Negative density dependence characterizes mutualistic interactions between birds and fruiting plants across latitudes.

Negative density dependence (NDD) in biotic interactions of interference such as plant-plant competition, granivory and herbivory are well-documented mechanisms that promote species' coexistence in diverse plant communities worldwide. Here, we investigated the generality of a novel type of NDD mechanism that operates through the mutualistic interactions of frugivory and seed dispersal among fruit-eating birds and plants. By sampling community-wide frugivory interactions at high spatial and temporal resolution in Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Peru, Brazil and Argentina, we evaluated whether interaction frequencies between birds and fruit resources occurred more often (selection), as expected, or below expectations (under-utilization) set by the relative fruit abundance of the fruit resources of each plant species. Our models considered the influence of temporal scales of fruit availability and bird phylogeny and diets, revealing that NDD characterizes frugivory across communities. Irrespective of taxa or dietary guild, birds tended to select fruits of plant species that were proportionally rare in their communities, or that became rare following phenological fluctuations, while they mostly under-utilized abundant fruit resources. Our results demonstrate that negative density-dependence in frugivore-plant interactions provides a strong equalizing mechanism for the dispersal processes of fleshy-fruited plant species in temperate and tropical communities, likely contributing to building and sustaining plant diversity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Diversitydependence of dispersal: interspecific interactions determine spatial dynamics'.

Bird species responses to rangeland management in relation to their traits: Rio de la Plata Grasslands as a case study.

Areas used for livestock production and dominated by native grasses represent a unique opportunity to reconcile biodiversity conservation and livestock production. However, limited knowledge of individual species' responses to rangeland management restricts our capacity to design grazing practices that favor endangered species and other priority birds. In this work, we applied Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities (HMSC) to study individual species responses, as well as the influence of traits on such responses, to variables related to rangeland management using birds of the Rio de la Plata Grasslands as a case study. Based on presence-absence data collected in 454 paddocks across 46 ranches we inferred the response of 69 species considering imperfect detection. This degree of detail fills a major gap in rangeland management, as species-level responses can be used to achieve targeted conservation goals other than maximizing richness or abundance. We found that artificial pastures had an overall negative impact on many bird species, whereas the presence of tussocks had a positive effect, including all threatened species. Grassland specialists were in general sensitive to grass height and tended to respond positively to tussocks but negatively to tree cover. Controlling grass height via adjustments in stocking rate can be a useful tool to favor grassland specialists. To favor a wide range of bird species in ranches, a mosaic of short and tall native grasslands with patches of tussocks and trees is desirable. We also found that species-specific responses were modulated by their traits: small-sized birds responded positively to tussocks and tree cover while large species responded negatively to increasing grass height. Ground foragers preferred short grass while birds that scarcely use this stratum were not affected by grass height. Results on the influence of traits on bird responses are an important novelty in relation to previous work in rangelands and potentially increase our predicting capacity and model transferability across grassland regions.

Metformin Prevents NDEA-Induced Memory Impairments Associated with Attenuating Beta-Amyloid, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, and Interleukin-6 Levels in the Hippocampus of Rats.

N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a potential carcinogen known to cause liver tumors and chronic inflammation, diabetes, cognitive problems, and signs like Alzheimer's disease (AD) in animals. This compound is classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. Usual sources of exposure include food, beer, tobacco, personal care products, water, and medications. AD is characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-ß (Aß) deposit, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cell loss. This is accompanied by neuroinflammation, which involves release of microglial cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) upregulation; each are linked to AD progression. Weak PI3K/Akt insulin-signaling inhibits IRS-1 phosphorylation, activates GSK3ß and promotes tau hyperphosphorylation. Metformin, an antihyperglycemic agent, has potent anti-inflammatory efficacy. It reduces proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α via NF-κB inhibition. Metformin also reduces reactive oxidative species (ROS) and modulates cognitive disorders reported due to brain insulin resistance links. Our study examined how NDEA affects spatial memory in Wistar rats. We found that all NDEA doses tested impaired memory. The 80 µg/kg dose of NDEA increased levels of Aß1-42, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the hippocampus, which correlated with memory loss. Nonetheless, treatment with 100 mg/kg of metformin attenuated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Aß1-42, and enhanced memory. It suggests that metformin may protect against NDEA-triggered memory issues and brain inflammation.

Ungulate presence and predation risks reduce acorn predation by mice in dehesas.

Foraging decisions by rodents are key for the long-term maintenance of oak populations in which avian seed dispersers are absent or inefficient. Decisions are determined by the environmental setting in which acorn-rodent encounters occur. In particular, seed value, competition and predation risks have been found to modify rodent foraging decisions in forest and human-modified habitats. Nonetheless, there is little information about their joint effects on rodent behavior, and hence, local acorn dispersal (or predation). In this work, we manipulate and model the mouse-oak interaction in a Spanish dehesa, an anthropogenic savanna system in which nearby areas can show contrasting levels of ungulate densities and antipredatory cover. First, we conducted a large-scale cafeteria field experiment, where we modified ungulate presence and predation risk, and followed mouse foraging decisions under contrasting levels of moonlight and acorn availability. Then, we estimated the net effects of competition and risk by means of a transition probability model that simulated mouse foraging decisions. Our results show that mice are able to adapt their foraging decisions to the environmental context, affecting initial fates of handled acorns. Under high predation risks mice foraged opportunistically carrying away large and small seeds, whereas under safe conditions large acorns tended to be predated in situ. In addition, in the presence of ungulates lack of antipredatory cover around trees reduced mice activity outside tree canopies, and hence, large acorns had a higher probability of survival. Overall, our results point out that inter-specific interactions preventing efficient foraging by scatter-hoarders can reduce acorn predation. This suggests that the maintenance of the full set of seed consumers as well as top predators in dehesas may be key for promoting local dispersal.

