Effect of cationic surfactant on the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of colloidal systems (emulsions and microemulsions).

Colloidal systems have been used to encapsulate, protect and release essential oils in mouthwashes. In this study, we investigated the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of oil-in-water colloidal systems containing tea tree oil (TTO) and the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80. Our main aim was to evaluate whether CPC could improve the antimicrobial activity of TTO, since this activity is impaired when this essential oil is encapsulated with polysorbate 80. These systems were prepared with different amounts of TTO (0-0.5% w/w) and CPC (0-0.5% w/w), at a final concentration of 2% (w/w) polysorbate 80. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results revealed the formation of oil-swollen micelles and oil droplets as a function of TTO concentration. Increases in CPC concentrations led to a reduction of around 88% in the mean diameter of oil-swollen micelles. Although this variation was of only 20% for the oil droplets, the samples appearance changed from turbid to transparent. The surface charge of colloidal structures was also markedly affected by the CPC as demonstrated by the transition in zeta potential from slightly negative to highly positive values. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies showed that this transition is followed by significant increases in the fluidity of surfactant monolayer of both colloidal structures. The antimicrobial activity of colloidal systems was tested against a Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureaus) bacteria. Our results revealed that the inhibition of bacterial growth is observed for the same CPC concentration (0.05% w/w for E. coli and 0.3% w/w for S. aureus) regardless of TTO content. These findings suggest that TTO may not act as an active ingredient in polysorbate 80 containing mouthwashes.

Incremento del conocimiento en soporte vital básico facilitado por un recurso educativo digital / Basic life support knowledge acquisition using a digital educational resource / Incremento do conhecimento em suporte vital básico facilitado por um recurso educativo digital

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular es responsable de 17.3 millones de muertes por año en el mundo y conlleva a complicaciones como el paro cardiorrespiratorio, el cual se puede presentar tanto en el escenario intra como extrahospitalario. Tener una comunidad capacitada posibilita la sobrevida y/o mitigación de secuelas. Con el propósito de aumentar la población capacitada en soporte vital básico, favorecer el aprendizaje y dedicar más tiempo al desarrollo de habilidades prácticas, se construyó un recurso educativo digital. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de un recurso educativo digital en el proceso de aprendizaje de soporte vital básico en integrantes de la comunidad de una institución de educación superior. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, pre-experimental tipo pre-prueba/pos-prueba en un solo grupo. Resultados: El recurso educativo digital para el aprendizaje de soporte vital básico en 110 estudiantes incrementó el conocimiento, mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los resultados del post-test en comparación con el pre-test: p<0.01 para grupos ajustados al modelo gaussiano y p<0.05 para el grupo no ajustado. Discusión: Los resultados de implementar un recurso educativo digital para la enseñanza de soporte vital básico es consecuente con los beneficios hallados en otros estudios similares. Los Objetos Virtuales de Aprendizaje favorecen en los estudiantes la motivación, el aprendizaje autorregulado y la apropiación de conocimientos, por lo que los proponen como estrategia de aprendizaje. Conclusión: El recurso educativo digital favoreció el aprendizaje e incrementó el conocimiento, requisito necesario en la formación como primer respondiente en los tres grupos de estudiantes de pregrado que participaron en el presente estudio.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are accountable for 17.3 million deaths per year in the world. Cardiac arrests can happen anywhere. Therefore, having a correspondingly trained community can increase the survival chance and decrease the possible aftermath of those suffering complications. Objective: To estimate the effect of using a digital educational resource in the learning process related to basic life support among participants of a higher education institution. Methods: This is a quantitative, pre-experimental, pre-test-post-test study on a single group. Results: The use of a digital educational resource in the learning process related to basic life support increased knowledge acquisition in 110 students, demonstrating a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test levels (p < 0.01 for the gaussian model adjusted group, and p < 0.05 for the unadjusted one). Discussion: These results are consistent with the findings of other similar studies. Since Virtual Learning Objects can foster motivation, self-regulated learning, and knowledge acquisition among students, this methodology is recommended as a complementary learning strategy. Conclusion: The digital educational resource increased knowledge acquisition related to basic life support among the participating students, making them better suited to address possible complications of cardiovascular diseases.

