Risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in Peru: A qualitative study.

Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as "mixing vessels" for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non-abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small-scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at-risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission.

Mode-selective optical packet switching in mode-division multiplexing networks.

A novel mode-selective optical packet switching, based on mode-multiplexers/demultiplexers and multi-port optical micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) switches, has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The experimental demonstration was performed using the LP(01), LP(11a) and LP(11b) modes of a 30-km long mode-division multiplexed few-mode fiber link, utilizing 40 Gb/s, 16-QAM signals.

Lysyl oxidase secreted by tumour endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis and metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Molecules that are highly expressed in tumour endothelial cells (TECs) may be candidates for specifically targeting TECs. Using DNA microarray analysis, we found that the lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene was upregulated in TECs compared with its expression in normal endothelial cells (NECs). LOX is an enzyme that enhances invasion and metastasis of tumour cells. However, there are no reports on the function of LOX in isolated TECs. METHODS: TECs and NECs were isolated to investigate LOX function in TECs. LOX inhibition of in vivo tumour growth was also assessed using ß-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). RESULTS: LOX expression was higher in TECs than in NECs. LOX knockdown inhibited cell migration and tube formation by TECs, which was associated with decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (Tyr 397). Immunostaining showed high LOX expression in human tumour vessels in vivo. Tumour angiogenesis and micrometastasis were inhibited by BAPN in an in vivo tumour model. CONCLUSION: LOX may be a TEC marker and a possible therapeutic target for novel antiangiogenic therapy.

Ultra-broad band, low power, highly efficient coherent wavelength conversion in quantum dot SOA.

We report broadband, all-optical wavelength conversion over 100 nm span, in full S- and C-band, with positive conversion efficiency with low optical input power exploiting dual pump Four-Wave-Mixing in a Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (QD-SOA). We also demonstrate by Error Vector Magnitude analysis the full transparency of the conversion scheme for coherent modulation formats (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM, OFDM-16QAM) in the whole C-band.

Biglycan is a specific marker and an autocrine angiogenic factor of tumour endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: We isolated tumour endothelial cells (TECs), demonstrated their abnormalities, compared gene expression profiles of TECs and normal endothelial cells (NECs) by microarray analysis and identified several genes upregulated in TECs. We focused on the gene encoding biglycan, a small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan. No report is available on biglycan expression or function in TECs. METHODS: The NEC and TEC were isolated. We investigated the biglycan expression and function in TECs. Western blotting analysis of biglycan was performed on sera from cancer patients. RESULTS: Biglycan expression levels were higher in TECs than in NECs. Biglycan knockdown inhibited cell migration and caused morphological changes in TECs. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed strong biglycan expression in vivo in human tumour vessels, as in mouse TECs. Biglycan was detected in the sera of cancer patients but was hardly detected in those of healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that biglycan is a novel TEC marker and a target for anti-angiogenic therapy.

Novel alpha-amylase that is highly resistant to chelating reagents and chemical oxidants from the alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate KSM-K38.

A novel alpha-amylase (AmyK38) was found in cultures of an alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate designated KSM-K38. Based on the morphological and physiological characteristics and phylogenetic position as determined by 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA reassociation analysis, it was suggested that the isolate was a new species of the genus Bacillus. The enzyme had an optimal pH of 8.0 to 9.5 and displayed maximum catalytic activity at 55 to 60 degrees C. The apparent molecular mass was approximately 55 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the isoelectric point was around pH 4.2. This enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed various carbohydrates to yield maltotriose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, and, in addition, maltose as major end products after completion of the reaction. The activity was not prevented at all by EDTA and EGTA at concentrations as high as 100 mM. Moreover, AmyK38 was highly resistant to chemical oxidation and maintained more than 80% of its original activity even after incubation for 1 h in the presence of excess H2O2 (1.8 M).

Asymmetric hydrosilylation of styrenes catalyzed by palladium-MOP complexes: ligand modification and mechanistic studies.

