Prevalence of spine pain among Tunisian children and adolescents and related factors.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of back and neck pain is common in children and adolescents, and in some series the numbers are alarming. Various risk factors have been identified, although some are controversial. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of neck and back pain in children and adolescents and to investigate the potential association with various risk factors identified in the literature. METHODS: We established a questionnaire targeting parents of children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years old in Tunisia. The recruitment of participants was done online using the Google Forms application. The questionnaire was divided into 2 parts: Part one collected the sociodemographics characteristics of the participants : age, gender, body mass index (BMI), exposure to passive smoking, the practice of a physical activity, puberty status and age at puberty if applicable, type and weight of the schoolbag, mean daily time spent on electronic devices, type of school the child attends (private/public), mode of transport from home to school, parental history of neck and/or back pain (mid or low back pain (LBP)), posture of the sitting position of the child, and finally whether the child reports neck/ back pain. The second part was aimed at parents whose child reported neck and/or back pain. We asked about the weekly frequency of neck/back pain, school absenteeism due to neck/back pain, whether it prevented the child from practicing physical activity and, finally, whether the child had ever seen a doctor/chiropractor/physiotherapist for their neck/back pain. RESULTS: Eighty-eight children (45 females, 43 males) were enrolled. Mean age was 11.9 ± 3.8 years [6-18]. Mean BMI was 18.8 ± 4.2 [15.8-35.5]. Thirty-four (38.6%) were pubescent. Twenty-five (28.4%) children were exposed to passive smoking. Parental history of spine pain was found in 58% of cases. A poor sitting position was noted in n = 49 (55.7%). Mean daily screen time was 88.3 ± 75.56 min [0-360]. Prevalence of spine pain was 44% (n = 39) distributed as follows: neck pain (n = 21, 23.8%), mid back pain (n = 15, 17%), LBP (n = 26, 29.5%), neck, mid back and low back pain (n = 4, 4.5%) Professional help seeking for spine pain in children was reported by 15 participants (25.3%). Among them, 20.3% visited a physician and 5% consulted a chiropractor or physiotherapist. A significant correlation was found between spine pain and age (p = 0.006) and BMI (p = 0.006). A significant association was found between LBP and exposure to passive smoking, puberty status, type of school bag and poor posture. A positive parental history of spine pain was significantly associated with the presence of spine pain in their children with p = 0.053 (neck pain), p = 0.013 (back pain) and p < 0.00 (LBP) respectively. A significant association was found between the presence of spine pain and school absenteeism, participation in sports, consultation with a doctor or physiotherapist/chiropractor (p < 0.0001 respectively). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of spinal pain was frequent in our series. A positive parental history of spinal pain, a bad posture while sitting, passive smoking, use of backpack, higher age and higher BMI were potential associated factors.

Tofacitinib-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is an uncommon complication that rarely occurs during Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Among the varied etiologies of AP, Drug-induced Pancreatitis (DIP) remains a rare entity and a rather challenging condition. A large panel of drugs have been reported to cause pancreatitis; however, there are no cases of tofacitinib-induced pancreatitis reported in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: We have, herein, reported the case of a Tunisian 58-year-old woman with a four-year history of RA who experienced two episodes of AP; the first one occurred on the second day of a 3-day series of methylprednisolone intravenous injections, and the second episode occurred on the sixth-day of tofacitinib administration. Each time, she presented acute abdominal pain with characteristic radiation to the back. Symptoms resolved spontaneously once the suspected drug was discontinued. In the event of a negative investigation, including abdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, and assessment of albumin, calcemia, triglyceridemia, serum ferritin, and IgG4 levels, DIP was the most likely diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Although DIP is still a rare condition, it remains serious with an increased risk of mortality. We intended to alert clinicians that in addition to the known side effects of tofacitinib, pancreatitis may be induced by this drug, especially in predisposed patients.

Behçet disease: epidemiology, classification criteria and treatment modalities.