Resumo Introdução: A doença cardiovascular é responsável de 17.3 milhões de mortes por ano no mundo e envolve a complicações como a paragem cardiorrespiratória, o qual se pode apresentar tanto no cenário intra como extra-hospitalar. Ter uma comunidade capacitada possibilita a sobrevida e/ou mitigação de sequelas. Com o propósito de aumentar a população capacitada em suporte vital básico, favorecer a aprendizagem e dedicar mais tempo no desenvolvimento de habilidades práticas, construiu-se um recurso educativo digital. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito de um recurso educativo digital no processo de aprendizagem de suporte vital básico em integrantes da comunidade de uma instituição de educação superior. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, pre-experimental tipo pre-teste/pos-teste apenas em um grupo. Resultados: O recurso educativo digital para a aprendizagem de suporte vital básico em 110 estudantes incrementou o conhecimento, mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa nos resultados do post-teste em comparação com o pre-teste: p<0.01 para grupos ajustados ao modelo gaussiano e p<0.05 para o grupo não ajustado. Discussão: Os resultados para desenvolver um recurso educativo digital para o ensino de suporte vital básico, é consequente com os benefícios encontrados em outros estudos similares. Os Objetos Virtuais de Aprendizagem favorecem aos estudantes na motivação, na aprendizagem autorregulada e na apropriação de conhecimentos, pelo que os propõem como estratégia de aprendizagem. Conclusão: O recurso educativo digital favoreceu na aprendizagem e incrementou o conhecimento, requerimento necessário na formação como primeiro respondente nos três grupos de estudantes de pré-grau que participar no presente estudo.

[Functional and quality of life results after a total knee replacement per year and five years of follow-up]. / Resultados funcionales y de calidad de vida tras una artroplastía total de rodilla al año y cinco años de seguimiento.

INTRODUCTION: Classically the results of any joint replacement surgery are evaluated at a minimum of 5 years. This period could be considered excessive to evaluate the functional results of this procedure. The objective of this study is to compare functional and quality of life results to 1 and five years of follow-up following a total knee replacement (TKR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study. All patients visited one year after the implantation of TKR were included. All of these filled out the SF-36 questionnaire and the KSS valuation scale. Both were administered again at age five after surgery. RESULTS: 689 patients were initially included in the study (163 men [23.7%] and 526 women [76.3%]) with an average age of 72.2 years. At age 5,585 (84.9%) of these patients were re-analyzed. While the knee section of the KSS scale remained similar in these two periods, the function section of the KSS titration scale showed a slight worsening over time (p = 0.008). With respect to SF-36, the physical summation worsened at five years (p = 0.00) and the mental summation remained stable (n.s.) between the year and five years after surgery. DISCUSSION: Five years after a TKR, the physical exam does not vary from the year of surgery. However, the subjective evaluation measured by the function-KSS section and the physical SF-36, worsen slightly during this period. This could be due to aging patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Clásicamente los resultados de cualquier cirugía de reemplazo articular se evalúan en un mínimo de cinco años. Este período podría considerarse excesivo para evaluar los resultados funcionales de este procedimiento. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los resultados funcionales y de calidad de vida a uno y cinco años de seguimiento tras una artroplastía total de rodilla (ATR). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron todos aquellos pacientes visitados un año después de la implantación de una ATR. Todos ellos rellenaron el cuestionario SF-36 y la escala de valoración KSS. Ambos fueron administrados nuevamente al cabo de cinco años de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: 689 pacientes fueron incluidos inicialmente en el estudio (163 hombres [23.7%] y 526 mujeres [76.3%]) con una edad media de 72.2 años. A los cinco años, 585 (84.9%) de estos pacientes fueron analizados de nuevo. Mientras que la sección rodilla de la escala KSS se mantenía similar en estos dos períodos, la sección función de la escala de valoración KSS mostraba un leve empeoramiento con el tiempo (p = 0.008). Con respecto al SF-36, el sumatorio físico empeoraba a los cinco años (p = 0.00) y el sumatorio mental se mantenía estable (n.s.) entre un año y cinco años tras la cirugía. DISCUSIÓN: Después de cinco años de una ATR, el examen físico no varía con respecto al año de la cirugía. Sin embargo, la evaluación subjetiva medida mediante la sección función-KSS y el SF-36 físico empeoran ligeramente durante este período. Esto podría ser debido al envejecimiento de los pacientes.

Multi-species okadaic acid contamination and human poisoning during a massive bloom of Dinophysis acuminata complex in southern Brazil.

