Immune-Escape Mutations Are Prevalent among Patients with a Coexistence of HBsAg and Anti-HBs in a Tertiary Liver Center in the United States.

The concurrent seropositivity of HBsAg and anti-HBs has been described among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but its prevalence is variable. HBV S-gene mutations can affect the antigenicity of HBsAg. Patients with mutations in the 'α' determinant region of the S gene can develop severe HBV reactivation under immunosuppression. In this study at a tertiary liver center in the United States, we evaluated the frequency and virological characteristics of the HBsAg mutations among CHB patients with the presence of both HBsAg and anti-HBs. In this cohort, 45 (2.1%) of 2178 patients were identified to have a coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs, and 24 had available sera for the genome analysis of the Pre-S1, Pre-S2, and S regions. The frequency of mutations in the S gene was significantly higher among those older than 50 years (mean 8.5 vs. 5.4 mutations per subject, p = 0.03). Twelve patients (50%) had mutations in the 'α' determinant region of the S gene. Mutations at amino acid position 126 were most common in eight subjects. Three had a mutation at position 133. Only one patient had a mutation at position 145-the classic vaccine-escape mutation. Despite the universal HBV vaccination program, the vaccine-escape mutant is rare in our cohort of predominantly Asian patients.

Quantitative HBeAg is a strong predictor of HBeAg loss among patients receiving pegylated interferon.

BACKGROUND: HBeAg loss is an important endpoint for antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), however there are no reliable biomarkers to identify patients who will respond to the addition of pegylated interferon to nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy. AIM: To evaluate the use of serum biomarkers to predict HBeAg loss. METHODS: HBeAg positive CHB participants on NAs who switched-to or added-on 48 weeks pegylated interferon alpha2b (clinicaltrial.gov NCT01928511) were evaluated at week 72 for HBeAg loss. The predictive ability of qHBeAg, qHBsAg, HBV RNA and clinical variables for HBeAg loss were investigated. RESULTS: HBeAg loss occurred in 15/55 (27.3%) participants who completed 48 weeks of pegylated interferon. There was a lower baseline qHBeAg (1.18 IU/mL [2.27] versus 10.04 IU/mL [24.87], P = 0.007) among participants who lost HBeAg. Baseline qHBeAg (OR = 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.66, P = 0.01) and detectable HBV DNA at baseline (OR = 25.00, 95% CI 1.67-374.70, P = 0.02) were independent predictors of HBeAg loss. In addition, on-treatment qHBeAg was also a strong predictor of HBeAg loss (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.18-0.81, P = 0.012). The models combining detectable baseline HBV DNA with baseline (C-statistic 0.82) and on-treatment (C-statistic 0.83) had good accuracy for predicting HBeAg loss. A rise in qHBeAg ≥ 10 IU/ml was a predictor of flare (ALT ≥ 120 U/ml) on univariable analysis but not after adjustment for treatment arm. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline and on-treatment qHBeAg is a useful biomarker that can identify participants on NA therapy who may benefit from adding or switching to pegylated interferon.

Characterization of HBV surface antigen isoforms in the natural history and treatment of HBV infection.

BACKGROUND: The loss of HBV HBsAg or functional cure is a desirable goal of hepatitis B management. The relative abundances of HBsAg isoforms may offer additional diagnostic and predicting values. To evaluate the clinical utility of HBsAg isoforms, we developed novel prototype assays on the ARCHITECT automated serology platform that specifically detects total-HBsAg (T-HBsAg), large (L-HBsAg), and middle (M-HBsAg) products of the S gene to determine the isoform composition of human specimens from acute and chronic HBV infection and during long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy. RESULTS: In the early phase of acute HBV infection, L-HBsAg and M-HBsAg emerged within days and were in parallel to T-HBsAg during the entire course of infection. M-HBsAg levels were consistently higher than L-HBsAg levels. Patients with HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis B had higher T-HBsAg, M-HBsAg, and L-HBsAg levels compared with HBeAg(-) patients. Correlations of M-HBsAg and L-HBsAg to T-HBsAg were similar in both. In contrast, there was no strong correlation between L-HBsAg or M-HBsAg with HBV DNA levels. During long-term nucleos(t)ide analog treatment, changes in HBsAg isoform abundance were proportional to T-HBsAg regardless of treatment responses for both HBeAg(+) and HBeAg(-) chronic hepatitis B. A larger sample size may be necessary to detect a significant difference. CONCLUSION: HBsAg isoform compositions parallel T-HBsAg levels in both acute and chronic hepatitis B infection. L-HBsAg and M-HBsAg individual biomarkers do not appear to provide an additional diagnostic benefit for staging chronic disease or monitoring response to treatment with current therapies.

