VITREORETINAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING SECONDARY INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION WITH PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY.

BACKGROUND: Retrospective cohort study of 561 adult patients undergoing secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation by vitreoretinal surgeons at a single institution from April 2015 to December 2020. METHODS: Patient historical factors, intraoperative/postoperative complications, and outcomes of IOL type (anterior chamber IOL versus scleral sutured IOL versus scleral fixated IOL versus. sulcus) were assessed. Primary outcomes were rates of postoperative retinal tears and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Secondary outcomes were rates of intraoperative endolaser, intraoperative retinal tear, and further IOL surgery. RESULTS: The incidence of intraoperative retinal tears was 7.3% and not significantly different between techniques. Rates of intraoperative endolaser use were 17.5% among all techniques and not significantly different between techniques. Rates of postoperative retinal tear were low (0%-2.7%). Rates of postoperative rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were not significantly different between techniques (anterior chamber IOL 9/198 [4.5%], SFIOL 1/54 [1.9%], scleral sutured IOL 14/274 [5.1%], sulcus 2/35 [5.7%], total 26/561 [4.6%], P = 0.79). Rates of repeat IOL surgery trended higher in sulcus lenses (anterior chamber IOL 5/198 [2.5%], SFIOL 4/54 [7.4%], scleral sutured IOL 16/274 [5.8%], sulcus 5/35 [14.3%], total 30/561 [5.3%], P = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Intraoperative endolaser use and intraoperative retinal tear are not uncommon in secondary IOL surgery and underscore the importance of careful vitreoretinal management among these patients.

Patterns of Mental Health Service Utilisation: A Population-Based Linkage of Over 17 Years of Health Administrative Records.

A cross-sectoral partnership was formed in 2021 in support of the recommendations in an audit on access to state-funded mental health services. In this first paper, we aimed to describe the demographic and service utilisation of adults with a mental health diagnosis in the Western Australian state-funded health system from 2005 to 2021. Inpatient, emergency department, specialised (ambulatory) community mental health service, and death records were linked in individuals aged ≥ 18 years with a mental health diagnosis in Western Australia. Altogether, 392,238 individuals with at least one mental health service contact between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2021 were included for analysis. Females, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, and those who lived outside major cities or in the most disadvantaged areas were more likely to access state-funded mental health services. While the number of individuals who accessed community mental health services increased over time (from 28,769 in 2005 to 50,690 in 2021), the percentage increase relative to 2005 was notably greater for emergency department attendances (127% for emergency department; 76% for community; and 63% for inpatient). Conditions that contributed to the increase for emergency department were mainly alcohol disorder, reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders, and anxiety disorders. Sex differences were observed between conditions. The pattern of access increased for emergency department and the community plus emergency department combination. This study confirmed that the patterns of access of state-funded mental health services have changed markedly over time and the potential drivers underlying these changes warrant further investigation.

Performance of 21 Early Warning System scores in predicting in-hospital deterioration among undifferentiated admitted patients managed by ambulance services.

BACKGROUND: The optimal Early Warning System (EWS) scores for identifying patients at risk of clinical deterioration among those transported by ambulance services remain uncertain. This retrospective study compared the performance of 21 EWS scores to predict clinical deterioration using vital signs (VS) measured in the prehospital or emergency department (ED) setting. METHODS: Adult patients transported to a single ED by ambulances and subsequently admitted to the hospital between 1 January 2019 and 18 April 2019 were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality; secondary outcomes included 3-day mortality, admission to intensive care or coronary care units, length of hospital stay and emergency call activations. The discriminative ability of the EWS scores was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Subanalyses compared the performance of EWS scores between surgical and medical patient types. RESULTS: Of 1414 patients, 995 (70.4%) (53.1% male, mean age 68.7±17.5 years) were included. In the ED setting, 30-day mortality was best predicted by VitalPAC EWS (AUROC 0.71, 95% CI (0.65 to 0.77)) and National Early Warning Score (0.709 (0.65 to 0.77)). All EWS scores calculated in the prehospital setting had AUROC <0.70. Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (0.83 (0.73 to 0.92)) and New Zealand EWS (0.88 (0.81 to 0.95)) best predicted 3-day mortality in the prehospital and ED settings, respectively. EWS scores calculated using either prehospital or ED VS were more effective in predicting 3-day mortality in surgical patients, whereas 30-day mortality was best predicted in medical patients. Among the EWS scores that achieved AUROC ≥0.70, no statistically significant differences were detected in their discriminatory abilities to identify patients at risk of clinical deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: EWS scores better predict 3-day as opposed to 30-day mortality and are more accurate when estimated using VS measured in the ED. The discriminatory performance of EWS scores in identifying patients at higher risk of clinical deterioration may vary by patient type.