On June 2016, a major bloom of Dinophysis acuminata complex was noticed over the coast of Paraná State (PR), southern Brazil, an area unprotected by any official monitoring program. Here we report the results of an extensive sampling effort that ultimately led PR authorities to issue the first State shellfish-harvesting ban due to multi-species okadaic acid (OA) contamination. During its peak, the bloom covered an area of 201 km2 (∼2.0-3.5 × 54.0 km), attaining unprecedentedly high cell densities along the shallow (<15 m) continental shelf (mean 2.2 × 105, maximum 2.1 × 106 cells L-1) and adjacent sandy beaches (mean 2.8 × 105, maximum 5.2 × 106 cells L-1). Only OA was detected in suspension (max. 188 ng L-1). Toxin levels measured in bivalves were several times greater than the regulatory limit of 160 ng g-1, reaching up to 3600 ng g-1 in Crassostrea gasar, by far the highest OA concentrations ever reported in oysters worldwide, 7700 ng g-1 in brown mussels, Perna perna, and lower levels in clams, Anomalocardia brasiliana, and mangrove mussels, Mytella spp. Nine cases of human intoxication were officially reported and five people were hospitalized with typical symptoms of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning linked to the consumption of contaminated bivalves. All bivalves quickly converted most of the OA into its esterified form, DTX-3, and eliminated the toxins only a few weeks following the bloom, with C. gasar being the slowest-detoxifying species. Lower OA levels were accumulated in zooplankton, gastropods and several novel toxin vectors, including benthic organisms such as sand dollars Mellita quinquiesperforata and the ghost-shrimp Callichirus major, which may act as a good indicator of the presence of toxins in sandy beaches, and pelagic fish species that can serve as potential alternative sources of OA to humans (Chaetodipterus faber and Mugil liza). Monitoring toxin contamination in seafood other than bivalves is thus recommended to ensure comprehensive human health protection during massive Dinophysis blooms. Additionally, since OA was also present at low concentrations in the liver of Guiana dolphins Sotalia guianensis and penguins Spheniscus magellanicus, exposure to biotoxins should be considered in conservation actions involving threatened and near-threatened marine organisms in this region.

Frecuencia cardiaca y actividad física en niños con obesidad del Sur de Sonora / Heart rate and physical activity among obese children in south Sonora / Frequência cardíaca e atividade física em crianças com obesidade do Sul de Sonora

Introducción La obesidad infantil provoca una alteración en la modulación autonómica cardiaca. Se ha señalado que la reducción de la acción protectora del sistema nervioso parasimpático cardiaco, manifestada en una frecuencia cardiaca más acelerada tras la actividad física en este grupo de pacientes, podría representar un dato temprano de disfunción cardiovascular. Objetivo Determinar diferencias en la Frecuencia cardiaca en reposo y tras actividad física en escolares con y sin obesidad, adscritos al servicio de pediatría de un Hospital de Segundo Nivel de Atención. Material y método Bajo un diseño transversal, y un muestreo no probabilístico; se estudiaron niños en edad escolar que asistían a consulta externa de pediatría, se categorizó estado nutricional mediante score Z de IMC e índice cintura-estatura, se midió frecuencia cardiaca en tres momentos: reposo, posterior a actividad y en reposo tras actividad. Se realizó análisis descriptivo de las variables, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, Kruskal Wallis y U de Mann Whitney, para medir asociación y diferencia de frecuencias cardiacas entre los grupos estudiados. Resultados Se estudiaron 106 niños en edad escolar, el 53% presentaba obesidad abdominal y el 66% sobrepeso/obesidad. Se encontraron diferencias de medias estadísticamente significativas en las frecuencias cardiacas post actividad y tras reposo post actividad, entre pacientes con y sin obesidad. Discusión y Conclusiones Los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad deberían tener un seguimiento estrecho, ya que el marcado aumento de la FC después de la actividad física, debe ser tomado en cuenta como signo de alarma temprano de disfunción cardiovascular.

Introduction Childhood obesity provokes alterations in the cardiac autonomic modulation; and it has been pointed that disturbances to cardiac parasympathetic system, manifested as faster heart rate after physical activity, in this group of patients, could represent an early sign of cardiovascular disfunction. Objective To determine differences in heart rate at rest and after physical activity among school children, with and without obesity, attending to a pediatric service in a Second Level of Attention Hospital. Materials and method Under a transversal study design, and non-probabilistic sampling, school children attending to pediatric service were studied. The nutritional status was assessed through BMI Z scores, and a waist/height index. Heart rate were measured at three times: rest, after some physical activity, and at rest after such physical activity. A descriptive analysis was performed, and Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were calculated to assess cardiac-related associations and differences between the two groups. Results 106 school children were studied. 53% showed abdominal obesity and 66% overweight/obesity. Statistically significant mean differences were found in the cardiac frequencies post activity and at rest post activity between the patients with and without obesity. Discussion and conclusion Considering the notorious increases in cardiac frequencies after physical activity, children with overweight and obesity should to be closely monitored for possible signs of cardiovascular disfunction.

