Supersulphides provide airway protection in viral and chronic lung diseases.

Supersulphides are inorganic and organic sulphides with sulphur catenation with diverse physiological functions. Their synthesis is mainly mediated by mitochondrial cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS2) that functions as a principal cysteine persulphide synthase (CPERS). Here, we identify protective functions of supersulphides in viral airway infections (influenza and COVID-19), in aged lungs and in chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We develop a method for breath supersulphur-omics and demonstrate that levels of exhaled supersulphides increase in people with COVID-19 infection and in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lung damage and subsequent lethality that result from oxidative stress and inflammation in mouse models of COPD, IPF, and ageing were mitigated by endogenous supersulphides production by CARS2/CPERS or exogenous administration of the supersulphide donor glutathione trisulphide. We revealed a protective role of supersulphides in airways with various viral or chronic insults and demonstrated the potential of targeting supersulphides in lung disease.

The Philippines stingless bee propolis promotes hair growth through activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

Although hair loss is not a horrible disease, it sometimes reduces the patients' quality of life (QOL) and increases their mental stress. Currently, there is no effective treatment for hair loss. It is known that honeybee propolis has various biological activities, including stimulating the proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes. However, little is known with the hair promoting activity of stingless bee propolis. Hence, this study investigates the hair growth-promoting activity of Philippines stingless bee propolis extract and the underlying a molecular mechanism of promoting hair growth. For the evaluation of hair growth stimulating activity, 99.5% ethanolic extract of Philippines stingless bee propolis is examined using the simple shaving model in C57BL/6N mice. Melaninization of dorsal skin and histological analysis of hair follicles (HFs) revealed that propolis promotes hair growth by stimulating HFs development. The expression of mRNA (Wnt3a, Ctnnb1/ß-catenin, Lef1, and Bmp2) and protein (WNT3A and ß-catenin) of selected Wnt/ß-catenin associated genes explains Philippines stingless bee propolis promoting HFs development by activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. These results suggest that the treatment of propolis strongly promotes hair growth by stimulating the development of HFs via activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. This further indicates the potential of Philippines stingless bee propolis as a novel promising agricultural product for hair growth.

The detectability and removal efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in a large-scale septic tank of a COVID-19 quarantine facility in Japan.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is known to be present in sewage, and wastewater-based epidemiology has attracted much attention. However, the physical partitioning of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the removal efficiency of treatment systems require further investigation. This study aimed to investigate the detectability and physical partitioning of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and assess its removal in a large-scale septic tank employing anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic processes in a sequential batch reactor, which was installed in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine facility. The amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater was determined with polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the association of SARS-CoV-2 with wastewater solids was evaluated by the effect of filtration prior to PEG precipitation (pre-filtration). The amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected from pre-filtered samples was substantially lower than that of samples without pre-filtration. These results suggest that most SARS-CoV-2 particles in wastewater are associated with the suspended solids excluded by pre-filtration. The removal efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in the septic tank was evaluated based on the SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in untreated and treated wastewater, which was determined by the detection method optimized in this study. Escherichia coli and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were also quantified to validate the wastewater treatment system's performance. The mean log10 reduction values of SARS-CoV-2, E. coli, and PMMoV were 2.47 (range, 2.25-2.68), 2.81 (range, 2.45-3.18), and 0.66 (range, 0.61-0.70), respectively, demonstrating that SARS-CoV-2 removal by the wastewater treatment system was comparable to or better than the removal of fecal indicators. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can be readily removed by the septic tank. This is the first study to determine the removal efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in a facility-level sequencing batch activated sludge system.

Basic reproduction numbers of three strains of mouse hepatitis viruses in mice.