INTRODUCTION: Behçet disease (BD) is an inflammatory multisystem disorder of unknown etiology, believed to be triggered by infection and environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. The significance of understanding BD lies in its impact on global health due to its diverse clinical manifestations and geographical distribution. AREAS COVERED: This review discusses the epidemiology of BD, emphasizing its prevalence estimated at 10.3 (95% CI, 6.1, 17.7) per 100,000 population, with higher rates observed in regions historically linked to the Silk Route. The criteria for diagnosis are explored, focusing on clinical manifestations that guide healthcare professionals in identifying and managing BD. Additionally, the review encompasses treatment strategies, highlighting TNF-alpha inhibitors as pivotal biologics and newer agents like IL-1 inhibitors and Ustekinumab that broaden the therapeutic options for BD. EXPERT OPINION: Our work provides insights into the evolving landscape of treatments for BD, emphasizing the expanding role of newer agents alongside established therapies like TNF-alpha inhibitors.

Effect of bariatric and metabolic surgery on rheumatoid arthritis outcomes: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a growing and debilitating epidemic worldwide that is associated with an increased inflammation. It is often linked to rheumatic diseases and may impact negatively their natural history. The use of bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) has increased thanks to its positive effect on major comorbidities like diabetes type 2. This systematic review provides the most up-to-date published literature regarding the effect of BMS on outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: This systematic review followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews guidelines. Original articles from Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane, published until June 16th 2023, and tackling the effect of BMS on disease outcomes in patients with RA were included. RESULTS: Three studies met the inclusion criteria. They were published between 2015 and 2022. The total number of RA patients was 33193 and 6700 of them underwent BMS. Compared to non-surgical patients, weight loss after BMS was associated with lower disease activity outcomes at 12 months (p<0.05). Similarly, prior BMS in RA patients was significantly associated with reduced odds ratios for all the morbidities and in-hospital mortality compared with no prior BMS (36.5% vs 54.6%, OR = 0.45, 95% CI (0.42, 0.48), p< 0.001) and (0.4% vs 0.9%, OR = 0.41, 95% CI (0.27-0.61), p < 0.001) respectively. CONCLUSION: To conclude, published data indicate that BMS seems a promising alternative in reducing RA disease activity as well as morbidity and mortality in patients with obesity.

Effect of music therapy on patients with rheumatic diseases.

BACKGROUND: Music therapy seems to have a multitude of positive effects not only on mental health but also on organic pain. Some studies have showed its effectiveness on reducing pain for patients undergoing surgical procedures. However, data on its efficiency on patients' anxiety during rheumatology medical consultation for patients with chronic rheumatic diseases is lacking. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to describe the impact of music therapy on the mood of patients followed for chronic rheumatic diseases. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study including patients followed for chronic rheumatic diseases seen in the outpatient rheumatology department during a period of three weeks. Patients selected were randomly assigned into two groups. Patients seen while listening to music "The Mozart Sonata" formed theG1 (n = 40). Patients seen without listening to music formed the group G2 (n = 30). Participants' anxiety levels were assessedbefore and immediately after medical consultations by collecting vital signs (heart rate and respiratory rate) and by the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety inventory questionnaire (STAI). RESULTS: The mean age of 70 patients included was 54.36 ± 14.62 years. Females outnumbered males (62.9 %).The STAI scores were 38.44 (range, 25-60) and 34.51 (range, 22-52)respectively pre- and post-consultation. The medical consultation lasted for a mean of 24 ± 1.1 min in G1 and 20.63 ± 1.3 in G2. Sharp after the consultation, the mean Heart Ratewas significantly lower in the group with music therapy (64±1.5 in G1 versus 66.3 ± 1.3 in G2, p = 0.02) and the mean STAI decreased also significantly in tne G1 (34.72±1 in G1 versus 40.7 ± 5.2 in G2, p = 0.018). However, the decline of the mean Respiratory Ratewas not significant between both groups(16.1 ± 1 in G1 versus 16.96 ± 1.7 in G2, p = 0.42). CONCLUSION: Our study showed a significant lowering in anxiety level and heart rate in patients consulted while listening to music.This costless and available tool should be more used in our daily practice specially when treating patients with chronic painful diseases.