Introdução A obesidade infantil provoca uma alteração na modulação autonómica cardíaca. Foi apontado que a redução da ação protetora do sistema nervoso parassimpático cardíaco, manifestada em uma fre quência cardíaca mais acelerada após a atividade física neste grupo de pacientes, poderia representar um dado precoce de disfunção cardiovascular neles. Objetivo Determinar diferenças na Frequência cardíaca em repouso e após da atividade física em estu dantes com e sem obesidade, vinculados ao serviço de pediatria de um Hospital de Segundo Nível de Atenção. Material e método Sob um desenho transversal, e uma amostra não probabilística; estudaram-se crianças em idade escolar que assistiam a consulta externa de pediatria, categorizou-se estado nutricional mediante score Z de IMC e índice cinto-estatura, mediu-se frequência cardíaca em três momentos: repouso, posterior à atividade e em repouso após a atividade. Realizou-se análise descritiva das variáveis, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, Kruskal Wallis e U de Mann Whitney, para medir associação e diferença de frequências cardíacas entre os grupos estudados. Resultados Estudaram-se 106 crianças em idade escolar, o 53% apresentava obesidade abdominal e o 66% sobrepeso/obesidade. Encontraram-se diferenças de médias estatisticamente significativas nas frequên cias cardíacas post atividade e após repouso post atividade, entre os pacientes com e sem obesidade. Discussão e Conclusões As crianças com sobrepeso e obesidade deveriam ter um acompanhamento maior, já que o marcado aumento da FC depois da atividade física é um signo de alarme, que deve ser tomado em conta como signo precoce de disfunção cardiovascular.

Niveles de presión arterial en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad en el noroeste de México / Arterial pressure levels among overweighed and obese children and adolescents in Northwestern Mexico / Níveis de pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade no Noroeste do México

Introducción: La obesidad infantil constituye uno de los principales problemas de salud de nuestro país, por su alta prevalencia y por el gran número de comorbilidades asociadas. Las cifras de presión arterial (PA) alta constituyen un factor de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular que se presenta de manera temprana en niños obesos, por lo cual es importante su diagnóstico desde edades tempranas. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de PA en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad en el servicio de consulta externa de pediatría de un hospital de segundo nivel de atención en el noroeste de México. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal de 155 niños entre 6 y 15 años de edad; a los participantes se les aplicó un cuestionario para datos sociodemográficos y se realizó medición de peso, talla, perímetro de cintura, PA de acuerdo a normas internacionales; se calculó el índice de masa corporal para clasificar grado de adiposidad según tablas y criterios de CDC 2010 (sobrepeso, obesidad, obesidad severa); las cifras de PA se clasificaron en niveles (normal, prehipertensión, hipertensión) de acuerdo a los propuestos en el cuarto reporte del grupo para el diagnóstico, evaluación y manejo de la hipertensión arterial en niños y adolescentes. Resultados: Se detectaron cifras de PA en niveles normales-altos y altos en el 20% y el 22% de la población estudiada. Los niveles de PA elevados se correlacionaron positivamente con el grado de adiposidad. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de cifras anormales de presión arterial en niños con exceso de adiposidad es alta, deben realizarse mediciones rutinarias en consultorio en todos los niños con factores de riesgo.

Introduction: Child obesity is one of the main health problems in our country because of its high prevalence as well as its number of associated morbidities. High arterial pressure (AP) is a risk factor to cardiovascular disease which arises early in obese children; therefore, it is important to establish its diagnosis in early stages. Objective: To determine the levels of AP among overweighed and obese children and adolescents in the external consultation service of a second level of attention hospital in Northwestern Mexico. Methods: This is an observational, descriptive and transversal study with 155 children and adolescents 6 to 15 years old. Participants were asked to fill a social and demographic data questionnaire, and their weight, size, waist perimeter, and AP were obtained in accordance to international norms. The corporal mass index was calculated in order to classify the degree of adiposity of the participants in terms of the CDC-2010 criteria and tables (overweighed, obese, and very obese). The levels of AP were classified as normal, pre-hypertension, and hypertension, following the criteria proposed in the fourth report of the group for the diagnosis, assessment, and management of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents. Results: Normal-high and high AP levels were detected in 20% and 22% of the population. High pressure levels correlated positively with the degree of adiposity. Conclusions: The prevalence of abnormal AP levels in children with an excess of adiposity is high. Ongoing corresponding measurements should be taken on children and adolescents with risk factors.