Representaciones sociales de la discapacidad en personas con enfermedades crónicas y estudiantes de terapia física / Social representations of disability in people with chronic diseases and physical therapy students

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar las representaciones sociales del concepto "discapacidad" por personas con enfermedades crónicas, que acuden a una clínica de rehabilitación y estudiantes de la carrera en terapia física, con la finalidad de conocer la valoración sociocognitiva de sentido común, desde dos perspectivas complementarias. Materiales y métodos: Trabajo con enfoque mixto, fundamentado desde el paradigma cualitativo. Se usó la teoría de las representaciones sociales desde la orientación estructural de Abric. Los participantes se seleccionaron por muestreo propositivo, contando con la colaboración de 134 personas de México. Las técnicas para recolectar la información fueron listados libres y comparación de pares. Se realizaron análisis procesual y estructural. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes con enfermedades crónicas basan su representación social en vivencias. El campo de la representación se fija en el cuerpo deteriorado y su interrupción en las actividades de la vida cotidiana. Los estudiantes en terapia física basan su representación en conocimientos del modelo médico para la intervención, además de mostrar un pensamiento crítico en torno a la discapacidad. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos pueden orientar a intervenciones basadas en modelos educativos, que hagan al paciente un agente activo del proceso de recuperación de su salud, para incluirse en el entorno social.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the social representations of the concept of "disability" by people with chronic diseases who attend a rehabilitation clinic and students of the career in physical therapy, in order to know the commonsense socio-cognitive assessment from two complementary perspectives. Materials and methods: A mixed method approach, based on the qualitative paradigm were use. The theory of social representations were used from the structural orientation of Abric. Participants were selected by purposeful sampling, with the collaboration of 134 people from México. Techniques to collect the information were free list and pairs comparison. Processual and structural analyzes were use. Results: Most participants with chronic diseases base their social representation on experiences. The field of representation fixed on the deteriorated body and its interruption in daily life activities. Students in physical therapy base their representation on knowledge of the medical model for intervention, in addition to showing critical thinking regarding disability. Conclusions: The findings can guide interventions based on educational models that make the patient an active agent in the process of recovering their health, to be included in the social environment.

Representaciones sociales de bioética y ética en estudiantes de medicina / Social representations of bioethics and ethics in medical students

Introducción: La enseñanza de la bioética a médicos en formación debe tener un impacto favorable en la formación profesional. Objetivo: Identificar las representaciones sociales de bioética y ética en estudiantes de primer semestre de medicina de una universidad en Bogotá. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo desde la perspectiva de las representaciones sociales con enfoque procesual y estructural, realizado a 40 participantes. Se llevaron a cabo un muestreo propositivo y a conveniencia, y un análisis prototípico y de teoría de grafos. Resultados: Las representaciones sociales de bioética en mujeres se centró en la palabra "ética" con un índice de distancia ∑ID = 1,25 con respecto a salud, vida y biología y naturaleza; en hombres, bioética, con centro en moral, obtuvo ∑ID = 1,48 en comparación con ética, medicina, principios y valores. La ética en mujeres se centró en actos y actuación, con ∑ID = 0,99 respecto a moral, sociedad y bien. La ética en los hombres se enfoca en actuar con ∑ID = 0,95 a persona, valores y comportamiento. Conclusiones: Para los estudiantes las representaciones sociales de bioética se representan con ética médica y la ética como alternativa que juzga comportamientos en los individuos(AU)

Introduction: The teaching of bioethics to doctors in training should have a favorable impact on professional training. Objective: To identify the social representations of bioethics and ethics in first-semester medical students at a university in Bogotá. Methods: Qualitative study carried out with 40 participants, from the perspective of social representations with a processual and structural approach. A purposeful and convenience sampling was carried out, together with as a prototypical and graph theory analysis. Results: The social representations of bioethics in women focused on the word ethics with a distance index of 1.25 with respect to health, life, biology and nature. In men, bioethics, with a focus on morals, obtained a distance index of 1.48 compared to ethics, medicine, principles and values. Ethics in women focused on acts and performance, with a distance index of 0.99 regarding morals, society and good. Ethics in men focuses on acting, with a distance index of 0.95 for person, values and behavior. Conclusions: For the students, the social representations of bioethics are represented by means of medical ethics and ethics as an alternative that judges behaviors in individuals(AU)

Efficacy of two locally produced oxfendazole formulations for the treatment of cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs. / Eficacia de dos formulaciones de oxfendazol producidas localmente para el tratamiento de la cisticercosis en cerdos infectados naturalmente.

The efficacy of two locally produced oxfendazole (OFZ) formulations against cysticercosis at 22,5% and 10%, versus a commercial formulation (Synanthic 9,06%) was evaluated in twenty-two naturally infected pigs that received a single oral dose of 30 mg/kg. Pigs were sacrificed at eight weeks post-treatment to evaluate the cysts found in their carcasses, and to determine the cysticidal efficacy, which was defined as the proportion of degenerated cysts over total cysts. Only degenerated cysts were found in muscle, heart, and tongue of pigs treated with OFZ in all groups, which shows an efficacy of 100%. Viable and degenerated cysts were found in brains, being the efficacy lower in all groups (65% [commercial OFZ], 47% [local OFZ 22.5%] and 31% [local OFZ 10%], p = 0.355). Locally produced OFZ formulations were similarly effective to the commercial formulation and may provide a practical alternative for the treatment of porcine cysticercosis.