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a murine coronavirus and one of the most important pathogens in laboratory mice. Although various strains of MHV have been isolated, they are generally excreted in the feces and transmitted oronasally via aerosols and contaminated bedding. In this study, we attempted to determine the basic reproduction numbers (R0 ) of three strains of MHV to improve our understanding of MHV infections in mice. Five-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were inoculated intranasally with either the Y, NuU, or JHM variant strain of MHV and housed with two naïve mice. After 4 weeks, the presence or absence of anti-MHV antibody in the mice was determined by ELISA. We also examined the distribution of MHV in the organs of Y, NuU, or JHM variant-infected mice. Our data suggest that the transmissibility of MHV is correlated with viral growth in the gastrointestinal tract of infected mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to address the basic reproduction numbers among pathogens in laboratory animals.

Comparison of five polyethylene glycol precipitation procedures for the RT-qPCR based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, bacteriophage phi6, and pepper mild mottle virus as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation is one of the conventional methods for virus concentration. This technique has been used to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater. The procedures and seeded surrogate viruses were different among implementers; thus, the reported whole process recovery efficiencies considerably varied among studies. The present study compared five PEG precipitation procedures, with different operational parameters, for the RT-qPCR-based whole process recovery efficiency of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), bacteriophage phi6, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and molecular process recovery efficiency of murine norovirus using 34 raw wastewater samples collected in Japan. The five procedures yielded significantly different whole process recovery efficiency of MHV (0.070%-2.6%) and phi6 (0.071%-0.51%). The observed concentration of indigenous PMMoV ranged from 8.9 to 9.7 log (8.2 × 108 to 5.6 × 109) copies/L. Interestingly, PEG precipitation with 2-h incubation outperformed that with overnight incubation partially due to the difference in molecular process recovery efficiency. The recovery load of MHV exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.70) with that of PMMoV, suggesting that PMMoV is the potential indicator of the recovery efficiency of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we reviewed 13 published studies and found considerable variability between different studies in the whole process recovery efficiency of enveloped viruses by PEG precipitation. This was due to the differences in operational parameters and surrogate viruses as well as the differences in wastewater quality and bias in the measurement of the seeded load of surrogate viruses, resulting from the use of different analytes and RNA extraction methods. Overall, the operational parameters (e.g., incubation time and pretreatment) should be optimized for PEG precipitation. Co-quantification of PMMoV may allow for the normalization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration by correcting for the differences in whole process recovery efficiency and fecal load among samples.

Effects of orally administered Euglena gracilis and its reserve polysaccharide, paramylon, on gastric dysplasia in A4gnt knockout mice.

Euglena gracilis is widely utilized as food or supplement to promote human and animal health, as it contains rich nutrients. In this study, we administered spray-dried powder of E. gracilis and paramylon, ß-glucan stored in E. gracilis cells, to A4gnt knockout (KO) mice. A4gnt KO mice are a mutant mouse model that spontaneously develops gastric cancer through hyperplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in the antrum of the stomach, and we observed the effects of E. gracilis and paramylon on the early involvements of A4gnt KO mice. Male and female 10-week-old A4gnt KO mice and their age-matched wildtype C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with 50 mg of E. gracilis or paramylon suspended in saline or saline as a control. After 3-week administration, animals were euthanatized and the stomach was examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Gene expression patterns of the stomach, which have been reported to be altered with A4gnt KO, and IgA concentration in small intestine were also analyzed with real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Administration of Euglena significantly reduced the number of stimulated CD3-positive T-lymphocytes in pyloric mucosa of A4gnt KO mice and tend to reduce polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltration. Euglena administration further downregulated the expression of Il11 and Cxcl1 of A4gnt KO mice. Euglena administration also affected IgA concentration in small intestinal contents of A4gnt KO mice. Paramylon administration reduced the number of CD3-positive lymphocytes in pyloric mucosa of A4gnt KO mice, and downregulated the expressions of Il11 and Ccl2 of A4gnt KO mice. Although we found no significant effects on gross and microscopic signs of gastric dysplasia and cell proliferation, the present study suggests that the administration of Euglena and paramylon may ameliorate the early involvements of A4gnt mice through the effects on inflammatory reactions in the gastric mucosa. The cancer-preventing effects should be studied with long-term experiments until actual gastric cancer formation.