In the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of styrene (3a) with trichlorosilane, several chiral monophosphine ligands, (R)-2-diarylphosphino-1,1'-binaphthyls (2a-g), were examined for their enantioselectivity. The highest enantioselectivity was observed in the reaction with (R)-2-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphino-1,1'-binaphthyl (2g), which gave (S)-1-phenylethanol (5a) of 98% ee after oxidation of the hydrosilylation product, 1-phenyl-1-(trichlorosilyl)ethane (4a). The palladium complex of 2g also efficiently catalyzed the asymmetric hydrosilylation of substituted styrenes on the phenyl ring or at the beta position to give the corresponding chiral benzylic alcohols of over 96% ee. Deuterium-labeling studies on the hydrosilylation of regiospecifically deuterated styrene revealed that beta-hydrogen elimination from 1-phenylethyl(silyl)palladium intermediate is very fast compared with reductive elimination giving hydrosilylation product when ligand 2g is used. The reaction of o-allylstyrene (9) with trichlorosilane catalyzed by (R)-2g/Pd gave (1S,2R)-1-methyl-2-(trichlorosilylmethyl)indan (10) (91% ee) and (S)-1-(2-(propenyl)phenyl)-1-trichlorosilylethanes (11a and 11b) (95% ee). On the basis of their opposite configurations at the benzylic position, a rationale for the high enantioselectivity of ligand 2g is proposed.

Purkinje cell-specific and inducible gene recombination system generated from C57BL/6 mouse ES cells.

Spatiotemporally restricted gene targeting is needed for analyzing the functions of various molecules in a variety of biological phenomena. We have generated an inducible cerebellar Purkinje cell-specific gene targeting system. This was achieved by establishing a mutant mouse line (D2CPR) from a C57BL/6 mouse ES cell line, which expressed a fusion protein consisting of the Cre recombinase and the progesterone receptor (CrePR). The Purkinje cell-specific expression of CrePR was attained by inserting CrePR into the glutamate receptor delta2 subunit (GluRdelta2) gene, which was expressed specifically in the Purkinje cells. Using the transgenic mice carrying the Cre-mediated reporter gene, we showed that the antiprogesterone RU486 could induce recombinase activity of the CrePR protein specifically in the mature cerebellar Purkinje cells of the D2CPR line. Thus this mutant line will be a useful tool for studying the molecular function of mature Purkinje cells by manipulating gene expression in a temporally restricted manner.

A serpin with M(r) 43,000 is a binding protein of M(r) 25,000 protein, a substrate for protein ser/thr kinase detected in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

In an attempt to get some clue as to the function of M(r) 25,000 protein, a protein Ser/Thr kinase substrate detected in Xenopus laevis oocytes [Hashimoto, E. et al. (1995) J. Biochem. 118, 453-460], the binding protein was surveyed using the (32)P-labeled protein by casein kinase II as a screening probe. When the cytosolic proteins from oocytes were transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane and incubated with the labeled protein, only one protein with M(r) 43,000 was visualized on autoradiography. This protein was purified to a nearly homogeneous state through several column chromatography steps. The amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal region of this protein identified it as a kind of serine protease inhibitor (serpin) [Holland, L.J. et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 7053-7059]. However, the M(r) 25,000 protein did not have any effect on the inhibitory action of this serpin on alpha-chymotrypsin. In addition, several binding proteins were also detected in the particulate fraction of oocytes, although the exact identity of these proteins is not clear at this time. These results suggest that the M(r) 25,000 protein may play some role(s) by interacting with these binding proteins in Xenopus oocytes.

[Survey of pesticide residues in baby foods (1996.4-1998.6)].

Between April 1996 to June 1998, 133 samples of 9 food commodities were analyzed for pesticide residues. In 8 samples of 5 commodities, 5 kinds of pesticides residues were detected. The baby foods in which the pesticides were detected were produced from vegetables and fruits. In our investigations, pesticide residues have been frequently detected in the raw materials. For the baby foods containing pesticides, intake amounts of the pesticides calculated from the daily feeding volume and the ADI were compared. Residual pesticide levels in baby food commodities are low, and it was concluded that they are not likely to present any problem in normal usage.