Se evaluó la eficacia de dos formulaciones de oxfendazol (OFZ) contra cisticercosis producidas localmente, al 22,5% y 10% en comparación con una formulación comercial (Synanthic 9,06%) en 22 cerdos naturalmente infectados, que recibieron una dosis oral de 30 mg/kg. Los cerdos fueron sacrificados a las ocho semanas postratamiento para evaluar quistes en en sus carcasas, y se determinó la eficacia cisticida a través de la proporción de quistes degenerados sobre el total. Solo se encontraron quistes degenerados en la musculatura, corazón y lengua de los cerdos tratados con OFZ en todos los grupos, lo cual muestra una eficacia del 100%. En los cerebros se encontraron quistes viables y degenerados, con una eficacia menor en todos los grupos (65% [OFZ comercial], 47% [OFZ local 22,5%] y 31% [OFZ local 10%], p = 0,355. Las formulaciones de OFZ producidas localmente fueron igual de efectivas que la formulación comercial y pueden proporcionar una alternativa para el tratamiento de la cisticercosis porcina.

Dimensiones culturales del concepto pie diabético en personas con diabetes mellitus y en estudiantes de medicina mexicanos / Cultural Dimensions of the Diabetic Foot Concept in People with Diabetes Mellitus and in Mexican Medical Students

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las dimensiones culturales del concepto pie diabético en personas con diabetes mellitus y en estudiantes de medicina. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo exploratorio con base en los fundamentos de la antropología cognitiva y la teoría del consenso cultural. Participaron 40 personas (20 personas con diabetes y 20 estudiantes de medicina de séptimo semestre). El estudio se realizó en Guadalajara (México), en un hospital de segundo nivel, en los primeros tres meses de 2019. Se utilizaron listados libres y pile sort para identificar el contenido y la organización de las dimensiones. En el caso de los valores agregados, las matrices fueron analizadas mediante conglomerados jerárquicos. En el caso de los valores individuales, las matrices fueron analizadas mediante un modelo de consenso cultural. Resultados: Para las personas con diabetes, el concepto de pie diabético se conformó por las dimensiones de consecuencias y prevención. Para los estudiantes de medicina, el concepto de pie diabético se conformó por las dimensiones consecuencias y complicaciones. Se encontró consenso cultural en ambos grupos (Razón F1:F2, personas con diabetes: 3.14; estudiantes de medicina: 6.73). Las dimensiones tuvieron valores de ajuste adecuados: stress 0.21 en las personas con diabetes y 0.13 en los estudiantes. Conclusiones: Gracias a los resultados y acercamiento hacia ambos grupos, se pudieron reconocer elementos claves para la futura aplicación de programas de prevención para la salud, y una atención más integral para las personas con diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the cultural dimensions of the diabetic foot concept in people with diabetes mellitus and in medical students. Material and Methods: Exploratory descriptive study based on the foundations of cognitive anthropology and the theory of cultural consensus. Forty people participated (20 people with diabetes and 20 medical students in the seventh semester). The study was conducted in Guadalajara, Mexico, in a second level hospital, in the first three months of the year 2019. Free lists and pile sort were used to identify the content and the organization of the dimensions. In the case of the aggregated values, hierarchical conglomerates analyzed the matrices. In the case of individual values, the matrices were analyzed using a cultural consensus model. Results: People with diabetes mellitus conformed the concept of diabetic foot by the dimensions of consequences and complications, whereas the medical students conformed the concept by the dimensions of consequences and complications. The cultural consensus was found in both groups with the following reasons F1:F2, people with diabetes: 3.14; medical students: 6.73. The dimensions had adequate values with the stress of 0.21 for the people with diabetes, and of 0.13 for the medical students. Conclusions: Gratefully, these results and the approach towards these two groups' key elements could be found for a future application of programs of health prevention and deeper and integral treatment process for the people with diabetes mellitus.

Concepciones culturales de hemofilia en padres que son miembros de una asociación civil en México / Cultural conceptions on hemophilia in parents who are members of a civil association in Mexico