Capsid integrity RT-qPCR for the selective detection of intact SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes have been detected in wastewater worldwide. However, the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in wastewater has been limited due to the stringent requirements of biosafety level 3. The main objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of capsid integrity RT-qPCR for the selective detection of intact SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Three capsid integrity reagents, namely ethidium monoazide (EMA, 0.1-100 µM), propidium monoazide (PMA, 0.1-100 µM), and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP, 0.1-1000 µM), were tested for their effects on different forms (including free genomes, intact and heat-inactivated) of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), which was used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. CDDP at a concentration of 100 µM was identified as the most efficient reagent for the selective detection of infectious MHV by RT-qPCR (CDDP-RT-qPCR). Next, two common virus concentration methods including ultrafiltration (UF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation were investigated for their compatibility with capsid integrity RT-qPCR. The UF method was more suitable than the PEG method since it recovered intact MHV (mean ± SD, 38% ± 29%) in wastewater much better than the PEG method did (0.013% ± 0.015%). Finally, CDDP-RT-qPCR was compared with RT-qPCR alone for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in 16 raw wastewater samples collected in the Greater Tokyo Area. Five samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 when evaluated by RT-qPCR alone. However, intact SARS-CoV-2 was detected in only three positive samples when determined by CDDP-RT-qPCR. Although CDDP-RT-qPCR was unable to determine the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, this method could improve the interpretation of positive results of SARS-CoV-2 obtained by RT-qPCR.

Analysis of the Function of the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus S Segment Untranslated Region on Growth Capacity In Vitro and on Virulence In Vivo.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a prototypic arenavirus. The function of untranslated regions (UTRs) of the LCMV genome has not been well studied except for the extreme 19 nucleotide residues of both the 5' and 3' termini. There are internal UTRs composed of 58 and 41 nucleotide residues in the 5' and 3' UTRs, respectively, in the LCMV S segment. Their functional roles have yet to be elucidated. In this study, reverse genetics and minigenome systems were established for LCMV strain WE and the function of these regions were analyzed. It was revealed that nucleotides 20-40 and 20-38 located downstream of the 19 nucleotides in the 5' and 3' termini, respectively, were involved in viral genome replication and transcription. Furthermore, it was revealed that the other internal UTRs (nucleotides 41-77 and 39-60 in the 5' and 3' termini, respectively) in the S segment were involved in virulence in vivo, even though these regions did not affect viral growth capacity in Vero cells. The introduction of LCMV with mutations in these regions attenuates the virus and may enable the production of LCMV vaccine candidates.

Role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and interferon-γ in coronavirus infection: Lessons from murine coronavirus infections in mice.

Murine coronavirus (CoV) is a beta-CoV that infects mice by binding to carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1. Intraperitoneal infection with the murine CoV strain JHM (JHMV) induces acute mild hepatitis in mice. While both innate and acquired immune responses play a significant role in the protection against murine CoV infection in mice, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and interferon-γ are essential for viral clearance in JHMV-induced hepatitis. In addition, CoVs are characterized by high diversity, caused by mutations, recombination, and gene gain/loss. 25V16G is an immune-escape JHMV variant, which lacks a dominant CTL epitope. By evading immune responses, 25V16G establishes persistent infections, leading to granulomatous serositis in interferon-γ-deficient mice. These examples of CoV-associated pathogenesis in mice might provide useful information on other CoV infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Comparative histological studies on properties of polysaccharides secreted by vomeronasal glands of eight Laurasiatheria species.

Most mammalian species have a vomeronasal organ that detects specific chemical substances, such as pheromones. Mucous fluid covering the vomeronasal sensory epithelium is secreted by vomeronasal glands, and the properties of these fluids have been suggested to be involved in chemical detection. Histological studies using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue pH 2.5 (AB) stains, which respectively detect natural and acidic polysaccharides, have suggested variations in the nature of the vomeronasal glands among species. Here, we investigated the responsivity of the vomeronasal glands to PAS and AB stains in eight Laurasiatheria species. All species studied herein possessed vomeronasal glands that stained positive for PAS, like other many reported species. The vomeronasal glands of dogs and minks - like rodents, were AB-negative, whereas those of cows, goats, sika deer, musk shrews and two bat species were positive. Considering the present findings and previous reports, the vomeronasal glands in most of Laurasiatheria species appear to be fundamentally abundant in acidic polysaccharides, whereas those in carnivores essentially contains neutral polysaccharides.

