ABSTRACT
During the COVID-19 pandemic, recommendations for maintaining physical distance, restricted mobility measures, as well as fear of mass transmission by going to health centers have significantly contributed to the general vaccination coverage, which by and large is decreasing worldwide; thus, favoring the potential re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases. In this study, we have used the existing data on vaccination coverage during the pre-pandemic (2019) as well as the pandemic (2020) period to evaluate the impact of coronavirus outbreaks during the vaccination drive in Brazil. Furthermore, we have accumulated data since 2015 among the different regions of the country to acquire more consistent information. The various vaccines analyzed in our study were meningococcal C conjugate, Triple antigen vaccine, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate, and BCG; subsequently, the data were obtained from the National Disease Notification System. This study revealed that the ongoing immunization drive saw a steep decline of around 10 to 20% during the (2019-2020) pandemic period in Brazil. These results provide strong evidence towards the decreasing trends following the vaccination programs during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Brazil. Furthermore, our results also highlight the importance of adopting widespread multi-component interventions to improve vaccination uptake rates.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccination Coverage , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , PandemicsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate different concentrations of olive oil for cryopreservation of boar semen. A total of 21 eyaculates of 18 males with motility ≥70% were used. For freezing, the semen was diluted in treatments: control (Cont-egg yolk), "Koroneiki" oil in egg yolk at 0.25% (A025), 0.50% (A050), 0.75% (A075) and 1.0% (A10). Straws with 5.107 sperm/ml were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Thawing was done at 37ºC for 30 seconds and motility, mitochondrial functionality, DNA integrity, oocite penetration rate and the number of sperm per oocite (in the in vitro penetration trial) were evaluated. The variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Even though no statistical difference was found between control and treatments containingolive oil (p>0.05), the treatment with 0.25% oil concentration showed tendences towards sperm protection, outperforming the controls in mitochondrial functionality and preservation of the fertilizing capabilities in the in vitro penetration trial. This is why, olive oil could represent an alternative to help cryopreservation of boar semen.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar diferentes concentraciones de aceite de oliva para la criopreservación de semen de verraco. Se utilizaron 21 eyaculados de 18 machos con motilidad igual o superior al 70%. Para la congelación, el semen se diluyó en los tratamientos: control (Cont) (lactosa yema), 0,25% (A025); 0,50% (A050); 0,75% (A075) y 1,0% (A10) de aceite de la variedad "Koroneiki" en lactosa yema. Pajas con 5.107 espermatozoides / ml, fueron congeladas y almacenadas en nitrógeno líquido. La descongelación se produjo a 37°C durante 30 segundos y se evaluó: la motilidad, la funcionalidad de la mitocondria, la integridad del ADN, la tasa de penetración de ovocitos y el número de espermatozoides por ovocito (en el ensayo de penetración in vitro). Las variables se compararon mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Aunque no hubo diferencia estadística entre el control y los tratamientos que contienen aceite de oliva (p> 0,05), la concentración de 0,25% de este aceite mostró tendencias de protección de esperma, superando el control en la funcionalidad de las mitocondrias y en la preservación de la capacidad fertilizante en el ensayo de penetración in vitro. Por lo tanto, el aceite de oliva puede representar una alternativa para ayudar en la criopreservación de semen porcino
O objetivo de este estudo foi avaliar diferentes concentrações de azeite de oliva para a criopreservação de sêmen suíno. Utilizaram-se 21 ejaculados de 18 machos com motilidade igual ou superior ao 70%. Para o congelamento, o sêmen se dilui-o nos tratamentos: controle (Cont) (lactose-gema), 0,25% (A025); 0,50% (A050); 0,75% (A075) e 1,0% (A10) de azeite da variedade "Koroneiki" em lactose-gema. Palhetas com uma dose de 5.107 espermatozoides/ ml foram congeladas e armazenadas em nitrogênio liquido. O descongelamento se produz a 37°C durante 30 segundos e se avaliaram: motilidade, funcionalidade da mitocôndria, integridade do DNA, taxa de penetração de ovócitos e o número de espermatozoides por ovócito (no teste de penetração in vitro). As variáveis se compararam mediante o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Ainda que não houve diferença estatística entre o controle e os tratamentos que continham azeite de oliva (p> 0,05), a concentração de 0,25% de azeite de oliva teve tendências de proteção do esperma, superando o controle na funcionalidade das mitocôndrias e na preservação da capacidade fertilizante no teste de penetração in vitro. Assim sendo, o azeite de oliva pode representar uma alternativa para ajudar na criopreservação do sêmen suíno.