Introducción: La hemofilia es un padecimiento crónico y existen actividades que, en dependencia de la persona, pueden mejorar la salud del paciente. Para poder entender estas acciones se necesita un acercamiento a las concepciones culturales que tienen las familias sobre la hemofilia. Objetivo: Describir las concepciones culturales respecto a la hemofilia que tienen los padres con hijos que padecen esta enfermedad y radican en la República Mexicana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de investigación antropología cognitiva. Se les aplicaron dos entrevistas estructuradas a 64 padres, que pertenecían a la asociación civil. Se buscaron significados de hemofilia a partir del uso de cinco palabras y después se identificó si existía o no consenso entre los participantes. Resultados: Las principales categorías que se derivaron de las dimensiones culturales fueron: consecuencias derivadas del padecimiento y cómo se vive. Las principales dimensiones culturales responsabilidad y vivir. Dentro de la responsabilidad se encontró lo que el tratamiento implica, lo que debe superar la persona, lo no deseado y lo que debe aprender. En la dimensión vivir estuvo la afectación familiar, las repercusiones, los temores, su realidad y los conocimientos. Conclusiones: Aunque los informantes viven en diferentes partes del país tienen un alto consenso cultural sobre la hemofilia, su percepción, en general, muestra un panorama adverso para sus hijos en el contexto mexicano en el que se encuentran. Sienten responsabilidad compartida con el personal de salud, lo que debe ser aprovechado para que, tanto médicos como personas con el padecimiento y sus familias aprendan sobre las limitaciones de los tratamientos, miedos, experiencias de vida y las oportunidades de medicamentos oportunos que se pueden tomar como alternativas para mejorar la atención y adherencia al tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Hemophilia is a chronic condition and there are activities that, depending on the person, can improve the patient's health. To be able to understand these actions it is needed an approach to the cultural conceptions that families have about hemophilia. Objectives: Describe the cultural conceptions regarding hemophilia that parents have with children who suffer from this disease and reside in the Mexican Republic. Methods: A qualitative study of cognitive anthropology research was conducted. Two structured interviews were applied to 64 parents, who belonged to the civil association. Hemophilia meanings were sought from the use of five words and then it was identified if existed or not consensus among participants. Results: The main categories that derived from cultural dimensions were: consequences derived from the condition and how it is lived. The main cultural dimensions were responsibility and living. Within responsibility it was found what the treatment implies, what the person must overcome, the unwanted and what the person must learn. In the living dimension were family affectation, repercussions, fears, reality and knowledge. Conclusions: Although informants live in different parts of the country, they have a high cultural consensus on hemophilia; their perception generally shows an adverse picture for their children in the Mexican context in which they find themselves. They feel shared responsibility with the health personnel, which should be leveraged so that both doctors and people with the condition and their families learn about treatment limitations, fears, life experiences and timely drugs that can be taken as alternatives to improve the care and adherence to treatment(AU)

Efectos de la pandemia por COVID 19 En personas con discapacidad. una mirada interdisciplinaria / Effects of the COVID 19 pandemic on people with disabilities. an interdisciplinary look

La pandemia por COVID-19 significó una crisis de escala mundial con profundos impactos sanitarios, sociales y económicos que afectaron a millones de personas. Ante esta situación de emergencia sanitaria y social, las personas con discapacidad (PCD) pudieron ver profundizada su vulnerabilidad por los contextos de aislamiento social preventivo obligatorio (ASPO) y enfermedad asociada al COVID-19. La presente investigación se propuso describir los efectos de la pandemia por COVID-19 en las esferas social, psicológica, nutricional y de la actividad física en PCD que recibían atención de rehabilitación ambulatoria en un instituto nacional de rehabilitación psicofísica del sector público durante el período marzo 2020 a octubre 2021. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo con un diseño no experimental de corte transversal Se recogieron datos demográficos, variables cuantitativas (variación en frecuencia de consumo de alimentos; frecuencia, volumen e intensidad de actividad física) y cualitativas (percepción de la variación del peso corporal, patrones de síntomas psicológicos presentados, cambios ocurridos en las condiciones de empleo y en la composición de ingresos económicos, modificaciones en las tareas de cuidados dentro de la organización familiar) a través de una encuesta estructurada por secciones. La recolección de los datos se realizó de manera presencial luego de la firma de un consentimiento informado. La encuesta contó con secciones que utilizaron instrumentos validados, Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física-IPAQ, Inventario de Síntomas SCL-90- R y secciones desarrolladas por los autores para tal fin. Resultados En relación a los aspectos nutricionales evaluados, al indagar sobre la percepción de la variación de peso, 50.6% de los encuestados refirieron que tuvieron tendencia al aumento ponderal, 25.3% tendencia al descenso y 24% no percibieron variación. Respecto a la variación en la frecuencia de consumo de los grupos de alimentos analizados y considerando un nivel de significación del 10%, el consumo de frutas (valor p= 0,03), hortalizas (valor p= 0,07) y galletitas dulces-alfajores (valor p= 0,07) fue significativamente mayor antes de la pandemia que durante la misma; no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el consumo de bebidas gaseosas, golosinas, yogures y productos de pastelería. Al indagar sobre los niveles de actividad física general, el 47% de los encuestados refirieron un nivel "alto" de actividad física, el 32% un nivel "moderado" y el 21% un nivel "bajo". Cuando se analizó el nivel de actividad física obtenido sólo en el dominio de "Tiempo de Ocio" se observó que el 4% mostraron un nivel de actividad física alto, el 12% un nivel moderado y en cambio el 84% refirió un nivel de actividad física bajo. En relación a la disponibilidad de espacio físico, el 93% de las PCD refirieron que consideraban contar con espacio suficiente para realizar ejercicio en su tiempo libre. En el área de Psicología, se relevó la presencia de síntomas de malestar psicológico evidenciados durante dos de las semanas más restrictivas del ASPO. Las dimensiones de síntomas evaluadas fueron las siguientes somatizaciones, obsesiones y compulsiones, sensitividad interpersonal, depresión, ansiedad, hostilidad, ansiedad fóbica, ideación paranoide, y psicoticismo. 38 participantes (47%) no presentaron síntomas de malestar psicológico asociados; se destacó la presencia de 28 participantes que presentaron entre 2 y 9 síntomas de malestar psicológico combinados, mostrando la relevancia del compromiso observado en el área emocional. En el área social el 86.4% de las PCD refirieron no tener empleo. Del 13.5% restante, sólo el 3.7% tenía empleo registrado. El 60.5% de las PCD mantuvieron el monto de sus ingresos económicos durante el período de pandemia y un 25.9% los disminuyeron. En referencia a la composición de los ingresos, en el periodo de pandemia los mismos no sufrieron variaciones significativas respecto al periodo previo: la principal fuente de ingresos estuvo dada por la Seguridad Social en el 61.7% de los casos. Respecto a las tareas de cuidado no se observaron variaciones significativas respecto al periodo pre-pandemia, sin embargo, el 46.9% de las personas que realizaron las principales tareas de cuidados sintieron sobrecarga en el período de pandemia. Conclusiones Creemos que el presente trabajo significa un aporte valioso para las PCD, anclado en el contexto socio-cultural presente. La contribución de este estudio permitirá proyectar intervenciones asistenciales, de gestión y/o nuevos trabajos de investigación significativos para este grupo poblacional vulnerable.