Tumor-suppressing potential of stingless bee propolis in in vitro and in vivo models of differentiated-type gastric adenocarcinoma.

The protective property of propolis across a wide spectrum of diseases has long been realized, yet the anti-tumor efficacy of this bioactive substance from Philippine stingless bees has remained poorly understood. Here, we showed the tumor-suppressing potential of crude ethanolic extract of Philippine stingless bee propolis (EEP) in in vitro models of gastric cancer highlighting the first indication of remarkable subtype specificity towards differentiated-type human gastric cancer cell lines but not the diffuse-type. Mechanistically, this involved the profound modulation of several cell cycle related gene transcripts, which correlated with the prominent cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. To reinforce our data, a unique differentiated-type gastric cancer model, A4gnt KO mice, together with age-matched 60 week-old C57BL/6 J mice were randomly assigned to treatment groups receiving distilled water or EEP for 30 consecutive days. EEP treatment induced significant regression of gross and histological lesions of gastric pyloric tumors that consistently corresponded with specific transcriptional regulation of cell cycle components. Also, the considerable p21 protein expression coupled with a marked reduction in rapidly dividing BrdU-labeled S-phase cells unequivocally supported our observation. Altogether, these findings support the role of Philippine stingless bee propolis as a promising adjunct treatment option in differentiated-type gastric cancer.

Inactivation of human norovirus and its surrogate by the disinfectant consisting of calcium hydrogen carbonate mesoscopic crystals.

Human norovirus is one of the major causes of foodborne gastroenteritis, and it can be easily transmitted from infected person, virus-contaminated foods and environmental surfaces. Effective disinfection method is needed to stop the transmission of human norovirus. CAC-717 is a new disinfectant consisting of calcium hydrogen carbonate mesoscopic crystals. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CAC-717 against human norovirus. This study used human norovirus derived from fecal specimens and cultured murine norovirus, which is one of the surrogate viruses for human norovirus. The disinfection effect against murine norovirus was estimated by infectivity assay and transmission electron microscopy. The inactivation effect against human norovirus was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Disinfection effect of CAC-717 against the infectivity of murine norovirus was shown within 100 s after the CAC-717 treatment, presenting the destruction of viral capsids. The treatment of CAC-717 significantly reduced human norovirus genomic RNA (3.25-log reduction) by the presence of the mesoscopic structure of calcium hydrogen carbonate. CAC-717 stably inactivated human norovirus in stool suspensions. The inactivation effect of CAC-717 against human norovirus was less susceptible to organic substances than sodium hypochlorite. CAC-717 would be a useful alternative for disinfecting human norovirus in contaminated environmental surfaces.

Orally administered brown seaweed-derived ß-glucan effectively restrained development of gastric dysplasia in A4gnt KO mice that spontaneously develop gastric adenocarcinoma.

ß-Glucan refers to a heterogeneous group of chemically defined storage polysaccharides containing ß-(1,3)-d-linked glucose polymers with branches connected by either ß-(1,4) or ß-(1,6) glycosidic linkage. To date, an extensive amount of scientific evidence supports their multifunctional biological activities, but their potential involvement in the progression of premalignant lesions remains to be clarified. A4gnt KO mice that lack α1,4-N-acetylglucosamine-capped O-glycans in gastric gland mucin are a unique animal model for gastric cancer because the mutant mice spontaneously develop gastric cancer through hyperplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. In particular, A4gnt KO mice show gastric dysplasia during 10-20 weeks of age. Here we investigated the putative gastro-protective activity of brown seaweed-derived ß-glucan (Laminaran) against development of gastric dysplasia, precancerous lesion for gastric cancer in A4gnt KO mice. The mutant mice at 12 weeks of age were randomly assigned into three treatment groups namely, wildtype control + distilled water (normal control), A4gnt KO mice + distilled water (untreated control), and A4gnt KO mice + 100 mg/kg Laminaran. After 3 weeks, the stomach was removed and examined for morphology and gene expression patterns. In contrast to the untreated control group, administration of Laminaran substantially attenuated gastric dysplasia development and counterbalanced the increased induction in cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, Laminaran treatment effectively overcame the A4gnt KO-induced alteration in the gene expression profile of selected cytokines as revealed by real-time PCR analysis. Collectively, our present findings indicate that ß-glucan can potentially restrain the development of gastric dysplasia to mediate their tissue-preserving activity.