The first case of SARS-CoV-2-induced eosinophilic fasciitis.

Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF), also known as Shulman syndrome, is a rare auto-immune fibrosing disorder of the fascia. Etiopathogeny of EF is still unclear. Nowadays, it is widely known that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may induce hyper-stimulation of the immune system. Several cases with fasciitis and rhabdomyolysis induced by coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines have been reported in the literature. Herein, we report the first case of EF possibly triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. A 45-year-old Tunisian woman, with no medical history, presented to our department with severe widespread muscle pain noticed one month after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Physical examination showed an induration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the arms, forearms and legs with a restricted joint mobility. The level of eosinophils was 430 E/mm3 (6.1%) [1-4%]. Electromyography and creatine kinase levels were normal. Myositis-related antibodies were negative. Magnetic resonance imaging of the left arm showed high-intensity signal and thickness of the fascia without evidence of muscle or bone involvement. A muscular biopsy from the right deltoid showed thickening and inflammation of the fascia. The patient received intraveinous injections of 1000 mg of methylprednisolone for 3 days with an oral relay of 1 mg/kg per day of prednisone equivalent during 4 weeks. At one-month follow-up, a significant improvement of the skin induration and myalgia was observed, with a disappearance of the biological inflammatory syndrome. This brief report suggests a potential link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and new-onset of auto-immune fasciitis.

Is there an association between plantar fasciitis and knee osteoarthritis?

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) and plantar fasciitis share similar risk factors including ageing, occupation, obesity, and inappropriate shoe wear. However, the association between knee OA and heel pain caused by plantar fasciitis has received limited attention to date. AIM: We aimed to assess the prevalence of plantar fasciitis using ultrasound in patients with knee OA and to identify factors associated with plantar fasciitis in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study including patients with Knee OA, fulfiling the European League Against Rheumatism criteria. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) and the Lequesne indexes were used to evaluate pain and function of the knees. The Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI) was used to estimate foot pain and disability. Each patient underwent a physical examination, plain radiographs of the knees and the heels, and an ultrasound examination of both heels to find signs of plantar fasciitis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. RESULTS: We included 40 knee OA patients, with a mean age of 59.85 ± 9.65 years [32-74] and a male-to-female ratio of 0.17. The mean WOMAC was 34.03 ± 19.9 [4-75]. The mean Lequesne for knees was 9.62 ± 4.57 [3-16.5]. Among our patients, 52% (n = 21) experienced heel pain. The heel pain was severe in 19% (n = 4). The mean MFPDI was 4.67 ± 4.16 [0-8]. Limited ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion were noted in 47% of patients (n = 17) each. High and low arch deformities were seen in 23% (n = 9) and 40% (n = 16) of patients. Ultrasound revealed a thickened plantar fascia in 62% (n = 25). An abnormal hypoechoic plantar fascia was noted in 47% (n = 19), with the loss of normal fibrillar architecture in 12 cases (30%). No Doppler signal was exhibited. Patients with plantar fasciitis had significantly limited dorsiflexion (n = 2 (13%) versus n = 15 (60%), p = 0.004) and plantar flexion (n = 3 (20%) versus n = 14 (56%), p = 0.026). The range of supination was also less important in the plantar fasciitis group (17.73 ± 4.1 vs. 12.8 ± 6.46, p = 0.027). The low arch was statistically more present in patients with plantar fasciitis (G1: 36% [n = 9] vs. G0: 0% [n = 0], p = 0.015). However, the high arch deformity was statistically more present in patients without plantar fasciitis (G1: 28% [n = 7] vs. G0: 60% [n = 9], p = 0.046). Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factor for plantar fasciitis in knee OA patients was limited dorsiflexion (OR = 3.889, 95% CI [0.017-0.987], p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our work showed that plantar fasciitis is frequent in knee OA patients, with reduced ankle dorsiflexion being the main risk factor for plantar fasciitis in these patients.