HBsAg isoform dynamics during NAP-based therapy of HBeAg-negative chronic HBV and HBV/HDV infection.

Nucleic acid polymers block the assembly of hepatitis B virus (HBV) subviral particles, effectively preventing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) replenishment in the circulation. Nucleic acid polymer (NAP)-based combination therapy of HBV infection or HBV/hepatitis D virus (HDV) co-infection is accompanied by HBsAg clearance and seroconversion, HDV-RNA clearance in co-infection, and persistent functional cure of HBV (HBsAg < 0.05 IU/ml, HBV-DNA target not dected, normal alanine aminotransferase) and persistent clearance of HDV RNA. An analysis of HBsAg isoform changes during quantitative HBsAg declines (qHBsAg), and subsequent treatment-free follow-up in the REP 301/REP 301-LTF (HBV/HDV) and REP 401 (HBV) studies was conducted. HBsAg isoforms were analyzed from frozen serum samples using Abbott Research Use Only assays for HBsAg isoforms (large [L], medium [M], and total [T]). The relative change over time in small HBsAg relative to the other isoforms was inferred by the change in the ratio over time of T-HBsAg to M-HBsAg. HBsAg isoform declines followed qHBsAg declines in all participants. No HBsAg isoforms were detectable in any participants with functional cure. HBsAg declines > 2 log10 IU/ml from baseline were correlated with selective clearance of S-HBsAg in 39 of 42 participants. Selective S-HBsAg decline was absent in 9 of 10 participants with HBsAg decline < 2 log10 IU/ml from baseline. Mild qHBsAg rebound during follow-up <10 IU/ml consisted mostly of S-HBsAg and M-HBsAg and not accompanied by significant covalently closed circular DNA activity. Conclusion: The faster observed declines in S-HBsAg indicate the selective clearance of subviral particles from the circulation, consistent with previous mechanistic studies on NAPs. Trace HBsAg rebound in the absence of HBV DNA may reflect HBsAg derived from integrated HBV DNA and not rebound of viral infection.

Evaluation of hepatitis C virus antibody assay using dried blood spot samples.

Early diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is essential for prompt initiation of treatment and prevention of transmission, yet several logistical barriers continue to limit access to HCV testing. Dried blood spot (DBS) technology involves a simple fingerstick that eliminates the need for trained personnel, and DBS can be stored and transported at room temperature. We evaluated the use of DBS whole blood samples in the modified Abbott ARCHITECT anti-HCV assay, comparing assay performance against the standard assay run using DBS and venous plasma samples. 144 HCV positive and 104 HCV negative matched venous plasma and whole blood specimens were selected from a retrospective study with convenience sampling in Cameroon. Results obtained using a modified volume DBS assay were highly correlated to the results of the standard assay run with plasma on clinical samples and dilution series (R2 = 0.71 and 0.99 respectively). The ARCHITECT Anti-HCV assay with input volume modification more accurately detects HCV antibodies in DBS whole blood samples with 100% sensitivity and specificity, while the standard assay had 90.97% sensitivity. The use of DBS has the potential to expand access to HCV testing to underserved or marginalized populations with limited access to direct HCV care.

Highly Sensitive HBsAg, Anti-HBc and Anti HBsAg Titres in Early Diagnosis of HBV Reactivation in Anti-HBc-Positive Onco-Haematological Patients.