First isolation and characterization of pteropine orthoreoviruses in fruit bats in the Philippines.

Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) causes respiratory tract illness (RTI) in humans. PRVs were isolated from throat swabs collected from 9 of 91 wild bats captured on the Mindanao Islands, The Philippines, in 2013. The nucleic acid sequence of the whole genome of each of these isolates was determined. Phylogenetic analysis based on predicted amino acid sequences indicated that the isolated PRVs were novel strains in which re-assortment events had occurred in the viral genome. Serum specimens collected from 76 of 84 bats were positive for PRV-neutralizing antibodies suggesting a high prevalence of PRV in wild bats in the Philippines. The bat-borne PRVs isolated in the Philippines were characterized in comparison to an Indonesian PRV isolate, Miyazaki-Bali/2007 strain, recovered from a human patient, revealing that the Philippine bat-borne PRVs had similar characteristics in terms of antigenicity to those of the Miyazaki-Bali/2007 strain, but with a slight difference (e.g., growth capacity in vitro). The impact of the Philippine bat-borne PRVs should be studied in human RTI cases in the Philippines.

Molecular phylogeny of a genetically divergent hantavirus harbored by the Geoffroy's rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), a frugivorous bat species in the Philippines.

The recent discovery of genetically distinct hantaviruses in multiple species of shrews and moles (order Eulipotyphla, families Soricidae and Talpidae) prompted a further exploration of their host diversification and geographic distribution by analyzing lung tissues from 376 fruit bats representing six genera (order Chiroptera, suborder Yinpterochiroptera, family Pteropodidae), collected in the Republic of the Philippines during 2008 to 2013. Hantavirus RNA was detected by RT-PCR in one of 15 Geoffroy's rousettes (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), captured in Quezon Memorial National Park on Luzon Island in 2009. Phylogenetic analyses of the S, M and L segments, using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods, showed that the newfound hantavirus, designated Quezon virus (QZNV), shared a common ancestry with hantaviruses hosted by insectivorous bats, in keeping with their evolutionary relationships and suggests that ancestral bats may have served as the early or original mammalian hosts of primordial hantaviruses. As the first hantavirus detected in a megabat or flying fox species, QZNV extends our knowledge about the reservoir host range.

Zygote-mediated generation of genome-modified mice using Streptococcus thermophilus 1-derived CRISPR/Cas system.

Mammalian zygote-mediated genome-engineering by CRISPR/Cas is currently used for the generation of genome-modified animals. Here we report that a Streptococcus thermophilus-1 derived orthologous CRISPR/Cas system, which recognizes the 5'-NNAGAA sequence as a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), is useful in mouse zygotes and is applicable for generating knockout mice (87.5%) and targeted knock-in mice (45.5%). The induced mutation could be inherited in the next generation. This novel CRISPR/Cas can expand the feasibility of the zygote-mediated generation of genome-modified animals that require an exact mutation design.

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in rectal swab samples from Rousettus amplexicaudatus in the Philippines.