La experiencia de la persona adulta con la infección por virus del papiloma humano: una revisión panorámica / The experience of the adult with human papillomavirus infection: A scoping review

Resumen Objetivo: explorar qué se ha investigado sobre la experiencia de ser diagnosticado y el vivir con la infección por Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) en personas adultas. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de literatura basada en el diseño de scoping review de Arksey y O´Malley. Resultados: la experiencia de la persona adulta con la infección por VPH implica considerar principalmente cuatro áreas: la psicosocial, la sexual, la cognitiva y la atención a la salud. Discusión: aunque la mayoría de los hallazgos se centran en aspectos negativos del VPH, algunos muestran evidencia de beneficios o aspectos positivos a partir del diagnóstico. Conclusiones: el VPH conlleva un impacto considerable desde el momento de su detección hasta el tratamiento, lo que implica afecciones en las distintas áreas de la vida de las personas que van desde cuestiones emocionales hasta el seguimiento adecuado del proceso de atención.

Abstract Objetivo: Explore what has been investigated about the experience of being diagnosed and living with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in adults. Metodología: A literature review was done based on the scoping review design of Arksey and O'Malley. Resultados: The experience of the adult with HPV infection involves mainly considering four areas: psychosocial, sexual, cognitive and health care. Discusión: Although most of the findings focus on negative aspects of HPV, some show evidence of benefits or positive aspects from the diagnosis. Conclusiones: HPV carries a considerable impact from the time of its detection until the treatment, which implies affections in the different areas of the life of patients ranging from emotional issues to the adequate follow-up of the care process.

Representaciones sociales del cáncer de mama: una comparación de mujeres con diagnóstico reciente y mujeres sanas / Social Representations of Breast Cancer: a Comparison of Women with Recent Diagnosis and Healthy Women

Resumen Identificar las representaciones sociales (RS) del cáncer de mama en mujeres con diagnóstico y mujeres sanas o libres de enfermedad (MLE), Guadalajara-Jalisco, 2016. Se aplicó la técnica asociativa de listados libres y cuestionario de pares a 40 mujeres; para conocer la estructura de las RS se hizo análisis de contenido temático y estructural de la RS.Los hallazgos muestran que las mujeres diagnosticadas tienen mayor conciencia sobre la importancia de prevención y detección oportuna. MLE otorgaron mayor importancia a aspectos negativos como miedo y muerte. La RS sobre la enfermedad se construye a través de las vivencias, ya sea propia con el diagnóstico o a través de experiencias de una persona cercana o conocimientos sociales.

Abstract The objective of the study was to identify the social representations (SR) of breast cancer in diagnosed women and healthy or disease-free women (MLE), Guadalajara-Jalisco, 2016. The associative technique of free listing and peer questionnaire was applied to 40 women. In order to know the structure of SR, a thematic and structural content analysis of SR was carried out. The findings show that diagnosed women are more aware of the importance of prevention and timely detection. MLE gave greater importance to negative aspects such as fear and death. The SR on the disease is built through experiences, either one's own with the diagnosis, through the experiences of a close person, or through social knowledge.

MRSA dynamic circulation between the community and the hospital setting: New insights from a cohort study.

Dissemination of methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus aureus/(MRSA) is a worldwide concern both in hospitals [healthcare-associated-(HA)-MRSA] and communities [community-associated-(CA)-MRSA]. Knowledge on when and where MRSA colonization is acquired and what clones are involved is necessary, to focus efforts for prevention of hospital-acquired MRSA-infections. METHODS: A prospective/longitudinal cohort study was performed in eight Argentina hospitals (Cordoba/ October-December/2014). Surveillance cultures for MRSA (nose-throat-inguinal) were obtained on admission and at discharge. MRSA strains were genetically typed as CA-MRSAG and HA-MRSAG genotypes. RESULTS: Overall, 1419 patients were screened and 534 stayed at hospital for ≥3 days. S. aureus admission prevalence was 30.9% and 4.2% for MRSA. Overall MRSA acquisition rate was 2.3/1000 patient-days-at-risk with a MRSA acquisition prevalence of 1.96% (95%CI: 1.0%-3.4%); 3.2% of patients were discharged back to community with MRSA. CA-MRSAG accounted for 84.6% of imported, 100.0% of hospital-acquired and 94% of discharged MRSA strains. Most imported and acquired MRSA strains belonged to two major epidemic CA-MRSA clones spread in Argentina: PFGEtypeI-ST5-IVa-t311-PVL+ and PFGEtypeN/ST30-IVc-t019-PVL+. CONCLUSIONS: CA-MRSA clones, particularly ST5-IV-PVL+ and ST30-IV-PVL+, with main reservoir in the community, not only enter but also are truly acquired within hospital, causing healthcare-associated-hospital-onset infections, having a transmission capacity greater or similar than HA-MRSAG. This information is essential to develop appropriate MRSA infection prevention-control programs, considering hospital and community.

Can network metrics predict vulnerability and species roles in bird-dispersed plant communities? Not without behaviour.