Rheumatoid arthritis with concomitant fibromyalgia: The role of ultrasound in assessing disease activity.

INTRODUCTION: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic painful condition frequently associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which may falsely increase RA activity. The aim of our study was to compare clinical scoring and ultrasound (US) assessment in RA patients with concomitant FM with those without FM. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including patients with RA according to the ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups: RA patients meeting ACR 2016 FM criteria (cases) and RA patients not meeting FM criteria (controls). Clinico-biological and US assessments of RA activity were performed on the same day for each patient. RESULTS: Eighty patients distributed into 40 patients in each group were recruited. Biologic DMARD prescription was more frequent in RA with FM patients than the control group (p = 0.04). DAS28 was significantly greater than DAS28 V3 in RA with FM group (p = 0.002). FM group had significantly less US synovitis (p = 0.035) and less Power Doppler (PD) activity (p = 0.035). Grey scale US score (p = 0.87) and DP US score (p = 0.162) were similar in the two groups. The correlation between the clinical and the ultrasonographic scores was strong to very strong in both groups with the strongest correlation found between DAS28 V3 and US DAS28 V3 (r = 0.95) in RA + FM group. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the overestimation of disease activity by the clinical scores in RA with concomitant FM. DAS28 V3 score and US assessment would represent a better alternative.

Baseline predictors of fatigue and persistent fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis: A longitudinal observational study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine factors associated with fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to identify baseline predictors of persistent fatigue at 12 months of follow-up. METHODS: We enroled patients with RA fulfiling the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria. Fatigue was assessed using the Arabic version of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F). Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we examined baseline variables associated with fatigue and persistent fatigue (if the FACIT-F score was less than 40 at baseline and 12 months of follow-up). RESULTS: We included 100 RA patients of whom 83% reported fatigue. At baseline, the FACIT-F score was significantly associated with older age (p = 0.007), pain (p < 0.001), global patient assessment (GPA) (p < 0.001), tender joint count (TJC) (p < 0.001), swollen joint count (p = 0.003), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p < 0.001), disease activity score (DAS28 ESR) (p < 0.001), and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) (p < 0.001). At 12 months of follow-up, the percentage of patients who reported persistent fatigue was 60%. The FACIT-F score was significantly associated with age (p = 0.015), symptom duration (p = 0.002), pain (p < 0.001), GPA (p < 0.001), TJC (p < 0.001), C-Reactive Protein (p = 0.007), ESR (p = 0.009), DAS28 ESR (p < 0.001), and HAQ (p < 0.001). Pain was an independent baseline predictor of persistent fatigue (OR = 0.969 (95% CI [0.951-0.988]), p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue is a frequent symptom in RA. Pain, GPA, disease activity and disability were associated with fatigue and persistent fatigue. Baseline pain was the only independent predictor of persistent fatigue.

Value of Hands Ultrasonography in the Differential Diagnosis Between Psoriatic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) can mimic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at an early stage, especially when psoriasis is lacking. In the absence of specific radiological and immunological markers, the differential diagnosis between these two diseases can be challenging. We aimed to determine whether hands ultrasonography (US) may be useful in the differential diagnosis between PsA and RA. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study including patients with PsA and RA. All wrists and small joints of the hands were examined using gray-scale and Power Doppler US. The evaluated US lesions were: synovitis, tenosynovitis of extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor communis and flexor tendons, enthesitis of extensor tendons at distal interphalangeal joints, peritendon inflammation of extensor tendons, and soft tissue edema. RESULTS: Six hundred joints in 20 PsA patients and 900 joints in 30 RA patients were assessed. Extensor enthesitis was significantly more observed in PsA compared with RA (39.4 vs 26.3%, P = .006) with a significant higher frequency of enthesophytes and calcifications (P = .022 and P = .002, respectively). Peritendon inflammation of extensor digitorum tendons was observed in 13% of metacarpophalangeal joints in PsA patients versus 3% in RA patients with a significant difference (P < .001). Soft tissue edema was exclusively observed in PsA (1.5 vs 0%, P = .033). Power Doppler synovitis was significantly more frequent in RA (9.2 vs 5%, P = .002). Extensor carpi ulnaris tenosynovitis was significantly more frequent in RA (18.3 vs 2.5%, P = .017). CONCLUSION: Extrasynovial US findings may be helpful to distinguish PsA from RA especially in patients with immunonegative polyarthritis and no evidence of psoriasis.