The role of novel HBV markers in predicting Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBV-R) in HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive oncohaematological patients was examined. One hundred and seven HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive oncohaematological patients, receiving anti-HBV prophylaxis for >18 months, were included. At baseline, all patients had undetectable HBV DNA, and 67.3% were anti-HBs positive. HBV-R occurred in 17 (15.9%) patients: 6 during and 11 after the prophylaxis period. At HBV-R, the median (IQR) HBV-DNA was 44 (27-40509) IU/mL, and the alanine aminotransferase upper limit of normal (ULN) was 44% (median (IQR): 81 (49-541) U/L). An anti-HBc > 3 cut-off index (COI) plus anti-HBs persistently/declining to <50 mIU/mL was predictive for HBV-R (OR (95% CI): 9.1 (2.7-30.2); 63% of patients with vs. 15% without this combination experienced HBV-R (p < 0.001)). The detection of highly sensitive (HS) HBsAg and/or HBV-DNA confirmed at >2 time points, also predicts HBV-R (OR (95% CI): 13.8 (3.6-52.6); 50% of positive vs. 7% of negative patients to these markers experienced HBV-R (p = 0.001)). HS-HBs and anti-HBc titration proved to be useful early markers of HBV-R. The use of these markers demonstrated that HBV-R frequently occurs in oncohaematological patients with signs of resolved HBV infection, raising issues of proper HBV-R monitoring.

Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B RNA changes in HIV/hepatitis B virus co-infected participants receiving hepatitis B virus-active antiretroviral therapy.

INTRODUCTION: With advances in hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapies, there is a need to identify serum biomarkers that assess the HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) reservoir and predict functional cure in HIV/HBV co-infection. METHODS: In this retrospective study, combining samples from HIV/HBV co-infected participants enrolled in two ACTG interventional trials, proportions achieving HBsAg less than 0.05 log10 IU/ml and HBV RNA less than log10 1.65 U/ml or not detected (LLoQ/NEG) in response to DUAL [tenofovir TDF+emtricitabine (FTC)] vs. MONO [FTC or lamivudine (3TC)] HBV-active ART, were measured. Predictors of qHBsAg less than 0.05 log10 IU/ml were evaluated in logistic regression models. RESULTS: There were 88 participants [58% women, median age 34; 47 on DUAL vs. 41 on MONO HBV-active ART]. Twenty-one percent achieved HBsAg less than 0.05 log10 IU/ml (30% DUAL vs. 10% MONO). Time to HBsAg less than 0.05 log10 IU/ml was lower (P  = 0.02) and the odds of achieving HBsAg less than 0.05 log10 IU/ml were higher (P = 0.07) in DUAL participants. HBV RNA became less than LLoQ/NEG in 47% (DUAL 60% vs. MONO 33%). qHBsAg less than 3 log10 IU/ml was the strongest predictor of HBsAg less than 0.05 log10 IU/ml. CONCLUSION: This study supports current recommendations of TDF-based DUAL-HBV active ART for initial use in HIV/HBV co-infection. HBV RNA could be a useful marker of treatment response in HIV/HBV co-infected patients on HBV-active ART.