Resumo: Introdução: A obesidade infantil constitui um dos principais problemas de saúde de nosso país, por sua alta prevalência e pelo grande número de comorbidades associadas. As cifras de pressão arterial (PA) alta constituem um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular que se apresenta de maneira precoce em crianças obesas, pelo qual é importante seu diagnóstico desde idades precoces. Objetivo: Determinar os níveis de PA em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade no serviço de consulta externa de pediatria de um hospital de segundo nível de atenção no noroeste do México. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal de 155 crianças entre 6 e 15 anos de idade, aos participantes se lhes aplicou um questionário para dados sociodemográficos e realizou-se medição de peso, tamanho, perímetro de cinto, PA de acordo às normas internacionais; calculou-se índice de massa corporal para classifcar grau de adiposidade segundo tabelas e critérios de CDC 2010 (sobrepeso, obesidade, obesidade severa), as cifras de PA classificaram-se em níveis (normal, pre-hipertensão, hipertensão) de acordo aos propostos no quarto relatório do grupo para o diagnóstico, avaliação e manejo da hipertensão arterial em criançcas e adolescentes. Resultados: Detectaram-se cifras de PA em níveis normais-altos e altos em 20% e 22% da população estudada. Os níveis de PA elevados correlacionaram-se positivamente com o grau de adiposidade. Conclusões: A prevalência de cifras anormais de PA em crianças com excesso de adiposidade é alta, devem realizar-se medições rotineiras em consultório em todas as crianças com fatores de risco.

Investigation of electronic transport under mechanical strain in a molecular junction composed of a polyyne bridge connected to SWCNT electrodes.

In the present work we propose a novel treatment to investigate ballistic electron transport under mechanical strain in a 1-D molecular bridge composed of alternating simple and triple bonds (polyyne) connected between two Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) electrodes. Calculations with the DFT-NEGF methodology were performed in order to analyze this system at low values of mechanical strain (compression and distension) and at equilibrium length in the presence of bias voltages applied along the longitudinal direction. The results show that, while the mechanical strain displaces the energy levels and changes the band gap in the nanotube caps, the applied bias breaks the degeneracy in the nanotube cap states and defines the electrical conductance along the system. The analysis of the PDOS suggests that the main contribution to the electrical current comes from the superposition of the nanotube cap states, which is in agreement with the transmission calculation, and this device can be employed as a transistor observed in the I-V curve.

Xenopus as a model organism to study heterotrimeric G-protein pathway during collective cell migration of neural crest.

Collective cell migration is essential in many fundamental aspects of normal development, like morphogenesis, organ formation, wound healing, and immune responses, as well as in the etiology of severe pathologies, like cancer metastasis. In spite of the huge amount of data accumulated on cell migration, such a complex process involves many molecular actors, some of which still remain to be functionally characterized. One of these signals is the heterotrimeric G-protein pathway that has been studied mainly in gastrulation movements. Recently we have reported that Ric-8A, a GEF for Gα proteins, plays an important role in neural crest migration in Xenopus development. Xenopus neural crest cells, a highly migratory embryonic cell population induced at the border of the neural plate that migrates extensively in order to differentiate in other tissues during development, have become a good model to understand the dynamics that regulate cell migration. In this review, we aim to provide sufficient evidence supporting how useful Xenopus model with its different tools, such as explants and transplants, paired with improved in vivo imaging techniques, will allow us to tackle the multiple signaling mechanisms involved in neural crest cell migration.

Scrapie diagnosis in a goat and four Santa Inês sheep from the same herd in Brazil / Diagnóstico de scrapie em um caprino e quatro ovinos Santa Inês de um mesmo rebanho no Brasil

Scrapie is a fatal and progressive transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of natural occurrence in sheep and goats. The suspicion of scrapie may be based on clinical signs; however, the detection of pathological features of the prionic protein (PrP) in target tissues is necessary to diagnose the disease. The presence of an abnormal protein form (PrPSc) in lymphoreticular and nervous tissues is an important characteristic in diagnosis. This paper reports a case of scrapie in a flock of 55 Suffolk crossbred sheep, 19 Santa Inês sheep and 21 goats in the Mato Grosso state, midwestern Brazil. The animals were euthanized after the confirmation of a scrapie case with clinical signs in a Suffolk sheep in the same farm...