Network metrics are widely used to infer the roles of mutualistic animals in plant communities and to predict the effect of species' loss. However, their empirical validation is scarce. Here we parameterized a joint species model of frugivory and seed dispersal with bird movement and foraging data from tropical and temperate communities. With this model, we investigate the effect of frugivore loss on seed rain, and compare our predictions to those of standard coextinction models and network metrics. Topological coextinction models underestimated species loss after the removal of highly linked frugivores with unique foraging behaviours. Network metrics informed about changes in seed rain quantity after frugivore loss. However, changes in seed rain composition were only predicted by partner diversity. Nestedness, closeness, and d' specialisation could not anticipate the effects of rearrangements in plant-frugivore communities following species loss. Accounting for behavioural differences among mutualists is critical to improve predictions from network models.

Sexo y prevención: representaciones sociales del condón en adultos mexicanos / Sex and prevention: social representations of condom among Mexican adults / Sexo e prevenção: representações sociais do preservativo em adultos mexicanos / Sexe et prévention: représentations sociales du préservatif chez les adultes mexicains

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las representaciones sociales del condón en adultos mexicanos. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio desde una perspectiva pluri metodológica, ya que se realizaron procedimientos cuantitativos y cualitativos con el apoyo de las técnicas de listados libres y elecciones sucesivas con bloques, las cuales fueron aplicadas a 176 personas adultas de las ciudades de Guadalajara y San Luis Potosí, México. Resultados: Las palabras que fueron asociadas con mayor frecuencia a condón fueron protección, seguridad y sexo; mientras que las menos referidas fueron salud, embarazo y enfermedades. La estructura y la organización de las representaciones sociales del condón se agrupan en tres bloques alusivos a los usos del condón, los aspectos valorativos y los riesgos sexuales; a su vez, el concepto de prevención es delimitado como núcleo central. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos encontrados a partir de la realización de este estudio permiten comprender el concepto del condón a partir de aspectos propios del contexto social, lo que posibilita considerar elementos para las acciones en materia de salud sexual desde un análisis que ha sido diferenciado por sexo.

Abstract Objective: To analyze social representations of condom among Mexican adults. Material and methods: A study was carried out from a pluri-methodological aproche, since quantitative and qualitative procedures were done with the support of free listing techniques and successive block choices, which were applied to 176 adults from the cities of Guadalajara and San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Results: Words that were most frequently associated with the condom were protection, safety and sex; while the less referred were health, pregnancy and diseases. The structure and organization of the social representations of the condom are grouped in three blocks referring to the condom uses, the evaluative aspects and the sexual risks; therefore, the concept of prevention is defined as the central core. Conclusions: The results found from the realization of this study allow us to understand the concept of condom from aspects of the social context, which makes it possible to consider elements for sexual health actions from an analysis that has been differentiated by sex.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar as representagoes sociais do preservativo em adultos mexicanos. Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo a partir de uma perspectiva pluri-metodológica, uma vez que os procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos foram realizados com o apoio de técnicas de listagem livre e escolhas sucessivas de blocos, aplicadas a 176 adultos nas cidades de Guadalajara e San Luis Potosí, México. Resultados: As palavras mais frequentemente associadas ao preservativo foram protegao, seguranga e sexo; enquanto as menos referidas foram saúde, gravidez e doengas. A estrutura e organizagao das representagoes sociais do preservativo foram agrupadas em tres blocos, relacionado com o uso do preservativo, os aspetos avaliativos e os riscos sexuais. O conceito de prevengao é considerado como o núcleo central. Conclusoes: Os dados encontrados a partir da realizagao deste estudo permitem compreender o conceito do preservativo a partir do contexto social, o que possibilita considerar elementos fundamentais para a realizagao de agoes no ambito da saúde sexual a partir de uma análise que tem sido diferenciada por sexo.

Résumé Objectif: Analyser les représentations sociales du préservatif chez les adultes mexicains. Matériel et méthodes: Une étude a été réalisée dans une perspective pluri-méthodologique, puisque des procédures quantitatives et qualitatives ont été effectuées avec le support des techniques de référencement gratuit et des choix successifs par blocs, qui ont été appliqués à 176 adultes des villes de Guadalajara et de San Luis Potosí, au Mexique. Résultats: Les mots les plus fréquemment associés au préservatif étaient protection, sécurité et sexe; tandis que les moins ont été renvoyés à la santé, la grossesse et les maladies. La structure et l'organisation des représentations sociales du préservatif sont regroupées en trois blocs faisant référence à l'utilisation du préservatif, les aspects évaluatifs et les risques sexuels; à son tour, le concept de prévention est défini comme le noyau central. Conclusions: Les résultats tirées de la réalisation de cette étude permettent de comprendre le concept de préservatif à partir d'aspects du contexte social, ce qui permet de considérer des éléments pour des actions de santé sexuelle à partir d'une analyse différenciée par sexe.

