival in patients with ATC in a clinical setting.

Appropriate screening mammography method for patients with breast implants.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the benefits and losses of mammography with and without implant displacement (ID) and propose an appropriate imaging protocol for the screening of breasts with implants. We evaluated mammograms of 162 breasts in 96 patients including 71 breasts with biopsy-proven cancers. Mammography of each breast included standard MLO and ID MLO images. We reviewed the mammograms using clinical image quality criteria, which consist of parameters that evaluate the proper positioning of the breast and the image resolution. Standard MLO images showed significantly higher scores for proper positioning but showed significantly lower scores for image resolution than the ID MLO images. Moreover, standard MLO images showed significantly higher kVp, mAs, and compressed breast thickness than the ID MLO images. The organ dose was also higher in the standard MLO images than in the ID MLO images, but the difference was not statistically significant. In mammography with proven cancer, ID MLO images showed significantly higher degree of cancer visibility than standard MLO images. For screening mammography in patients with breast implants, ID MLO view alone is sufficient for MLO projection with reducing the patient's radiation dose without compromising the breast cancer detection capability, especially in dense breasts with subpectoral implants.

Ethnoracial Disparities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Brief Report.

Despite the well-identified vulnerability of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is unclear about their experiences with COVID-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptomology (COVID-PTSD). This study examined ethnoracial disparities in the level of, and factors associated with, COVID-PTSD using a national data set, including 1926 Whites and 488 ethnoracial minorities. Results showed that ethnoracial minorities reported a greater COVID-PTSD than Whites. COVID-related distress was the common risk factor of COVID-PTSD for the both groups. Being a female and greater social support were associated with COVID-PTSD only for Whites, whereas higher education, greater IADL and fewer ADL limitations were associated with COVID-PTSD for ethnoracial minorities. The findings provided preliminary, but generalizable understanding of ethnoracial disparities in COVID-PTSD, among the Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65.

Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of single axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer: Emphasis on the location of lymph nodes.

To evaluate the frequency and location of abnormal lymph nodes (LNs) in breast cancer patients with a single axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We retrospectively reviewed the MRI findings of 219 consecutive patients with breast cancer with single ALN metastasis who were surgically confirmed at our institution between January 2018 and December 2018. The morphological features and locations of the abnormal LN on MRI were analyzed. Pathology reports were reviewed to evaluate the size of the metastases and whether they were sentinel LNs (SLNs). Of the 219 patients with a single ALN metastasis, 56 (25.6%) showed abnormal MRI findings. Of these, 54 (96.4%) had either the lowest or second-lowest LN in the level I axilla. In 184 (91.5%) of 201 patients who underwent SLN biopsy, the metastatic LN were SLN. Macrometastases were found more frequently in cases with abnormal LNs than in those with normal-looking LNs (P = .004). The most frequent morphological feature of metastatic ALNs was a diffuse cortical thickening of 3 to 5 mm (37.5%). Although MRI findings of single ALN metastasis in breast cancer patients are none or minimal, abnormalities are observed in the lowest or second-lowest LN in the lower axilla when present, suggesting the location of the SLNs.

Accuracy and reproducibility of shear wave elastography according to the size and elasticity of lesions: A phantom study.

While the extrinsic factors affecting reproducibility of shear wave elastography (SWE) have been well documented, there are few resources assessing intrinsic characteristics of the lesion affecting the reproducibility and accuracy of SWE. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of measured elasticity and the reproducibility of SWE according to the lesion size and stiffness. Two breast radiologists examined 20 targets of 4 different levels of stiffness and 5 different sizes (2.5, 4, 7, 11, and 18 mm) in a customized elasticity phantom. The B-mode image, color elastography image, and kPa measurement were obtained twice by each examiner with a 1-week interval. Inter- and intra-observer reproducibility and the accuracy of measured kPa were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. Subgroup analysis was run to evaluate the effect of lesion size and stiffness on the reproducibility and accuracy of measured kPa. Inter- and intraobserver reproducibility for measuring kPa showed excellent agreement (ICC: 0.9742 and 0.9582; ICC: 0.9932 and 0.9294). The size and stiffness of the targets did not affect reproducibility. The overall accuracy of measured kPa was very high (ICC: 0.8049). In the subgroup analysis, targets that were ≤4 mm in size showed lower accuracy (ICC: 0.542), whereas targets that were 7 and 11 mm in size showed higher accuracy (ICC: 0.9832 and 0.9656, respectively). SWE shows excellent reproducibility regardless of lesion size or stiffness in phantom targets. The accuracy of measured kPa is high in lesions that are 7 and 11 mm in size but is low in lesions that are ≤4 mm in size.

Comparison of the Ultrasound Visibility of Tissue Markers in Metastatic Lymph Nodes after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in ultrasound (US) visibility for the localization of clipped metastatic lymph nodes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), according to tissue marker type. This single-center retrospective study included 59 consecutive patients with breast cancer who underwent tissue marker insertion for histologically proven metastatic axillary lymph nodes before NAC, between March 2020 and August 2021. Two breast tissue markers were used: UltraClip™ (n = 29) and UltraCor™ Twirl™ (n = 30). The US visibility of tissue markers after NAC and the successful excision rate of the clipped lymph nodes were compared between the two types of tissue markers. UltraCor™ Twirl™ showed better overall US visibility than UltraClip™ after NAC (86.7% vs. 72.4%), but the difference was statistically insignificant. In the absence of residual metastatic lymph nodes on US after NAC (n = 32), UltraCor™ Twirl™ showed significantly better US visibility (83.3%, 15/18) than UltraClip™ (42.9%, 6/14; p = 0.027). The marker type was not associated with the successful excision of the clipped lymph node. UltraCor™ Twirl™ showed better US visibility than UltraClip™ in the metastatic axillary lymph nodes after NAC in the absence of residual suspicious lymph nodes on US.