Impact of FCGR2A R131H, FCGR3A F158V and FCGR3B NA1/NA2 polymorphisms on response to Fc-containing TNF inhibitors in Tunisian rheumatoid arthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES: Single nucleotid polymorphisms (SNPs) of Fc-gamma receptors (FcgRs), by inducing a variation of their affinity to the Fc-region of immunoglobulins, might influence the efficacy of Fc-containing biologics prescribed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to investigate associations of FCGR2A, FCGR3A and FCGR3B SNPs with TNF-inhibitors (TNFi)' response in Tunisian RA patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational and analytic multicentric cohort study was conducted in a group of 47 Tunisian RA patients treated with (etanercept [ETA], adalimumab [ADL] and infliximab [IFX]). Treatment outcome was evaluated after 6 months. R131H-FCGR2A, F158V-FCGR3A and NA1/NA2-FCGR3B SNPs were genotyped. RESULTS: The analytic study including all types of TNFi showed that FCGR3A-F/F low-affinity receptor was associated with a greater decrease of DAS28, while FCGR3B-NA1/NA1 high-affinity receptor was associated with a lower decrease of DAS28 in ADL group. Furthermore, both of high affinity receptors FCGR3B-NA1/NA1 and FCGR3A-V/V were more prevalent in non-responders to ADL, according to EULAR criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying reliable biomarkers of response to biologics in RA is necessary to improve responsiveness, preserve joints' functions and structure, and reduce treatment's cost. Our study showed that FCGR3A and FCGR3B polymorphisms might have an impact on TNFis' response in RA Tunisian patients since bad response was more frequent in homozygous carriers of high affinity alleles FCGR3A-V and FCGR3B-NA1.

Patient satisfaction with medication in rheumatoid arthritis: an unmet need.

Introduction: Shared decision-making between rheumatologists and patients has become an overarching principle in current treatment recommendations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to assess the satisfaction of patients with RA with their treatment and to investigate the associated factors. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Rheumatology Department of Mongi Slim Hospital. We included adults with RA receiving their current disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for at least 12 months.Satisfaction among patients was assessed by the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) and it was defined by a score ≥ 80%. The factors indirectly influencing patient satisfaction that were assessed were: satisfaction with medical care management, disease activity, functional impact, professional impact, and the impact of RA. Multivariable regression analysis was applied to determine the predictors of satisfaction. Results: We included 70 patients (63 female/7 male) with a mean age of 57.8 ±10.6 years. The mean disease duration was 13.71 ±7.2 years.Mean TSQM scores were 65.42 ±14.77 for convenience, 68.71 ±18 for effectiveness, 70.60 ±24.5 for side effects, and 67.95 ±17.10 for global satisfaction. Satisfaction rates were: 20% for convenience, 39% for effectiveness, 46% for side effects and 30% for global satisfaction.In multivariable analysis, the predictors of global dissatisfaction were Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease (RAID) overall score (p = 0.003) and the degree of physical difficulties (p = 0.001). Satisfaction with the physician was correlated with better global satisfaction (p = 0.029). Difficulties in adapting to RA (p = 0.043) and current treatment with biologics (p = 0.027) were predictors of dissatisfaction with convenience. Predictors of dissatisfaction with efficiency were the RAID overall score (p = 0.032) and the difficulties of adapting to RA (p = 0.013). The predictors of satisfaction with side effects were a lower degree of interference with domestic work (p = 0.02) and better involvement of the patient in the treatment decision (p = 0.014). Conclusions: The satisfaction with the attending physician, the participation in the treatment decision, and the impact of RA seem to influence treatment satisfaction the most. These data suggest that a better understanding of patients' medical needs and preferences would improve satisfaction outcomes.