Health and well-being needs of Indigenous adolescents: a protocol for a scoping review of qualitative studies.

INTRODUCTION: Improving the health of Indigenous adolescents is central to addressing the health inequities faced by Indigenous peoples. To achieve this, it is critical to understand what is needed from the perspectives of Indigenous adolescents themselves. There have been many qualitative studies that capture the perspectives of Indigenous young people, but synthesis of these has been limited to date. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This scoping review seeks to understand the specific health needs and priorities of Indigenous adolescents aged 10-24 years captured via qualitative studies conducted across Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, Canada, the USA, Greenland and Sami populations (Norway and Sweden). A team of Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers from these nations will systematically search PubMed (including the MEDLINE, PubMed Central and Bookshelf databases), CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, the Informit Indigenous and Health Collections, Google Scholar, Arctic Health, the Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database, Native Health Database, iPortal and NZresearch.org, as well as specific websites and clearinghouses within each nation for qualitative studies. We will limit our search to articles published in any language during the preceding 5 years given that needs may have changed significantly over time. Two independent reviewers will identify relevant articles using a two-step process, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer and the wider research group. Data will then be extracted from included articles using a standardised form, with descriptive synthesis focussing on key needs and priorities. This scoping review will be conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was not required for this review. Findings will be disseminated via a peer-reviewed journal article and will inform a broader international collaboration for Indigenous adolescent health to develop evidence-based actions and solutions.

Sex differences in risk of incident microvascular and macrovascular complications: a population-based data-linkage study among 25 713 people with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The global prevalence of diabetes is similar in men and women; however, there is conflicting evidence regarding sex differences in diabetes-related complications. The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in incident microvascular and macrovascular complications among adults with diabetes. METHODS: This prospective cohort study linked data from the 45 and Up Study, Australia, to administrative health records. The study sample included 25 713 individuals (57% men), aged ≥45 years, with diabetes at baseline. Incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), eye, lower limb, and kidney complications were determined using hospitalisation data and claims for medical services. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between sex and incident complications. RESULTS: Age-adjusted incidence rates per 1000 person years for CVD, eye, lower limb, and kidney complications were 37, 52, 21, and 32, respectively. Men had a greater risk of CVD (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.51, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.59), lower limb (aHR 1.47, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.57), and kidney complications (aHR 1.55, 95% CI 1.47 to 1.64) than women, and a greater risk of diabetic retinopathy (aHR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.26). Over 10 years, 44%, 57%, 25%, and 35% of men experienced a CVD, eye, lower limb, or kidney complication, respectively, compared with 31%, 61%, 18%, and 25% of women. Diabetes duration (<10 years vs ≥10 years) had no substantial effect on sex differences in complications. CONCLUSIONS: Men with diabetes are at greater risk of complications, irrespective of diabetes duration. High rates of complications in both sexes highlight the importance of targeted complication screening and prevention strategies from diagnosis.

Distinct characteristics of the DNA damage response in mammalian oocytes.

DNA damage is a critical threat that poses significant challenges to all cells. To address this issue, cells have evolved a sophisticated molecular and cellular process known as the DNA damage response (DDR). Among the various cell types, mammalian oocytes, which remain dormant in the ovary for extended periods, are particularly susceptible to DNA damage. The occurrence of DNA damage in oocytes can result in genetic abnormalities, potentially leading to infertility, birth defects, and even abortion. Therefore, understanding how oocytes detect and repair DNA damage is of paramount importance in maintaining oocyte quality and preserving fertility. Although the fundamental concept of the DDR is conserved across various cell types, an emerging body of evidence reveals striking distinctions in the DDR between mammalian oocytes and somatic cells. In this review, we highlight the distinctive characteristics of the DDR in oocytes and discuss the clinical implications of DNA damage in oocytes.

