Comparison of weighed food record procedures for the reference methods in two validation studies of food frequency questionnaires.

BACKGROUND: Although open-ended dietary assessment methods, such as weighed food records (WFRs), are generally considered to be comparable, differences between procedures may influence outcome when WFRs are conducted independently. In this paper, we assess the procedures of WFRs in two studies to describe their dietary assessment procedures and compare the subsequent outcomes. METHODS: WFRs of 12 days (3 days for four seasons) were conducted as reference methods for intake data, in accordance with the study protocol, among a subsample of participants of two large cohort studies. We compared the WFR procedures descriptively. We also compared some dietary intake variables, such as the frequency of foods and dishes and contributing foods, to determine whether there were differences in the portion size distribution and intra- and inter-individual variation in nutrient intakes caused by the difference in procedures. RESULTS: General procedures of the dietary records were conducted in accordance with the National Health and Nutrition Survey and were the same for both studies. Differences were seen in 1) selection of multiple days (non-consecutive days versus consecutive days); and 2) survey sheet recording method (individual versus family participation). However, the foods contributing to intake of energy and selected nutrients, the portion size distribution, and intra- and inter-individual variation in nutrient intakes were similar between the two studies. CONCLUSION: Our comparison of WFR procedures in two independent studies revealed several differences. Notwithstanding these procedural differences, however, the subsequent outcomes were similar.

[Anesthetic management of laser surgery using PCPS for tracheal tumor].

Primary tracheal cancer is extremely rare, but critical tracheal stenosis is seen in many cases. Although laser resection or stent placement is performed under general anesthesia, anesthetic management for tracheal tumor is extremely difficult in terms of airway management. We report a 65-year-old woman scheduled to undergo bronchoscopic laser surgery and insertion of Dumon stent for tracheal tumor which severely obstructed the upper airway. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol, fentanyl and dexmedetomidine. Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) was established via the femoral artery and vein prior to induction of anaesthesia. Tumor resection was performed, but the stent placement was cancelled because a rigid bronchoscope could not be inserted due to difficult laryngeal exposure. Tracheostomy was then performed after weaning from PCPS. Although desaturation due to unsuccessful venous drainage and difficult ventilation by laryngeal edema during the operation and tracheal obstruction by a clot after the operation was observed, the patient's clinical condition improved. In cases of severe tracheal stenosis, airway obstruction by hemorrhage, secretion and laryngeal edema, etc. occur easily. Therefore, some kind of measures should be taken for the operation and a number of precautions must be taken during the perioperative period.