COVID-19 in Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Diseases: Impact on Disease Activity.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 pandemic, an international emergency, raised concerns about the interaction of this infection and disease-modifying drugs used in the treatment of Systemic inflammatory diseases (SID). Understanding the relationship between COVID-19 and disease activity is crucial to adapt the treatment. AIM: The aim of our study was to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the disease activity of rheumatic diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study, including patients with SID (rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA)). Disease activity was evaluated during the last check-up before COVID-19 and within the period of 6 months after the infection. Activity scores were assessed with Disease Activity Score (DAS28) for RA and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) for SpA. Correlation and regression coefficients were used to evaluate associations among the variables. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Totally, thirty-two patients were included; twenty followed for RA and twelve for axial SpA. The mean disease duration of the underlying rheumatic disease was 10.2 years (2-30). RA was seropositive and erosive in 61% and 31%, respectively. Seventeen patients were on csDMARDs: 14 were on Methotrexate and three patients were on Salazopyrine. Ten patients (31%) were treated with bDMARDs; Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors were used in eight cases. Rituximab and secukinumab were prescribed for one patient each. In 70%, COVID-19 was pauci-symptomatic. A severe form with a need for hospitalization was noted in 9%. Two patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Overall, treatment with DMARDs was interrupted in all cases: when COVID-19 symptoms began in 82% and when PCR was positive in 18%. Both RA and axial SpA were not active after a mean period of 6 months after COVID-19 infection (p = 0.818 and p = 0.626, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although our patients interrupted their DMARDs, our study demonstrates that disease activity as assessed by ASDAS and DAS28 in SpA and RA remained unchanged after COVID-19.

Development of a guideline for the use of ultrasonography in rheumatoid arthritis: Preliminary recommendations.

AIM: To address the protocol of recommendations for the use of ultrasonography (US) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in routine practice. METHODS: The present study is a protocol design for practical guidelines. Based on a systematic literature review, the scientific committee (composed of 6 experts on US) decided on key questions which will be used to develop recommendations. These recommendations will be submitted to a group of experts in US in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases using the Delphi method. This step will lead to preliminary recommendations. The next step will be to submit the preliminary guideline to an expanded group of US experts to check their relevance. The level of agreement of the experts will be recorded during a web-based meeting. RESULTS: Following two rounds of the Delphi method, a consensus will be addressed. The latter will i) Highlight the use of US for the diagnosis of RA in an early stage of the disease; ii) Define the role of US during follow-up; and iii) Underline the importance of US for the management of clinical remission. CONCLUSION: These recommendations will harmonize and optimize clinical practice and management of RA patients.

Assessment tools in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A narrative review.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), as a chronic condition, is associated with significant disease- and treatment-related morbidity, thus impacting children's quality of life. In order to optimize JIA management and to ensure the best possible care and outcome for children with rheumatic diseases, dedicated disease activity and damage assessment tools are essential. In recent years, there has been a concerted and important international effort to develop and validate disease activity and outcome instruments specific to JIA. This update aims to describe the main outcome measures currently used in JIA patients. These outcome measures include composite disease activity score, measures of physical function, measures of health related quality of life, clinical measures of damage and the assessment of Parent and child reported outcomes (PCROs).

Patient education: improving health outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis is a disabling disease leading to an impaired quality of life. To avoid joint damage, innovative strategies such "educational" medical procedures are developing, involving the patient in the management of his illness. AIM: The objective of our study was to assess the effectiveness of patient education (PE) program on quality of life and adherence in the short and medium term. METHODS: A prospective study including RA patients. The intervention consisted of sessions that lasted half a day including four workshops. The parameters studied included the quality of life evaluated by the HAQ, adherence to treatment according to Girerd's questionnaire, fatigue evaluated by the MAF psychological state evaluated according to the HAD. We compared these results at baseline, then after 3 and 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients participated in the PE program. At the end of the intervention, HAQ remained stable through the different controls with a slight improvement at 6 months. The percentage of patients with poor therapeutic compliance decreased to 33.3% at baseline to 13.7% at 3 months and to 9% at 6 months. The MAF decreased significantly from 33.1% at inclusion to 25.6% at 6 months post-intervention (p=0,001, p=0,000 respectively). HADA and HADD also decreased significantly at 3 months and 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our PE program demonstrated in Tunisian RA patients an improvement in the quality of life at 6 months and a significant improvement in adherence in the short and medium term.