Bats are the second diversity species of mammals and widely distributed in the world. They are thought to be reservoir and vectors of zoonotic pathogens. However, there is scarce report of the evidence of pathogenic bacteria kept in bats. The precise knowledge of the pathogenic bacteria in bat microbiota is important for zoonosis control. Thus, metagenomic analysis targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA of the rectal microbiota in Rousettus amplexicaudatus was performed using high throughput sequencing. The results revealed that 103 genera of bacteria including Camplyobacter were detected. Campylobacter was second predominant genus, and Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni were identified in microbiome of R. amplexicaudatus. Campylobacteriosis is one of the serious bacterial diarrhea in human, and the most often implicated species as the causative agent of campylobacteriosis is C. jejuni. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of C. jejuni in 91 wild bats with PCR. As a result of PCR assay targeted on 16S-23S intergenic spacer, partial genome of C. jejuni was detected only in five R. amplexicaudatus. This is the first report that C. jejuni was detected in bat rectal swab samples. C. jejuni is the most common cause of campylobacteriosis in humans, transmitted through water and contact with livestock animals. This result indicated that R. amplexicaudatus may be a carrier of C. jejuni.

Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria species in Philippine bats.

The genus Cryptosporidium, which is an obligate intracellular parasite, infects various vertebrates and causes a diarrheal disease known as cryptosporidiosis. Bats are naturally infected with zoonotic pathogens; thus, they are potential reservoirs of parasites. We investigated the species and genotype distribution as well as prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria in Philippine bats. We captured and examined 45 bats; four were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. and seven were positive for Eimeria spp. We detected Cryptosporidium bat genotype II from Ptenochirus jagori. Three other Cryptosporidium sequences, detected from Rhinolophus inops, Cynopterus brachyotis, and Eonycteris spelaea, could not be classified as any known species or genotype; we therefore propose the novel genotype Cryptosporidium bat genotypes V, VI, and VII. Bat genotype V is associated with human cryptosporidiosis clade, and therefore, this genotype may be transmissible to humans. Among the Eimeria sequences, BE3 detected from Scotophilus kuhlii was classified with known bat and rodent clades; however, other sequences detected from C. brachyotis, E. spelaea, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, and R. inops could not be classified with known Eimeria species. These isolates might represent a new genotype. Our findings demonstrate that the bats of the Philippines represent a reservoir of multiple Cryptosporidium and Eimeria spp.

Detection of a novel herpesvirus from bats in the Philippines.

Bats are natural hosts of many zoonotic viruses. Monitoring bat viruses is important to detect novel bat-borne infectious diseases. In this study, next generation sequencing techniques and conventional PCR were used to analyze intestine, lung, and blood clot samples collected from wild bats captured at three locations in Davao region, in the Philippines in 2012. Different viral genes belonging to the Retroviridae and Herpesviridae families were identified using next generation sequencing. The existence of herpesvirus in the samples was confirmed by PCR using herpesvirus consensus primers. The nucleotide sequences of the resulting PCR amplicons were 166-bp. Further phylogenetic analysis identified that the virus from which this nucleotide sequence was obtained belonged to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. PCR using primers specific to the nucleotide sequence obtained revealed that the infection rate among the captured bats was 30 %. In this study, we present the partial genome of a novel gammaherpesvirus detected from wild bats. Our observations also indicate that this herpesvirus may be widely distributed in bat populations in Davao region.

A broadly reactive one-step SYBR Green I real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid detection of murine norovirus.

A one-step SYBR Green I real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for the detection and quantification of a broad range of murine noroviruses (MNVs). The primer design was based on the multiple sequence alignments of 101 sequences of the open reading frame (ORF)1-ORF2 junction of MNV. The broad reactivity and quantitative capacity of the assay were validated using 7 MNV plasmids. The assay was completed within 1 h, and the reliable detection limit was 10 copies of MNV plasmid or 0.063 median tissue culture infective doses per milliliter of RAW264 cell culture-propagated viruses. The diagnostic performance of the assay was evaluated using 158 mouse fecal samples, 91 of which were confirmed to be positive. The melting curve analysis demonstrated the diversity of MNV in the samples. This is the first report of a broadly reactive one-step SYBR Green I real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting of MNVs. The rapid and sensitive performance of this assay makes it a powerful tool for diagnostic applications.