Differential-phase-to-intensity conversion based on injection locking of a semiconductor laser.

A novel method of optical phase-shift detection using differential-phase-to-intensity conversion (DPIC) based on injection locking of a semiconductor laser is proposed. We predict DPIC numerically and verify it experimentally. We then demonstrate detection of OC-48 (2.48832-Gbit/s) phase-modulated signals by use of DPIC.

beta-blockers reduce the incidence of cardiac events in post-myocardial infarction patients.

The capacity of beta-blockers to prevent cardiac events in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients was investigated. Among 1,483 study participants, a beta-blocker was included in the therapeutic regimens of 833 (beta-blocker group) and was omitted from the regimens of 650 (control group). The incidence of cardiac events (recurrent MI, sudden death and death by congestive heart failure) during a follow up period of 17.4 +/- 20.9 months was retrospectively compared between the two groups. Cardiac events occurred in 27 (3.2%) members of the beta-blocker group and in 44 (6.8%) controls, which represents a significant decline in the incidence of cardiac events among patients administered beta-blockers (p < 0.01, odds ratio 0.46, 95 % confidence intervals 0.28-0.75). Subgroup and multivariate analyses showed beta-blockers to be as efficacious in Japanese post-MI patients as was previously shown in Western patients. While these findings are compelling, it is clear that confirmation in a large, multicenter, placebo - controlled, randomized clinical trial, analogous to those that have been carried out in Western countries, is necessary.

Retrospective analysis showing less cardiac events in post-myocardial infarction patients treated with metoprolol. Secondary Prevention Group.

This analysis was carried out to clarify the capacity of metoprolol to prevent cardiac events in Japanese post-myocardial infarction patients during a follow-up period of 16.3 months. Cardiac events occurred in 44 of 650 patients treated without beta-blockers (6.8%) and in 13 of 432 patients treated with metoprolol (3.0%), which represents a significant decline in the incidence of cardiac events among patients receiving metoprolol (p<0.01, odds ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.23-0.80). Because this was a retrospective analysis, there were unavoidable differences in the backgrounds of the patients in the 2 groups. Subgroup analyses, each focusing on a specific patient characteristic, were therefore performed. These showed that metoprolol effectively reduced cardiac events in many subgroups. Furthermore, multivariate analysis carried out to exclude any modification based on the differences in patient background confirmed metoprolol to be effective in reducing subsequent cardiac events in post-myocardial infarction patients. A large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial needs to be performed in the Japanese population to confirm the present result.

Intermittent nitrate therapy for prior myocardial infaraction does not induce rebound angina nor reduce cardiac events.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term nitrate therapy for ischemic heart disease may cause drug tolerance which diminishes its beneficial effects; consequently, intermittent administration of nitrates is recommended. With this regimen, however, the potential occurrence of rebound angina during the nitrate-free intervals is a source of concern. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study of 606 patients to determine whether rebound angina occurred when conventional continuous nitrate administration was replaced by intermittent administration as part of a long-term therapy protocol for prior myocardial infarction. The subjects were receiving treatment for myocardial infarction and included 293 patients treated with nitrates (Nitrate group) and 313 patients who were not (No-nitrate group). The former included 186 patients who received intermittent nitrate administration (Intermittent group) and 107 patients who received continuous administration (Continuous group). The mean period of observation was 4.3 +/- 1.6 months. RESULTS: There were no cases of rebound angina in the Intermittent group. Cardiac events occurred in one case in the No-nitrate group (0.3%), in 4 cases in the Continuous group (3.7%) and in 2 cases in the Intermittent group (1.1%). The incidence of cardiac events was thus significantly increased in the Continuous group compared to the No-nitrate group (p < 0.05; odds ratio 9.06; 95% CI 1.41-58.28). The Intermittent group did not significantly differ from the No-nitrate group in the incidence of cardiac events. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that intermittent administration of nitrates does not cause rebound angina and is therefore safe. A randomized controlled trial is needed to find the long-term effect on cardiac events.