Intensive Lifestyle Intervention for Remission of Early Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care in Australia: DiRECT-Aus.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess whether remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D) could be achieved with a low-energy total diet replacement (TDR) in an Australian primary care setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Individuals aged 20-65 years with T2D duration up to 6 years, BMI >27.0 kg/m2, and not treated with insulin were prescribed a 13-week low-energy TDR (Optifast; Nestlé Health Science) followed by 8-week structured food reintroduction and 31-week supported weight maintenance. The primary outcome was T2D remission at 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 155 participants comprised the intention-to-treat population. At 12 months, T2D remission was achieved in 86 (56%) participants, with a mean adjusted weight loss of 8.1% (95% CI 7.2-9.1). Two serious adverse events requiring hospitalization related to the study intervention were reported. CONCLUSIONS: At 12 months T2D remission was achieved for one in two Australian adults in a primary care setting.

Public preference on sharing health data to inform research, health policy and clinical practice in Australia: A stated preference experiment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate public willingness to share sensitive health information for research, health policy and clinical practice. METHODS: A total of 1,003 Australian respondents answered an online, attribute-driven, survey in which participants were asked to accept or reject hypothetical choice sets based on a willingness to share their health data for research and frontline-medical support as part of an integrated health system. The survey consisted of 5 attributes: Stakeholder access for analysis (Analysing group); Type of information collected; Purpose of data collection; Information governance; and Anticipated benefit; the results of which were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS: When asked about their preference for sharing their health data, respondents had no preference between data collection for the purposes of clinical practice, health policy or research, with a slight preference for having government organisations manage, govern and curate the integrated datasets from which the analysis was being conducted. The least preferred option was for personal health records to be integrated with insurance records or for their data collected by privately owned corporate organisations. Individuals preferred their data to be analysed by a public healthcare provider or government staff and expressed a dislike for any private company involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study suggest that Australian consumers prefer to share their health data when there is government oversight, and have concerns about sharing their anonymised health data for clinical practice, health policy or research purposes unless clarity is provided pertaining to its intended purpose, limitations of use and restrictions to access. Similar findings have been observed in the limited set of existing international studies utilising a stated preference approach. Evident from this study, and supported by national and international research, is that the establishment and preservation of a social license for data linkage in health research will require routine public engagement as a result of continuously evolving technological advancements and fluctuating risk tolerance. Without more work to understand and address stakeholder concerns, consumers risk being reluctant to participate in data-sharing and linkage programmes.

Sex and age differences in the use of medications for diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors among 25,733 people with diabetes.

AIM: To determine sex and age differences in the use of medications for diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in people with diabetes in Australia. METHODS: Pharmaceutical claims data of participants in the 45 and Up Study who self-reported having diabetes before 2013, were alive on 1st January 2013 and had at least one medication dispensing record between 1st January 2013 and 31st December 2019 were analysed. Annual sex and age-specific percentages of participants supplied specific medications were estimated for years 2013 to 2019. Percentages were reported for any glucose lowering medications and by drug class, any lipid modifying agents, and any blood pressure lowering medications. RESULTS: Altogether 25,733 participants (45.2% women) with diabetes were included. The percentage of participants who were supplied with glucose lowering medications was consistently lower in women compared to men. In both sexes, the percentage of participants who were supplied with glucose lowering medications was lowest among those aged ≥75 years and this decreased over time. Similar findings were observed for lipid modifying agents and blood pressure lowering medications. The use of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors increased substantially in participants aged <75 years since it became available in 2013. However, no sex differences were observed in its use among people with hospital-recorded history of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should be aware of possible sex disparities in the pharmacological treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in people with diabetes in Australia. There is a possible time lag between reporting of research findings and uptake of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors prescribing in individuals with diabetes and high cardiovascular risk in clinical practice, nevertheless, the result observed was consistent with the management guidelines at the time of the study.