Scrapie é uma encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível (EET) progressiva e fatal de ocorrência natural em ovinos e caprinos. A suspeita de scrapie é baseada nos sinais clínicos, porém a manifestação patológica da proteína priônica (PrP) nos tecidos-alvo é necessária para a confirmação da doença. A presença de uma forma anormal da proteína (PrPSc) em tecido linforreticular e tecido nervoso constitui uma característica importante para o diagnóstico. Este trabalho é o relato de um foco de scrapie ocorrido em rebanho com 55 ovinos mistos Suffolk, 21 caprinos e 19 ovinos Santa Inês, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Os animais foram eutanasiados após a confirmação de um caso de scrapie com sinais clínicos em um ovino Suffolk nessa propriedade...

Scrapie diagnosis in a goat and four Santa Inês sheep from the same herd in Brazil / Diagnóstico de scrapie em um caprino e quatro ovinos Santa Inês de um mesmo rebanho no Brasil

Scrapie is a fatal and progressive transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of natural occurrence in sheep and goats. The suspicion of scrapie may be based on clinical signs; however, the detection of pathological features of the prionic protein (PrP) in target tissues is necessary to diagnose the disease. The presence of an abnormal protein form (PrPSc) in lymphoreticular and nervous tissues is an important characteristic in diagnosis. This paper reports a case of scrapie in a flock of 55 Suffolk crossbred sheep, 19 Santa Inês sheep and 21 goats in the Mato Grosso state, midwestern Brazil. The animals were euthanized after the confirmation of a scrapie case with clinical signs in a Suffolk sheep in the same farm. Samples of brainstem at the level of the obex and lymphoid issues like palatine tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, third eyelid fixed in formalin 10% were processed for histological examination. Histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin did not show any microscopic changes in samples. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination to detect anti-prion PrPSc was performed in lymphoid tissues. Scrapie diagnosis was confirmed based on IHC positive results for PrPSc in lymphoid tissues of a crossbreed goat and four Santa Inês sheep, without any clinical scrapie signs. IHC showed positive staining in at least three lymphoid germinal centers in goat mesenteric lymph node, palatine tonsil, and third eyelid samples. The mesenteric lymph node, and tonsil samples of all sheep showed positive immunostaining, and only one sheep showed positive staining in lymphoid follicles in the third eyelid. Scrapie diagnosis using IHC in fixed samples of lymphoreticular tissue is technically feasible to detect the disease in both goats and sheep, as a form of pre-clinical diagnosis. The results indicate that the herd was infected by a sheep coming from another herd where scrapie had been diagnosed before(AU)

Scrapie é uma encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível (EET) progressiva e fatal de ocorrência natural em ovinos e caprinos. A suspeita de scrapie é baseada nos sinais clínicos, porém a manifestação patológica da proteína priônica (PrP) nos tecidos-alvo é necessária para a confirmação da doença. A presença de uma forma anormal da proteína (PrPSc) em tecido linforreticular e tecido nervoso constitui uma característica importante para o diagnóstico. Este trabalho é o relato de um foco de scrapie ocorrido em rebanho com 55 ovinos mistos Suffolk, 21 caprinos e 19 ovinos Santa Inês, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Os animais foram eutanasiados após a confirmação de um caso de scrapie com sinais clínicos em um ovino Suffolk nessa propriedade. Amostras de tronco cerebral na altura do obex e tecidos linfoides, que incluíram tonsilas, linfonodos mesentéricos e tecido linfoide da terceira pálpebra foram processados para exame histológico. O exame histológico utilizando a coloração de hematoxilina e eosina não revelou a presença de alterações microscópicas nos tecidos examinados. O diagnóstico de scrapie foi confirmado com base nos resultados positivos de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para PrPSc nos tecidos linfoides de um caprino sem raça definida e quatro ovinos da raça Santa Inês, sem sinais clínicos de scrapie. A IHQ apresentou marcação positiva em pelo menos três centros linfoides na tonsila, terceira pálpebra e linfonodo mesentérico do caprino. Em todos os ovinos, a IHQ revelou marcação positiva nos folículos linfoides da tonsila palatínica e linfonodo mesentérico; a marcação positiva nos folículos linfoides da terceira pálpebra só foi observada em um dos ovinos. Este trabalho demonstra a importância da utilização de tecido linforreticular para o diagnóstico pré-clínico de scrapie através de IHQ e é tecnicamente viável em ovinos e caprinos. [...](AU)

Revisión sistemática: ¿Qué tipo de parto tiene mejor resultado neonatal en embarazos gemelares dobles monocoriales, cesárea o parto vaginal? / Systematic review: which mode of delivery has better neonatal outcome in monocho- rial double gemelar pregnancies, cesarean section or vaginal birth?