Prevalence and associated factors for persistent low back pain in the postpartum period.

INTRODUCTION: Low back pain (LBP) is common during pregnancy and tends to increase in the third trimester. This pregnancy-related condition may even persist through the postpartum period, and become a lifelong problem. AIM: To determine the prevalence of persistent LBP in the postpartum and to identify factors associated with this condition. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed a survey of women under the age of 40 for back pain symptoms during the postpartum period. Questions included sociodemographic data, data related to low back pain during pregnancy and the postpartum period as well as characteristics of the delivery. We identified factors associated with persistent LBP in postpartum. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05. RESULTS: We interviewed 100 women during their postpartum period. A history of LBP before and during pregnancy was found in 44.6% and 75% of cases respectively. In addition to pregnancy-related LBP, 53% experienced persistent postpartum LBP. A history of previous back pain episodes when not pregnant (p<0,001), as well as during previous pregnancies (p<0,001) were associated with persistent LBP. In contrast, no association was found between LBP in the postpartum and the number of children (p=0.681), body mass index (p=0.37), and physical activity (p=0.726). In multivariate analysis, we did not identify any associated factors for persistent LBP. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the prevalence of persistent LBP in the postpartum is high. The main factors associated with this condition were previous episodes of back pain while non-pregnant or pregnant. Identification of these risk factors may help in the determination of appropriate prevention strategies and treatment options.

Zoledronate-Associated Seizure in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an auto-inflammatory disease characterised by sterile bone lesions. We report a case of a seven-year-old female patient who presented at a university hospital in 2010 and 2018 with CRMO. While the most promising results have been observed in patients under treatment with bisphosphonates (BPs), the initial decision to treat the current patient with a dose of zoledronic acid every six months was recalled as the patient developed tonic-clonic seizures immediately following the second dose BP administration. Following recall, the patient maintained a prompt response at follow-up and her disease remained controlled with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The current case report speculates a possible relationship between BP use and a possible seizure threshold reduction, thereby emphasising the need for closer monitoring when BPs are used.

Validity of Remission Criteria in Rheumatoid Arthritis Compared to Ultrasound-Defined Remission.

Objectives: Remission is the ultimate purpose of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, even when the most stringent composite scores are used, structural damages can occur; hence, ultrasonography (US) appears to be the best way to assess real remission. This study aimed to investigate the validity of different RA remission scores using US as a reference. Methods: An analytic diagnostic study, of 30 RA patients in remission (according to the Disease Activity Score in 28 Joints [DAS28]) and a control group with active RA, was conducted between January and October 2018 at Mongi Slim Hospital in Tunis, Tunisia. Among them, patients in remission were identified according to their Simple Disease Activity Index (SDAI), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and the Boolean American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism activity index (ACR/EULAR) remission scores. The validity of each activity score for remission was calculated by considering the absence of power Doppler (PD) signals as a gold standard. Results: All patients were in remission according to the DAS28, with an average score of 2.03 (1.1-2.6). US examination showed PD signals in 57% of patients. A total of 26 patients were in remission according to the CDAI; a Doppler signal was detected in 58% of those cases. SDAI remission was accomplished in 19 patients, with PD activity in 53% of cases. Of the 14 patients in remission according to the Boolean ACR/EULAR criteria, synovial hyper-vascularisation was found in 64%. Considering true remission as the absence of PD signals, the most sensitive and specific score was the DAS28 (93% and 68%, respectively). Conclusion: Considering remission in RA as the absence of vascularised synovitis, the DAS28 is the most sensitive and most specific score.