Parejas heterosexuales serodiscordantes en Chiapas, México. La influencia del género en la expresión de la agencia / Heterosexual HIV-Discordant Couples in Chiapas, Mexico. The Influence of Gender in Agency Expression

Resumen Hombres y mujeres heterosexuales con Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) enfrentan desafíos personales (e.g. miedo a contagiar a otros y al rechazo) y sociales (el rechazo real). Para una persona con VIH (PV), estos son obstáculos en el desarrollo de su vida, especialmente si al formar una pareja, la otra persona no tiene el virus. A partir del supuesto de que las personas no carecen de poder para enfrentar y, ocasionalmente, transformar estructuras sociales, se elaboró este trabajo con el objetivo de explorar y comparar las estrategias seguidas por dos hombres y dos mujeres con VIH, en la formación de pareja, con personas que no tenían reporte (pareja serodiscordante). Los resultados destacan diferencias en las estrategias. Las dos mujeres experimentaron su sexualidad con hombres sin VIH. Sin embargo, ocultaron su diagnóstico a los hombres correspondientes. Tuvieron más dificultades, que los dos hombres, en su afán por mantener una relación de pareja estable. Además, han estado expuestas a riesgos de embarazo no deseado y violencia por ocultar el diagnóstico. Los hombres recurrieron al enamoramiento, para sostener una relación, donde la pareja correspondiente conoció, por información que ellos mismos les proporcionaron, su diagnóstico. Los resultados destacan que hay una inequidad en la disponibilidad de esquemas y recursos, entre hombres y mujeres. Frente al desafío de formar pareja y vivir la sexualidad, después del diagnóstico, las inequidades se reflejan en más dificultades y riesgos en las mujeres.

Abstract: Heterosexual men and women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) face personal challenges (e.g. fear of infecting others and rejection) and social ones (real rejection). For a person with HIV (VP), these are obstacles in the development of their life, especially if forming a couple, where the other person does not have the virus. Based on the assumption that people do not lack the power to confront and occasionally transform social structures, this study was carried out in order to explore and compare the strategies followed by two men and two women with HIV, in forming couples, with people who did not have it (HIV-discordant couple). The results highlight differences in strategies.Although the two women experienced their sexuality with men without HIV, to do so, they hid their diagnosis from their prospective partners. They had more difficulties than the two men, in their eagerness to maintain a stable couple relationship. In addition, they were exposed to risks of unwanted pregnancy and violence, for hiding the diagnosis.The men resorted to falling in love, to sustain a relationship, where the corresponding partner knew their diagnosis, from information that the men themselves gave them. The results highlight that there is inequity in the availability of schemes and resources, between men and women. Faced with the challenge of forming a couple and living their sexuality after the diagnosis, inequities are reflected in more difficulties and risks for women.

Dimensiones culturales del empleo y desempleo de jóvenes universitarios de Cali, Colombia / Cultural dimensions related to college youth students employment and unemployment from Cali, Colombia

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las dimensiones culturales del empleo y desempleo de jóvenes universitarios de Cali, Colombia. Método: Estudio de antropología cognitiva. Se utilizaron listados libres y pile sort para identificar el contenido y la organización de las dimensiones. Participaron 80 jóvenes (40 hombres y 40 mujeres, con edad promedio de 20,5 años), seleccionados por muestreo propositivo. Resultados: El empleo es una actividad laboral que genera satisfacción, permite contar con seguridad económica y acceso a beneficios materiales. Requiere de competencias, valores de tipo personal y contar con la oportunidad para acceder a ello. Implica esfuerzo a fin de tener crecimiento, superación, estabilidad, progreso y futuro. Puede generar frustración por falta o dificultad para alcanzar logros en el ámbito laboral así como la percepción de esclavitud por exceso de trabajo. Se le visualiza como una actividad que se desempeña en empresas o instituciones y en contacto con compañeros. El desempleo es un tiempo perdido que genera pobreza y necesidades, es producto de problemas sociales como la desigualdad, falta de oportunidades, así como por causa del sistema social. Produce situaciones delictivas e impactos comunitarios; en lo personal genera problemas, necesidades, complicaciones y la vivencia de emociones negativas. Es un desafío que lleva a destacar las responsabilidades que se tiene hacia la familia, mas no se especifica alguna alternativa de afrontamiento al mismo. Conclusiones: Los jóvenes participantes mostraron alto consenso en la forma de conceptualizar al empleo y al desempleo. Ello indica competencia cultural sobre los dominios culturales de los conceptos estudiados.

Abstract Objective: This research aims to analyze cultural dimensions related to college youth students employment and unemployment, in Cali, Colombia. Method: A cognitive anthropological study was conducted. Free listings and pile sort in order to identify the content and dimensions conditions, were used. Participated 80 college youth student (40 men and 40 women with an average age of 20,5 years), by purposeful sampling. Results: Employment as a work activity offers satisfaction, allows economic security and material benefits access. To have and employment, competences and personal values as well as having the opportunity to access it, are required. Also, to be employed implies effort to get development, stability, self-improvement and future. Lack of employment might generate frustration because of the difficulty in reaching goals as well as slavery perception due to excess work. Employment is considered as an activity that involves co-workers' relationships, carried on companies and institutions. Unemployment is a waste of time that suggests poverty and needs, it is the result of social problems such as inequality, lack of opportunities because of the social system. Unemployment produces crime situations and impact on communities; in the personal area unemployment gives problems, needs, complications and negative emotions. For this reason, unemployment is a challenge that compromises family responsibilities, but no alternative of coping with it is specified. Conclusions: Youth's participants agree about employment and unemployment concepts. This indicates cultural competence over the cultural domains of the concepts studied.

Efecto cardiometabólico de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio glucosa tipo 2 (SGLT2) / Cardiometabolic effect of inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2)

Resumen: El advenimiento de nuevos fármacos para el tratamiento de los distintos componentes del síndrome metabólico, que por su farmacocinética y farmacodinamia tengan un efecto pleiotrópico, ha tomado auge. Hace poco los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio glucosa tipo 2 (SGLT2) prescritos para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus 2 han demostrado tener un efecto protector cardiorrenal. Éstos actúan en el segmento S1 del túbulo proximal disminuyendo la filtración de glucosa e incrementando su excreción urinaria; con efecto glucosúrico y natriurético. Este último es el principal mecanismo de protección cardiovascular. Modelos experimentales y estudios, entre los que destacan el estudio EMPAREG y el programa CANVAS, han demostrado que los inhibidores de SGLT2 permiten disminuir la progresión de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica, fibrosis, remodelamiento, disfunción sistólica e insuficiencia cardiaca, por su efecto en la precarga y poscarga. Los resultados de estos estudios reconocen a este grupo de fármacos (específicamente a la empagliflozina y canagliflozina) como tratamiento de protección cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2, recomendados actualmente por la FDA, ACC/AHA, la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología y recientemente por la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA) en su reciente publicación de 2018.