En los últimos años ha aumentado la frecuencia de las gestaciones múltiples, especialmente por las técnicas de reproducción asistida. Tanto los embarazos gemelares monocoriales como dicoriales tienen mayor riesgo de patología obstétrica; los monocoriales además presentan riesgo de síndrome de transfusión feto-fetal. Sin embargo, la contribución de la vía de parto sobre el resultado neonatal en embarazos gemelares dobles monocoriales no complicados, no está del todo clara, sin existir consenso sobre ésta. OBJETIVO: Determinar qué vía de parto ha demostrado tener mejor resultado neonatal en este tipo de embarazos gemelares. MÉTODO: Se buscó en Pubmed,Tripdatabase, Cochrane Library, SciELO, LILACS, Latindex y Google Scholar utilizando los términos “twins”, “delivery, obstetrics”y “monochorionic” y los criterios de inclusión: embarazos múltiples dobles monocoriales y su vía de parto; exclusión: comorbilidad y/o malformación u óbito de algún feto, patología materna y/o condición obstétrica que contraindique parto vaginal. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron cuatro artículos. Un artículo mostró que habría mayor riesgo de ingreso a UCI, ventilación mecánica, distrés respiratorio y mortalidad en los gemelos dobles monocoriales nacidos por cesárea en comparación al parto vaginal. Otro artículo, no observó diferencias significativas en morbilidad neonatal entre las distintas vías de parto. CONCLUSIÓN: Esta revisión mostró que no hay evidencia de mayor morbimortalidad neonatal al ofrecer parto vaginal en embarazos gemelares dobles monocoriales no complicados. Sin embargo, faltan mayores estudios sobre el tema para realizar una recomendación consistente a favor del parto vaginal sobre la cesárea...

INTRODUCTION: During the last decades the frequency of multiple gestations has increased due to assisted fertilization techniques. Both monochorial and dichorial gemelar pregnancies have increased risk of obstetric pathology and monochorial pregnancies also have risk of feto-fetal transfusion syndrome. Nonetheless the contribution of the mode of delivery on the neonatal outcome in non-complicated monochorial double gemelar pregnancies, is not clear and there is no consensus on this subject. OBJECTIVE: To determine which mode of delivery, cesarean section or vaginal birth, has demonstrated better neonatal outcome in non-complicated monochorial double gemelar pregnancies. METHOD: Scientific literature research was performed introducing the terms “twins”,“delivery, obstetrics” and “monochorionic” on the following search tools: Pubmed, Tripdatabase, Cochrane Library, SciELO, LILACS, Latindex and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria: double monochorial multiple pregnancy and delivery. Exclusion criteria: fetal morbidity and/or malformation, fetal death, maternal pathology and/or obstetric condition that contraindicates vaginal birth. RESULTS: four articles were selected. One article demonstrated that there is significant increased risk of CPU admissions, mechanical ventilation, respiratory distress syndrome and mortality in twins born by cesarean section in comparison with vaginal birth. Another study observed no significant differences in neonatal morbidity between modes of delivery. CONCLUSION: This revision found no evidence of increased risk in neonatal morbimortality when offering vaginal birth in non-complicated monochorial double gemelar pregnancies. Nonetheless, there is lack of sufficient good quality publications on the topic to make ac onsistent recommendation in favor of vaginal birth...

Burnout syndrome in oral and maxillofacial surgeons: a critical analysis.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome among Brazilian oral and maxillofacial surgeons and its relationship with socio-demographic, clinical, and habit variables. The sample of this study comprised 116 surgeons. The syndrome was quantified using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (General Survey), which defines burnout as the triad of high emotional exhaustion, high depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment. The criteria of Grunfeld et al. were used to evaluate the presence of the syndrome (17.2%). No significant differences between the surgeons diagnosed with and without the syndrome were observed according to age (P=0.804), sex (P=0.197), marital status (P=0.238), number of children (P=0.336), years of professional experience (P=0.102), patients attended per day (P=0.735), hours worked per week (P=0.350), use of alcohol (P=0.148), sports practice (P=0.243), hobbies (P=0.161), or vacation period per year (P=0.215). Significant differences occurred in the variables sex in the emotional exhaustion subscale (P=0.002) and use or not of alcohol in the personal accomplishment subscale (P=0.035). Burnout syndrome among Brazilian surgeons is average, showing a low personal accomplishment.