Hepatitis B seroconversion revisited: new insights into the natural history of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from quantitative and highly sensitive assays and novel biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) serum markers during typical acute self-limited infection are usually depicted as a composite of traditional HBV markers. The current study updates and expands our knowledge of acute hepatitis B with quantitative molecular and serological data on longitudinal samples from five plasmapheresis donors with acute HBV. METHODS: 137 longitudinal samples from five plasmapheresis donors with acute HBV were tested, four with self-limited infection and one who developed persistent infection. Testing included quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HBV antigens, quantitative HBV e antigen (HBeAg), HBV DNA, quantitative HBV core-related antigen (HBcrAg), the highly sensitive ARCHITECT HBsAg NEXT (HBsAgNx) assay, and a quantitative research assay for HBV pregenomic RNA (pg RNA). RESULTS: Peak levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg differed by several orders of magnitude among the panels (2.2 × 105-2.7 × 109 IU/ml for HBV DNA and 7.9-1.1 × 105 IU/ml for HBsAg). HBsAg levels peaked an average of 2.8 days after the HBV DNA peak. The overall duration of observed HBsAg positivity was increased by the more sensitive HBsAgNx assay compared to the quantitative assay in four panels. Intermittently detectable low-level HBV DNA was observed after HBsAg loss in three panels. Peak HBeAg levels occurred 2-20 days after the DNA peak and ranged from 1.1 to 4.5 × 103 IU/ml. In four panels with resolution of infection, anti-HBs levels indicating immunity (≥ 10 mIU/ml) were detected 19-317 days after the HBV DNA peak. Maximum HBcrAg concentrations ranged from 1 × 105 to > 6.4 × 106 U/ml and correlated with HBeAg values (R2 = 0.9495) and with HBV DNA values (R2 = 0.8828). Peak pgRNA values ranged from 1.6 × 103 to 1.4 × 108 U/ml and correlated with HBV DNA (R2 = 0.9013). CONCLUSION: Traditional and new/novel HBV biomarkers were used to generate molecular and serological profiles for seroconversion panels spanning the early to late phases of acute HBV. Seroconversion profiles were heterogeneous and may be instructive in appreciating the spectrum of acute profiles relative to the typical composite representation.

Molecular and Serological Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Positive Samples with Very Low or Undetectable Levels of HBV Surface Antigen.

BACKGROUND: Gaps remain in the detection of nucleic acid test (NAT) yield and occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) by current HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) assays. The lack of detection may be due to HBsAg levels below current assay detection limits, mutations affecting HBsAg assays or HBsAg levels, or the masking of HBsAg by antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). In this study, we evaluate the incremental detection of NAT yield and OBI from five diverse geographic areas by an improved sensitivity HBsAg assay and characterize the samples relative to the viral load, anti-HBs status, and PreS1-S2-S mutations. Included is a comparison population with HBV DNA levels comparable to OBI, but with readily detectable HBsAg (High Surface-Low DNA, HSLD). METHODS: A total of 347 samples collected from the USA, South Africa, Spain, Cameroon, Vietnam, and Cote D'Ivoire representing NAT yield (HBsAg(-), antibody to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc)(-), HBV DNA(+), N = 131), OBI (HBsAg(-), anti-HBc(+), HBV DNA(+), N = 188), and HSLD (HBsAg(+), anti-HBc(+), HBV DNA(+), N = 28) were tested with ARCHITECT HBsAg NEXT (HBsAgNx) (sensitivity 0.005 IU/mL). The sequencing of the PreS1-S2-S genes from a subset of 177 samples was performed to determine the genotype and assess amino acid variability, particularly in anti-HBs(+) samples. RESULTS: HBsAgNx detected 44/131 (33.6%) NAT yield and 42/188 (22.3%) OBI samples. Mean HBV DNA levels for NAT yield and OBI samples were lower in HBsAgNx(-) (50.3 and 25.9 IU/mL) than in HBsAgNx(+) samples (384.1 and 139.5 IU/mL). Anti-HBs ≥ 10 mIU/mL was present in 28.6% HBsAgNx(+) and 45.2% HBsAgNx(-) OBI, and in 3.6% HSLD samples. The genotypes were A1, A2, B, C, D, E, F, and H. There was no significant difference between HBsAgNx(-) and HBsAgNx(+) in the proportion of samples harboring substitutions or in the mean number of substitutions per sample in PreS1, PreS2, or S for the NAT yield or OBI (p range: 0.1231 to >0.9999). A total of 21/27 (77.8%) of HBsAgNx(+) OBI carried S escape mutations, insertions, or stop codons. HSLD had more PreS1 and fewer S substitutions compared to both HBsAgNx(-) and HBsAgNx(+) OBI. Mutations/deletions associated with impaired HBsAg secretion were observed in the OBI group. CONCLUSIONS: HBsAgNx provides the improved detection of NAT yield and OBI samples. Samples that remain undetected by HBsAgNx have exceptionally low HBsAg levels below the assay detection limit, likely due to low viremia or the suppression of HBsAg expression by host and viral factors.

