ABSTRACT
Protein-encoding genes only constitute less than 2% of total human genomic sequences, and 98% of genetic information was previously referred to as "junk DNA". Meanwhile, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) consist of approximately 60% of the transcriptional output of human cells. Thousands of ncRNAs have been identified in recent decades, and their essential roles in the regulation of gene expression in diverse cellular pathways associated with fundamental cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism, have been extensively investigated. Furthermore, the gene regulation networks they form modulate gene expression in normal development and under pathological conditions. In this review, we integrate current information about the classification, biogenesis, and function of ncRNAs and how these ncRNAs support skeletal development through their regulation of critical genes and signaling pathways in vivo. We also summarize the updated knowledge of ncRNAs involved in common skeletal diseases and disorders, including but not limited to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, and intervertebral disc degeneration, by highlighting their roles established from in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies.
Subject(s)
RNA, Untranslated , Humans , RNA, Untranslated/genetics , Bone Development/genetics , Bone Development/physiology , Bone Diseases/genetics , AnimalsABSTRACT
Protein-encoding genes only constitute less than 2% of total human genomic sequences, and 98% of genetic information was previously referred to as "junk DNA". Meanwhile, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) consist of approximately 60% of the transcriptional output of human cells. Thousands of ncRNAs have been identified in recent decades, and their essential roles in the regulation of gene expression in diverse cellular pathways associated with fundamental cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism, have been extensively investigated. Furthermore, the gene regulation networks they form modulate gene expression in normal development and under pathological conditions. In this review, we integrate current information about the classification, biogenesis, and function of ncRNAs and how these ncRNAs support skeletal development through their regulation of critical genes and signaling pathways in vivo. We also summarize the updated knowledge of ncRNAs involved in common skeletal diseases and disorders, including but not limited to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, and intervertebral disc degeneration, by highlighting their roles established from in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant gastrointestinal tumor that can result in high mortality. Surgery and chemotherapy are often used for the effective treatment of GC. In addition, lymph node metastasis is a significant factor affecting the therapy of GC. Current researches have revealed that gut microbiota has the potential as biomarkers to distinguish healthy people and GC patients. However, the relationship between surgery, chemotherapy, and lymph node metastasis is still unclear. METHODS: In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate 157 GC fecal samples to identify the role of surgery, chemotherapy, and lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to value the expression of Ki67, HER2 in GC patient tissues. RESULTS: There exist some gut microbiotas which can distinguish surgery from non-surgery GC patients, including Enterococcus, Megasphaera, Corynebacterium, Roseburia, and Lachnospira. Differences between lymph node metastasis and chemotherapy in GC patients are not significant. Moreover, we found the abundance of Blautia, Ruminococcus, Oscillospira were related to the expression of Ki67 and the abundance of Prevotella, Lachnospira, Eubacterium, Desulfovibiro were correlated with the expression of HER2. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of treatment has a certain impact on the intestinal flora of patients with gastric cancer. Our research shows that surgery has a great effect on the intestinal flora of patients with gastric cancer. However, there were no significant differences in the characteristics of intestinal flora in patients with gastric cancer whether they received chemotherapy or whether they had lymph node metastasis. In addition, the association of gut microbiota with Ki67 and HER2 indicators is expected to provide the possibility of gut microbiota as a tumor prognostic marker.