Soil phosphorus fractionation and phosphorus-use efficiencies of tropical rainforests along altitudinal gradients of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo.

We studied soil phosphorus (P) fractionation and P-use efficiencies (PUEs) of rainforests along altitudinal gradients (700-3100 m) on two types of parental rocks (sedimentary versus ultrabasic) on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Sedimentary rocks were known to contain more quartz (which does not adsorb P) than ultrabasic rocks. The pool (top 30 cm) of total P was always greater on sedimentary (ranging from 34.9 to 72.6 g m-2) than on ultrabasic (9.0-29.2 g m-2) rocks at comparable altitudes. Accordingly, the pools of organic P and labile inorganic P were always greater on sedimentary than on ultrabasic rocks. The pool of primary mineral, calcium P increased upslope from 1.7 to 4.3 g m-2 on sedimentary rock, suggesting that the altitudinal sequence of the sites reflected a decreasing magnitude of soil weathering upslope. The pool of calcium P on ultrabasic rock did not vary consistently with altitude (1.2-2.8 g m-2), probably reflecting the greater between-site variability of primary mineral P in parent rocks. When all sites were compared, the pool of most labile, bicarbonate-extracted inorganic P increased (ranging from 0.02 to 1.85 g m-2) with increasing calcium P. Calcium P was therefore considered to be an important P source to the biota on Kinabalu. Gross patterns in the variation of PUE (indexed as the reciprocal of the P concentration in litter) were best explained by the pool size of actively cycling P (total P minus occluded inorganic P). PUE, however, demonstrated distinct altitudinal patterns to generate an intricate conrol of P use pattern by soil P pools and altitude.

Thermostabilization by Proline Substitution in an Alkaline, Liquefying α-Amylase from Bacillus sp. Strain KSM-1378.

α-Amylase (LAMY) from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSM-1378 is a novel semi-alkaline enzyme which has 5-fold higher specific activity than that of a Bacillus licheniformis enzyme. The Arg124 in LAMY was replaced with proline by site-directed mutagenesis to increase thermostability of the enzyme. The wild-type and engineered LAMYs were very similar with respect to specific activity, kinetic values, pH-activity curve, and degree of inhibition by chelating reagents. Thermostability and structure stiffness of LAMYs as measured by fluorescence were increased by the proline substitution. The change of Arg124 to proline is assumed to stabilize the loop region involving aminio acid residues from 122 to 134. This is the first report that thermostability of an α-amylase is improved by proline substitution.

Observation of phase conservation in multiwavelength binary phase shift-keying pulse-sequence generation at 10 Gbits/s by use of a spectrum-sliced supercontinuum in an optical fiber.

Phase conservation in multiwavelength binary phase shift-keying (BPSK) pulse-sequence generation by slicing of a supercontinuum spectrum with a dispersion-flattened normal-dispersion fiber is experimentally observed. A 10-Gbit/s BPSK pulse sequence with a bit-error rate of <10(-10) is successfully generated over a 20-nm-wide wavelength range 1540-1560 nm.

System performances of optical space code-division multiple-access-based fiber-optic two-dimensional parallel data link.

Optical space code-division multiple access is a scheme to multiplex and link data between two-dimensional processors such as smart pixels and spatial light modulators or arrays of optical sources like vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. We examine the multiplexing characteristics of optical space code-division multiple access by using optical orthogonal signature patterns. The probability density function of interference noise in interfering optical orthogonal signature patterns is calculated. The bit-error rate is derived from the result and plotted as a function of receiver threshold, code length, code weight, and number of users. Furthermore, we propose a prethresholding method to suppress the interference noise, and we experimentally verify that the method works effectively in improving system performance.