Analysis of HBsAg Immunocomplexes and cccDNA Activity During and Persisting After NAP-Based Therapy.

Therapy with nucleic acid polymers (NAPs), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and pegylated interferon (pegIFN) achieve high rates of HBsAg loss/seroconversion and functional cure in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The role of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion and inactivation of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in establishing functional cure were examined. Archived serum from the REP 401 study was analyzed using the Abbott ARCHITECT HBsAg NEXT assay (Chicago, IL), Abbott research use-only assays for HBsAg immune complexes (HBsAg ICs), circulating HBV RNA, and the Fujirebio assay for hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg; Malvern, PA). HBsAg became < 0.005 IU/mL in 23 participants during NAP exposure, which persisted in all participants with functional cure. HBsAg IC declined during lead-in TDF monotherapy and correlated with minor declines in HBsAg. Following the addition of NAPs and pegIFN, minor HBsAg IC increases (n = 13) or flares (n = 2) during therapy were not correlated with HBsAg decline, hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) titers, or alanine aminotransferase. HBsAg IC universally declined during follow-up in participants with virologic control or functional cure. Universal declines in HBV RNA and HBcrAg during TDF monotherapy continued with NAP + pegIFN regardless of therapeutic outcome. At the end of therapy, HBV RNA was undetectable in only 5 of 14 participants with functional cure but became undetectable after removal of therapy in all participants with functional cure. Undetectable HBV RNA at the end of therapy in 5 participants was followed by relapse to virologic control or viral rebound. Conclusion: Anti-HBs-independent mechanisms contribute to HBsAg clearance during NAP therapy. Inactivation of cccDNA does not predict functional cure following NAP-based therapy; however, functional cure is accompanied by persistent inactivation of cccDNA. Persistent HBsAg loss with functional cure may also reflect reduction/clearance of integrated HBV DNA. Clinicaltrials.org number NCT02565719.

Persistent Control of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection Following REP 2139-Ca and Pegylated Interferon Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus/Hepatitis Delta Virus Coinfection.

The nucleic acid polymer REP 2139 inhibits assembly/secretion of hepatitis B virus (HBV) subviral particles. Previously, REP 2139-Ca and pegylated interferon (pegIFN) in HBV/hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfection achieved high rates of HDV RNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss/seroconversion in the REP 301 study (NCT02233075). The REP 301-LTF study (NCT02876419) examined safety and efficacy during 3.5 years of follow-up. In the current study, participants completing therapy in the REP 301 study were followed for 3.5 years. Primary outcomes were safety and tolerability, and secondary outcomes were HDV functional cure (HDV RNA target not detected [TND], normal alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), HBV virologic control (HBV DNA ≤2,000 IU/mL, normal ALT), HBV functional cure (HBV DNA TND; HBsAg <0.05 IU/mL, normal ALT), and HBsAg seroconversion. Supplemental analysis included high-sensitivity HBsAg (Abbott ARCHITECT HBsAg NEXT), HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), HBsAg/hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) immune complexes (HBsAg ICs), and hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg). Asymptomatic grade 1-2 ALT elevations occurred in 2 participants accompanying viral rebound; no other safety or tolerability issues were observed. During therapy and follow-up, HBsAg reductions to <0.05 IU/mL were also <0.005 IU/mL. HBsAg ICs declined in 7 of 11 participants during REP 2139-Ca monotherapy and in 10 of 11 participants during follow-up. HDV functional cure persisted in 7 of 11 participants; HBV virologic control persisted in 3 and functional cure (with HBsAg seroconversion) persisted in 4 of these participants. Functional cure of HBV was accompanied by HBV pgRNA TND and HBcrAg

Comparative biomarkers for HBsAg loss with antiviral therapy shows dominant influence of quantitative HBsAg (qHBsAg).