Patient Use, Experience, and Satisfaction With Telehealth in an Australian Population (Reimagining Health Care): Web-Based Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a rapid scale-up of telehealth services in Australia as a means to provide continued care through periods of physical restrictions. The factors that influence engagement in telehealth remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to understand the experience of Australian people who engaged in a telehealth consultation during the pandemic period (2020-2021) and the demographic factors that influence engagement. METHODS: A web-based survey was distributed to Australians aged over 18 years that included 4 questions on frequency and type of clinical consultation, including with a general practitioner (GP), specialist, allied health, or nurse; 1 question on the experience of telehealth; and 2 questions on the quality of and satisfaction with telehealth. Statistical analysis included proportion of responses (of positive responses where a Likert scale was used) and regression analyses to determine the effect of demographic variables. RESULTS: Of the 1820 participants who completed the survey, 88.3% (1607/1820) had engaged in a health care consultation of some type in the previous 12 months, and 69.3% (1114/1607) of those had used telehealth. The most common type of consultation was with a GP (959/1114, 86.1%). Older people were more likely to have had a health care consultation but less likely to have had a telehealth consultation. There was no difference in use of telehealth between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions; however, people with a bachelor's degree or above were more likely to have used telehealth and to report a positive experience. A total of 87% (977/1114) of participants agreed or strongly agreed that they had received the information they required from their consultation, 71% (797/1114) agreed or strongly agreed that the outcome of their consultation was the same as it would have been face-to-face, 84% (931/1114) agreed or strongly agreed that the doctor or health care provider made them feel comfortable, 83% (924/1114) agreed or strongly agreed that the doctor or health care provider was equally as knowledgeable as providers they have seen in person; 57% (629/1114) of respondents reported that they would not have been able to access their health consultation if it were not for telehealth; 69% (765/1114) of respondents reported that they were satisfied with their telehealth consultation, and 60% (671/1114) reported that they would choose to continue to use telehealth in the future. CONCLUSIONS: There was a relatively high level of engagement with telehealth over the 12 months leading up to the study period, and the majority of participants reported a positive experience and satisfaction with their telehealth consultation. While there was no indication that remoteness influenced telehealth usage, there remains work to be done to improve access to older people and those with less than a bachelor's degree.

How executive functioning, sentence processing, and vocabulary are related at 3 years of age.

There is a wealth of evidence demonstrating that executive function (EF) abilities are positively associated with language development during the preschool years, such that children with good executive functions also have larger vocabularies. However, why this is the case remains to be discovered. In this study, we focused on the hypothesis that sentence processing abilities mediate the association between EF skills and receptive vocabulary knowledge, in that the speed of language acquisition is at least partially dependent on a child's processing ability, which is itself dependent on executive control. We tested this hypothesis in longitudinal data from a cohort of 3- and 4-year-old children at three age points (37, 43, and 49 months). We found evidence, consistent with previous research, for a significant association between three EF skills (cognitive flexibility, working memory [as measured by the Backward Digit Span], and inhibition) and receptive vocabulary knowledge across this age range. However, only one of the tested sentence processing abilities (the ability to maintain multiple possible referents in mind) significantly mediated this relationship and only for one of the tested EFs (inhibition). The results suggest that children who are better able to inhibit incorrect responses are also better able to maintain multiple possible referents in mind while a sentence unfolds, a sophisticated sentence processing ability that may facilitate vocabulary learning from complex input.

Sleep quality mediates the relationship between systemic inflammation and neurocognitive performance.