Abstract: There is an increase in the use of new drugs for the treatment of the different elements that integrate the metabolic syndrome; that, by their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have a pleiotropic effect. Recently, the inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 have demonstrated a cardio-renal protector effect. They function at the S1 segment of the proximal tube, lowering the filtration of glucose and enhancing its excretion; resulting in a glycosuric and natriuretic effect. This is the main mechanism of cardiovascular protection. Experimental essays and different studies, such as the EMAREG study and the CANVAS program, have established that the inhibitors of SGLT2 reduce the progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, fibrosis, cardiac remodeling, systolic dysfunction and heart failure. The results of these studies recognize this group of drugs (empaglifozine and canaglifozine) as a valid treatment for cardiovascular protection in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, and which is recommended by the FDA, the ACC/AHA, the European Society of Cardiology and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in its last publication in 2018.

Habitat fragmentation is linked to cascading effects on soil functioning and CO2 emissions in Mediterranean holm-oak-forests.

We studied key mechanisms and drivers of soil functioning by analyzing soil respiration and enzymatic activity in Mediterranean holm oak forest fragments with different influence of the agricultural matrix. For this, structural equation models (SEM) were built including data on soil abiotic (moisture, temperature, organic matter, pH, nutrients), biotic (microbial biomass, bacterial and fungal richness), and tree-structure-related (basal area) as explanatory variables of soil enzymatic activity and respiration. Our results show that increased tree growth induced by forest fragmentation in scenarios of high agricultural matrix influence triggered a cascade of causal-effect relations, affecting soil functioning. On the one hand, soil enzymatic activity was strongly stimulated by the abiotic (changes in pH and microclimate) and biotic (microbial biomass) modifications of the soil environment arising from the increased tree size and subsequent soil organic matter accumulation. Soil CO2 emissions (soil respiration), which integrate releases from all the biological activity occurring in soils (autotrophic and heterotrophic components), were mainly affected by the abiotic (moisture, temperature) modifications of the soil environment caused by trees. These results, therefore, suggest that the increasing fragmentation of forests may profoundly impact the functioning of the plant-soil-microbial system, with important effects over soil CO2 emissions and nutrient cycling at the ecosystem level. Forest fragmentation is thus revealed as a key albeit neglected factor for accurate estimations of soil carbon dynamics under global change scenarios.

Te quiero...para una vez. Representaciones sociales del "sexo sin compromiso" en jóvenes mexicanos / Eu te quero...por uma vez. Rrepresentações sociais do "sexo sem compromisso" em jovens mexicanos / I want you...for once. Social representations of "casual sex" among young mexicans

Resumen Este artículo explora el campo semántico con el cual los jóvenes refieren y definen "sexo sin compromiso" (SSC) como objeto social, lo que permite identificar la estructura que subyace al contenido de la representación social de hombres y mujeres. El muestreo fue intencionado, se entrevistó y aplicó "listados libres" a 88 jóvenes. El análisis prototípico muestra que para quienes han tenido la experiencia de SSC, ésta representa un acto de decisión libre sobre su placer, y que las amistades se consideran parejas potenciales. En el caso de quienes no han tenido la experiencia, representa un acto sin pensar, que favorece los riesgos y la discriminación. Los hombres relacionan el SSC, principalmente, con "diversión" y "placer"; las mujeres, con "irresponsabilidad". Se discute sobre las normas sociales restrictivas que estigmatizan la práctica sexual, que evitan generar estrategias de cuidado y favorecen la violencia.

Resumo O estudo explora o campo semântico com o qual os jovens referem e definem "o sexo sem compromisso" (SSC) como um objeto social, o que permite identificar a estrutura subjacente ao conteúdo da representação social de homens e mulheres. A amostragem foi intencional, entrevistaram-se e aplicaram-se "listagens livres" para 88 jovens. A análise prototípica mostra que para aqueles que tiveram a experiência do SSC, essa prática representa um ato de decisão livre sobre o seu prazer e que as amizades são consideradas parceiros potenciais. No caso de quem não teve a experiência, representa um ato sem pensar que favorece os riscos e a discriminação. Os homens relacionam o SSC principalmente com "diversão" e "prazer"; as mulheres o relacionam com a "irresponsabilidade". Discute-se sobre as normas sociais restritivas que estigmatizam a prática sexual, evitam gerar estratégias de cuidados e favorecem a violência.

Abstract This study explores the semantic field with which young people refer to and define "casual sex" (CS) as a social object, identifying the structure underlying the content of the social representation of men and women. The sampling was intentional, with 88 interviews and "freelisting" with young people. The prototypical analysis show that for those who had the experience, this practice represents freedom of decision about their pleasure, and that friends are considered potential partners. In the case of those who did not have the experience, it represents a careless act, deemed risky and discriminated against. Men associate CS mainly with "fun" and "pleasure"; women associate it mostly to "irresponsibility". Restrictive social norms that stigmatize sexual practices, do not foster strategies of care and favor violence are discussed.