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers such as quantitative HBsAg (qHBsAg), quantitative hepatitis B virus (HBV) core-related antigen (qHBcrAg) and HBV RNA may be useful in predicting HBsAg loss in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) undergoing antiviral therapy. AIM(S): Our study evaluated qHBsAg, HBV RNA and qHBcrAg as a posthoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial of peginterferon±NA to determine their utility in predicting HBsAg loss. METHODS: CHB patients who completed therapy with 48weeks peginterferon alpha2b ± nucleoside analogue therapy (clinicaltrial.gov NCT01928511) were evaluated at week 72 for HBsAg loss. The predictive ability of qHBsAg, qHBcrAg, HBV RNA and other variables were investigated by univariate and multivariate logistic models for HBeAg-negative patients by odds ratios, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR). RESULTS: HBsAg loss occurred in 15/114(13%) HBeAg-negative CHB patients who completed 48 weeks of peginterferon. At baseline, qHBsAg was superior to HBcrAg and HBV RNA with AUC 0.916, 0.649 and 0.542, respectively. Using multivariate analysis, the model comprising treatmentarm, age, gender, baseline qHBsAg, HBcrAg and HBV RNA, weeks 4 & 8 qHBsAg had the highest AUC(0.98), but the univariate model with week 8 qHBsAg <70 IU/mL had AUC 0.96. Hence, the contributions of variables other than qHBsAg were marginal. HBV RNA and qHBcrAg were weak predictors of HBsAg loss. Kinetics of the novel markers showed only qHBsAg had a good relationship with HBsAg loss while HBV RNA had a marginal relationship and HBcrAg did not change at all, and none had a good relationship with viral rebound. CONCLUSIONS: On-treatment biomarker predictors were better than baseline ones, and the best predictor of HBsAg loss at 72 weeks was week 8 qHBsAg <70 IU/mL.

Cryptic HBV Replicative Activity Is Frequently Revealed in Anti-HBc-Positive/HBsAg-Negative Patients with HIV Infection by Highly Sensitive Molecular Assays, and Can Be Predicted by Integrating Classical and Novel Serological HBV Markers.

The anti-HBc-positive/HBsAg-negative status is frequent in HIV-infection and correlates with poor survival. Here, by highly-sensitive assays, we evaluate cryptic HBV replication and factors correlated with its detection in 81 anti-HBc-positive/HBsAg-negative HIV-infected patients. Patients were treated for >12 months with HBV-active modern combined antiretroviral-therapy (cART) and had serum HBV-DNA < 20 IU/mL by commercial Real-Time PCR. Serum HBV-DNA was quantified by droplet digital PCR, serum HBV-RNA by an Abbott research assay, and anti-HBc titer (proposed to infer intrahepatic cccDNA) by Lumipulse/Fujirebio. Cryptic serum HBV-DNA was detected in 29.6% of patients (median (IQR): 4(1-15) IU/mL) and serum HBV-RNA in 3.7% of patients despite HBsAg-negativity and HBV-active cART. Notably, cryptic serum HBV-DNA correlated with an advanced CDC-stage (p = 0.01) and a lower anti-HBs titer (p = 0.05), while serum HBV-RNA correlated with lower nadir CD4+ cell-count (p = 0.01). By analyzing serological HBV-markers, the combination of anti-HBs < 50 mIU/mL (indicating lower immune response) plus anti-HBc > 15COI (reflecting higher HBV replicative activity) was predictive of cryptic serum HBV-DNA (OR: 4.7(1.1-21.7), p = 0.046, PPV = 62.5%, and NPV = 72%). In conclusion, cryptic HBV-replication (not detected by classical assays) characterizes a conspicuous set of anti-HBc-positive HIV-infected patients despite HBsAg-negativity and HBV-active combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). The integration of classical and novel markers may help identify patients with cryptic HBV-replication, thus optimizing the monitoring of anti-HBc-positive/HBsAg-negative HIV-infected patients.