Background: Systemic inflammation is a significant mechanism underpinning adverse cognitive changes. Sleep quality is a crucial factor associated with systemic inflammation and neurocognitive health. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the periphery help mark inflammation. With this background, we examined the relationship between systemic inflammation, subjective sleep quality, and neurocognitive performance in adults. Method & Results: In 252 healthy adults, we measured the systemic inflammation reflected by serum levels of IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α and IFN-γ, subjective sleep quality reflected by the global scores of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and their neurocognitive performance measured by the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment. We observed that neurocognitive performance was negatively related to IL-18 (p = 0.046) and positively related to sleep quality (p = 0.006). We did not observe significant associations between other cytokines and neurocognitive performance. Furthermore, we found that sleep quality as a mediator explained the relationship between IL-18 and neurocognitive performance depending on the levels of IL-12 (index of moderated mediation: 95% CI = [0.0047, 0.0664]). Better subjective sleep quality buffered the negative effect of IL-18 on neurocognitive performance when IL-12 was low (bootstrapping 95% CI: [- 0.0824, - 0.0018]). On the contrary, poor subjective sleep quality mediated the association between higher IL-18 and poorer neurocognitive performance when IL-12 was elevated (bootstrapping 95% CI: [0.0004, 0.0608]). Conclusion & Implications: Our findings indicate that systemic inflammation was negatively associated with neurocognitive performance. Sleep quality regulated by IL-18/IL-12 axis activation could be a potential mechanism underpinning neurocognitive changes. Our results illustrate the intricate relationships between immune functioning, sleep quality and neurocognitive performance. These insights are essential to understand the potential mechanisms underpinning neurocognitive changes, paving the way for the development of preventive interventions for the risk of cognitive impairment.

Sex Differences in Association Between Gut Microbiome and Essential Hypertension Based on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in the pathogenesis of hypertension exist. While gut microbiota (GM) has been associated with hypertension, it is unclear whether there are sex-linked differences in the association between GM and hypertension. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the sex differences in associations between GM characterized by shotgun sequencing, GM-derived short-chain fatty acids, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in 241 Hong Kong Chinese (113 men and 128 women; mean age, 54±6 years). RESULTS: The hypertensive group was associated with GM alterations; however, significant differences in ß-diversity and GM composition in hypertensive versus normotensive groups were only observed in women and not in men under various statistical models adjusting for the following covariates: age, sex, body mass index, sodium intake estimated by spot urine analysis, blood glucose, triglycerides, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, menopause, and fatty liver status. Specifically, Ruminococcus gnavus, Clostridium bolteae, and Bacteroides ovatus were significantly more abundant in the hypertensive women, whereas Dorea formicigenerans was more abundant in the normotensive women. No bacterial species were found to be significantly associated with hypertension in men. Furthermore, total plasma short-chain fatty acids and propionic acid were independent predictors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in women but not men. CONCLUSIONS: GM dysregulation was strongly associated with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in women but not men, which may be mediated through propionic acid. Our work suggests that sex differences may be an important consideration while assessing the role of GM in the development and treatment of hypertension.

Recent trends in the prescription of opioids in the emergency department in patients with urolithiasis.

PURPOSE: Pain management is central in the treatment of urolithiasis. We aimed to estimate the impact of the 2017 Department of Health and Human Services declaration of an opioid crisis on prescribing patterns of opioids and NSAIDs in emergency department visits for urolithiasis. METHODS: The National Health Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) was queried for emergency department visits of adults with a diagnosis of urolithiasis. The association between urolithiasis and narcotic and NSAIDs prescription patterns was evaluated and compared at pre-declaration (2014-2016) to post-declaration (2017-2018) periods. RESULTS: Opioids were prescribed in about 211 million (41.1%) out of 513 million emergency department visits, over a 5-year period. Diagnosis of urolithiasis accounted for 1.9% of the visits (6.0 million). The use of opioids was higher in urolithiasis (82.7%) compared to non-urolithiasis diagnosis (40.3%), as well as the use of multiple opioids per visit (p < 0.01 for all). There was an overall decrease in opioid prescriptions in the post-declaration period, - 4.3% for urolithiasis (p = 0.254) and - 5.6% for non-urolithiasis visits (p < 0.05). A decrease in the use of hydromorphone (- 47.5%. p < 0.001), an increase in the use of morphine (+ 59.7% p = 0.006), and an increase of 'other' opioids (+ 98.8%, p < 0.041), were observed. Opioids combined with NSAIDs comprised 72.6% of the opioid prescriptions and 62.3% of all analgesic prescriptions in visits with urolithiasis diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The use of opioids when managing urolithiasis decreased 4.3% after the crisis declaration; however, statistically are not different from pre-declaration numbers. Most often, opioids were prescribed with NSAIDs in urolithiasis patients.