Effect of selective logging on genetic diversity and gene flow in Cariniana legalis sampled from a cacao agroforestry system.

The fragments of the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia have a long history of intense logging and selective cutting. Some tree species, such as jequitibá rosa (Cariniana legalis), have experienced a reduction in their populations with respect to both area and density. To evaluate the possible effects of selective logging on genetic diversity, gene flow, and spatial genetic structure, 51 C. legalis individuals were sampled, representing the total remaining population from the cacao agroforestry system. A total of 120 alleles were observed from the 11 microsatellite loci analyzed. The average observed heterozygosity (0.486) was less than the expected heterozygosity (0.721), indicating a loss of genetic diversity in this population. A high fixation index (FIS = 0.325) was found, which is possibly due to a reduction in population size, resulting in increased mating among relatives. The maximum (1055 m) and minimum (0.095 m) distances traveled by pollen or seeds were inferred based on paternity tests. We found 36.84% of unique parents among all sampled seedlings. The progenitors of the remaining seedlings (63.16%) were most likely out of the sampled area. Positive and significant spatial genetic structure was identified in this population among classes 10 to 30 m away with an average coancestry coefficient between pairs of individuals of 0.12. These results suggest that the agroforestry system of cacao cultivation is contributing to maintaining levels of diversity and gene flow in the studied population, thus minimizing the effects of selective logging.

Aproximación a aa estructura tridimensional de a desmina bovina y determinacióón del efecto de mutaciones puntuales in-silico / Aproach to tridiimensional structue of bovine desmin and in-silicco determination of punctual mutationseeffect

La desmina es el mayor filamento proteico intermedio del miocito y desempeña un papel importante respecto de las características de calidad cárnica, dada su función intracelular de sostén y que es sustrato de los principales sistemas proteolíticos post-mortem. En la determinación de los parámetros fisicoquímicos de dicha proteína y de su ARNm, se consideraron siete mutaciones (polimorfismos de nucleótido simple, SNP) en bovino y cinco en porcino ubicadas en regiones exónicas. Mediante procedimientos computacionales se obtuvo un modelo tridimensional que incluyó desde el aminoácido 39 al 470 de la secuencia DAA32384.1. Se identificó que las mutaciones T49C y A45C del ARNm del bovino son responsables de una modificación en la estructura bidimensional del ARNm y de la disminución de su estabilidad in-silico, por lo que se les considera como las mutaciones más significativas para evaluar experimentalmente en bovinos.

Desmin is the major proteic intermediate filament protein of muscular cell and it has an important effect on meat quality features because this protein is structural and during post-mortem conversion is substrate of proteolysis systems. Seven functional SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) of bovine and five of porcine were evaluated in several physicochemical features of the molecules RNAm and protein of Desmin. A 3D model was obtained from aminoacid 39 to 470 of the sequence DAA32384.1. Mutations T49C and A45C of bovine RNAm modify the molecular structure and these have less in-silico stability. On this way, these should be tested to experimental level.

[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at a regional hospital of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2002-2011: risk factors and complications]. / Colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica en un hospital regional del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2002-2011: factores de riesgo y complicaciones.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a valuable study in the approach to diseases of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. It was first used for diagnostic purposes, but today its use is mainly therapeutic. It can present a variety of complications. AIMS: To determine the frequency of complications and the risk factors associated with ERCP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prolective study was carried out to analyze ERCP that was performed on 1.145 patients over a 10-year period of time (2.002-2.011). Complications were determined at the time of the procedure, through the personal communication of relatives, and/or when the patient was admitted to the emergency room. Follow-up was carried out for one month after ERCP in the out-patient service of the Department of Gastroenterology. Complications were evaluated with a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: The sample included 1.145 patients. Mean age was 55,3 years (SD=18,7; CI 95%: 54,2-56,3). Women made up 60,5% (n=693) of the study participants. Therapeutic endoscopy was performed in 51,0% of the total number of procedures. Complications presented in 2,1% (n=24) of the patients; the most frequent was hemorrhage (n=14, 1,2%), followed by acute pancreatitis (n=6, 0,5%), respiratory distress (n=3, 0,3%), and cholangitis (n=1, 0,1%). There was a 1,4 times higher complication risk in patients that underwent precut/sphincterotomy, adjusted by age (CI 95%: OR 1,02-5,43; p=0,045). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a complication frequency similar to that published by other authors. However, this figure could be further reduced if ERCP were performed only for therapeutic purposes by highly qualified endoscopy physicians.