Author Correction: Development and performance of prototype serologic and molecular tests for hepatitis delta infection.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Pregenomic HBV RNA and Hepatitis B Core-Related Antigen Predict Outcomes in Hepatitis B e Antigen-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Suppressed on Nucleos(T)ide Analogue Therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A dichotomous separation of hepatitis B viral DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) concentrations occurs during the natural history and treatment of chronic hepatitis B. We have evaluated the ability of hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA and hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) as surrogates of silencing of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), to characterize this dissociation, and virological outcomes. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Three cohorts of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative patients were studied: cohort A: 66 HBeAg-negative patients on long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy; cohort B: 23 antibodies against hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe)-positive patients who stopped treatment; and Cohort C: 19 anti-HBe-positive patients on long-term NA treatment who achieved HBsAg loss and in whom treatment was withdrawn. Concentrations of HBV serological/virological biomarkers (HBV DNA, HBsAg, HBcrAg, and HBV RNA) were measured in sequential samples at different time points on/off therapy. Cohort A: After 3 years of antiviral therapy, 33% and 30% had detectable HBcrAg and HBV RNA, respectively, despite all being HBV-DNA negative. After 5 years' therapy with NA, 27% and 14% had detectable HBcrAg and HBV RNA. Detectable HBcrAg and HBV RNA at the time of treatment withdrawal was only observed in those patients who developed a severe aminotransferase flare. Only those patients with HBV reactivation in cohort C had detectable HBV RNA at treatment withdrawal, but HBcrAg and HBV DNA were not detected. CONCLUSIONS: HBcrAg and HBV RNA are sensitive biomarkers of continued transcription of cccDNA in HBeAg-negative patients despite marked HBV-DNA suppression by NA. These markers were predictors of severe alanine transaminase flares, after treatment withdrawal, and HBV-DNA reactivation. Their measurement during the natural history of hepatitis B, and on treatment with current and new agents, could characterize residual HBV-RNA transcription from cccDNA and assist drug development and disease management.

Improved detection of early acute, late acute, and occult Hepatitis B infections by an increased sensitivity HBsAg assay.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the primary marker for diagnosis of acute and chronic hepatitis B. Although HBsAg assays have undergone continuous improvement, gaps remain in the detection of early and late acute infection and occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). OBJECTIVES: The performance of a prototype, improved sensitivity HBsAg assay run on the ARCHITECT and Alinity instruments was evaluated for detection of early and late acute infection and OBI. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy seven early acute samples [positive only for hepatitis B viral DNA (HBV DNA)], twelve seroconversion panels spanning late acute infection, and 101 occult samples (HBsAg negative, positive for HBV DNA and anti-HBc) were tested with the prototype assay and ARCHITECT HBsAg Qualitative II. HBsAg gene sequencing was performed to determine genotype and mutations in the immunodominant region. RESULTS: Compared with ARCHITECT HBsAg Qualitative II, the prototype assay showed increased detection of NAT yield samples (28/77, 36.4%,), late acute samples (≥13 days longer detection of HBsAg for 6/12 panels), and OBI samples (11/101, 10.9%). HBsAg sequence data were obtained for 62 samples. Genotypes represented were A1, A2, B2, B4, C1, C2, C5, D3, E, and H. HBsAg escape mutations were found in 4.8% of NAT yield and 38.9% of OBI samples sequenced. Prototype assay values for 188 samples were equivalent on the ARCHITECT and Alinity instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The new prototype HBsAg assay will be of diagnostic value in providing improved detection of early acute, late acute, and occult HBV infections.