A qualitative study of services accessibility for indigenous persons who use injection drugs across three communities in the United States.

Aims: This study concerns the perspectives of Indigenous persons who use injection drugs (IPWIDs) and key stakeholders across multiple sectors regarding healthcare service and treatment accessibility in the United States.Methods: Sixty in-depth interviews were undertaken with selected participants (30 people who use injection drugs and 30 stakeholders) across three non-urban locations in the United States. An inductive analytic approach was used to explore perspectives regarding healthcare accessibility gaps.Results: IPWIDs described injecting stimulants, opioids, and diverted medications for opioid use disorder, as well as having unstable access to sterile syringes. Often, the most accessible treatment for IPWID substance use was engagement with punitive aspects of the criminal justice system. While local health and social services were described as providing limited or inadequate services for IPWIDs, human capital deficiencies in those agencies and institutions often reinforced barriers to accessibility for IPWIDs, further aggravating the epidemics of Hepatitis C Virus infection and overdose risk in Indigenous communities. Conclusions: Decolonizing approaches to IPWID-centered services are urgently needed to reduce disparities in transmission of infectious diseases and other health consequences of injection drug use among American Indian people. Potential pathways forward include moving away from punitive treatment of IPWIDs by the criminal justice system and toward local, tribally-centered, culturally appropriate treatment models. We identify an urgent need to provide reliable and local access to sterile injection equipment and opioid substitution treatment on or near reservations.

The Antipsychotic Dopamine 2 Receptor Antagonist Diphenylbutylpiperidines Improve Glycemia in Experimental Obesity by Inhibiting Succinyl-CoA:3-Ketoacid CoA Transferase.

Despite significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), the condition remains difficult to manage. Hence, new therapeutic options targeting unique mechanisms of action are required. We have previously observed that elevated skeletal muscle succinyl CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) activity, the rate-limiting enzyme of ketone oxidation, contributes to the hyperglycemia characterizing obesity and T2D. Moreover, we identified that the typical antipsychotic agent pimozide is a SCOT inhibitor that can alleviate obesity-induced hyperglycemia. We now extend those observations here, using computer-assisted in silico modeling and in vivo pharmacology studies that highlight SCOT as a noncanonical target shared among the diphenylbutylpiperidine (DPBP) drug class, which includes penfluridol and fluspirilene. All three DPBPs tested (pimozide, penfluridol, and fluspirilene) improved glycemia in obese mice. While the canonical target of the DPBPs is the dopamine 2 receptor, studies in obese mice demonstrated that acute or chronic treatment with a structurally unrelated antipsychotic dopamine 2 receptor antagonist, lurasidone, was devoid of glucose-lowering actions. We further observed that the DPBPs improved glycemia in a SCOT-dependent manner in skeletal muscle, suggesting that this older class of antipsychotic agents may have utility in being repurposed for the treatment of T2D.

Selective utilization of non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination for DNA repair during meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly toxic lesions that can cause genomic instability and can be repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways. Despite extensive studies about DSB repair pathways, the roles of each pathway during meiotic maturation in oocytes are not well understood. Here we show that oocytes selectively utilize NHEJ and HR to repair DSBs during meiotic maturation. Inhibition of NHEJ impaired the meiotic maturation of oocytes with DNA damage by activating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) with a concomitant increase in metaphase I (MI) arrest and DNA damage levels. In contrast, oocytes with DNA damage bypassed SAC-mediated MI arrest despite the presence of fragmented DNA when HR was inhibited. Notably, this bypass of SAC arrest by HR inhibition was associated with a loss of centromere integrity and subsequent impairment of chromosome architecture. Our results demonstrate that, while NHEJ is critical for the meiotic maturation of oocytes with DNA damage, HR is essential to maintain centromere integrity against DNA damage during meiotic maturation, revealing distinct roles of NHEJ and HR during meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Consumers' Experience With Food Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hong Kong.

Context: The trend of people using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been increasing globally. To enact policies and regulations that promote the safe use of CAM, a detailed investigation is needed into people's knowledge, practices, and beliefs related to CAM. Food therapy has long been regarded as an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), a type of CAM. Objective: This study intended to empirically examine the public's knowledge about TCM food therapy, including the sources of that knowledge, actual practices, and the public's beliefs about the therapy. Design: The research team designed a questionnaire to test the public's understanding of food properties as designated in TCM food therapy and to identify the public's sources of knowledge and experience in using food therapy. Setting: The study took place at the College of Professional and Continuing Education, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and the University of Hong Kong in Hong Kong, China. Participants: Participants were 447 Chinese students participating in postsecondary or tertiary education at the two higher education institutions mentioned above. Outcome Measures: The survey's quantitative questions examined respondents' prior TCM knowledge, sources of knowledge, and food therapy experience compared to their ability to correctly categorize 24 foods. The survey's qualitative questions examined the general practice of food therapy and the cultural beliefs underlying the food therapy strategies that participants used. Results: The study showed that: (1) having prior and partial knowledge of food properties (P = .000); (2) seeking information from the internet (P = .000), television (P = .0473) and friends (P = .0181); and (3) having used food therapy for chronic conditions (P = .0034) significantly improved participants ability to correctly categorize foods as to their food therapy characteristics. Conclusions: Participants relied less on traditional medical sources such as parents and health professionals but more on the internet, which may have empowered them through wider access to information. The study has further contributed to the study of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) by highlighting the role of cultural practices and beliefs in TCM food therapy.

Biology, Bias, or Both? The Contribution of Sex and Gender to the Disparity in Cardiovascular Outcomes Between Women and Men.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide for both men and women. However, CVD is understudied, underdiagnosed, and undertreated in women. This bias has resulted in women being disproportionately affected by CVD when compared to men. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the contribution of sex and gender on CVD outcomes in men and women and offer recommendations for researchers and clinicians. RECENT FINDINGS: Evidence demonstrates that there are sex differences (e.g., menopause and pregnancy complications) and gender differences (e.g., socialization of gender) that contribute to the inequality in risk, presentation, and treatment of CVD in women. To start addressing the CVD issues that disproportionately impact women, it is essential that these sex and gender differences are addressed through educating health care professionals on gender bias; offering patient-centered care and programs tailored to women's needs; and conducting inclusive health research.

Educational attainment and willingness to use technology for health and to share health information - The reimagining healthcare survey.

BACKGROUND: Australia has seen a rapid uptake of virtual care since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to describe the willingness of consumers to use digital technology for health and to share their health information; and explore differences by educational attainment and area of remoteness. METHODS: We conducted an online survey on consumer preferences for virtual modes of healthcare delivery between June and September 2021. Participants were recruited through the study's partner organisations and an online market research company. Australian residents aged ≥18 years who provided study consent and completed the survey were included in the analysis. We reported the weighted percentages of participants who selected negative response to the questions to understand the size of the population that were unlikely to adopt virtual care. Age-adjusted Poisson regression models were used to estimate the prevalence ratios for selecting negative response associated with education and remoteness. RESULTS: Of the 1778 participants included, 29% were not aware of digital technologies for monitoring/supporting health, 22% did not have access to technologies to support their health, and 19% were not willing to use technologies for health. Over a fifth of participants (range: 21-34%) were not at all willing to use seven of the 15 proposed alternative methods of care. Between 21% and 36% of participants were not at all willing to share de-identified health information tracked in apps/devices with various not-for-profit organisations compared to 47% with private/for-profit health businesses. Higher proportions of participants selected negative response to the questions in the lower educational attainment groups than those with bachelor's degree or above. No difference was observed between area of remoteness. CONCLUSIONS: Improving the digital health literacy of people, especially those with lower educational attainment, will be required for virtual care to become an equitable part of normal healthcare delivery in Australia.