Early emergence of anti-HCV antibody implicates donor origin in recipients of an HCV-infected organ.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroconversion among HCV-uninfected transplant recipients from HCV-infected (NAT+/Antibody+) or HCV-exposed (NAT-/Antibody+) donors has been reported. However, the origin of anti-HCV antibody and the implications of seroconversion remain unknown. We longitudinally tested plasma from HCV-uninfected kidney (n = 31) or heart transplant recipients (n = 9) of an HCV NAT+ organ for anti-HCV antibody (both IgG and IgM isotypes). Almost half of all participants had detectable anti-HCV antibody at any point during follow-up. The majority of antibody-positive individuals became positive within 1-3 days of transplantation, and 6 recipients had detectable antibody on the first day posttransplant. Notably, all anti-HCV antibody was IgG, even in samples collected posttransplant day 1. Late seroconversion was uncommon (≈20%-25% of antibody+ recipients). Early antibody persisted over 30 days in kidney recipients, whereas early antibody dropped below detection in 50% of heart recipients within 2 weeks after transplant. Anti-HCV antibody is common in HCV-uninfected recipients of an HCV NAT+ organ. The IgG isotype of this antibody and the kinetics of its appearance and durability suggest that anti-HCV antibody is donor derived and is likely produced by a cellular source. Our data suggest that transfer of donor humoral immunity to a recipient may be much more common than previously appreciated.

Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic throughout Africa, but its prevalence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is incompletely understood. We used dried blood spot (DBS) samples from the 2013 to 2014 Demographic and Health Survey in the DRC to measure the prevalence of HBV using the Abbott ARCHITECT HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) qualitative assay. We then attempted to sequence and genotype HBsAg-positive samples. The weighted national prevalence of HBV was 3.3% (95% CI: 1.8-4.7%), with a prevalence of 2.2% (95% CI: 0.3-4.1%) among children. Hepatitis B virus cases occurred countrywide and across age strata. Genotype E predominated (60%), and we found a unique cluster of genotype A isolates (30%). In conclusion, DBS-based HBsAg testing from a nationally representative survey found that HBV is common and widely distributed among Congolese adults and children. The distribution of cases across ages suggests ongoing transmission and underscores the need for additional interventions to prevent HBV infection.

Molecular and serological characterization of hepatitis B vaccine breakthrough infections in serial samples from two plasma donors.

BACKGROUND: Although vaccines for hepatitis B virus (HBV) are highly effective, HBV infections in vaccinees occur. Index samples of breakthrough infections are typically anti-HBc negative but HBV DNA positive with protective anti-HBs levels while HBsAg detection may be delayed or absent. HBsAg mutations have been associated with some vaccine breakthrough cases. METHODS: This research characterizes the serological and molecular profiles of vaccine breakthrough infections in serial samples from two commercially available plasma donor panels. Samples were tested with commercially available assays for HBV antigens and antibodies: HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBc IgM, anti-HBe, and anti-HBs. Different immunoassay approaches for earlier detection of breakthrough infection were explored including hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), a research assay for preS2 antigen, and a new prototype ARCHITECT HBsAg assay with improved sensitivity. The prototype HBsAg assay is fully automated and involves no sample pre-treatment. Molecular testing included HBV DNA quantitation and sequencing of preS1, preS2, surface, and basal core promoter/core promoter genes. RESULTS: Although the research preS2 antigen assay allowed earlier detection of the breakthrough infections than current HBsAg assays and HBcrAg, the new prototype ARCHITECT HBsAg assay provided the earliest serologic detection. The ability of the new prototype HBsAg assay to detect HBsAg in the presence of anti-HBs was investigated using known concentrations of native HBsAg mixed with anti-HBs from a vaccinee. The results demonstrated that the prototype ARCHITECT assay is more sensitive in detecting HBsAg in the presence of anti-HBs than current HBsAg assays. Sequencing revealed multiple substitutions in preS1, preS2, and S regions for one panel including a rare D144N substitution associated with vaccine breakthrough that emerged with increasing frequency as the breakthrough infection developed. CONCLUSIONS: When compared with other immunoassay approaches, the new prototype ARCHITECT HBsAg assay allows earlier detection of vaccine breakthrough infections and more sensitive detection of HBsAg in the presence of anti-HBs. Molecular characterization of longitudinal samples demonstrated the progressive appearance of a rare HBsAg mutation associated with vaccine breakthrough.