ABSTRACT
In this work, we demonstrate a solvent-assisted structural transformation between two 3D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) ([Zn4(α-bptc)2(H2O)3]n (1)â¯ââ¯{[Zn2(α-bptc)(H2O)4]·(pra)}n (2)) (α-H4bptcâ¯=â¯2,3,3',4'-biphenyl tetra-carboxylic acid and praâ¯=â¯pyridin-2-amine) at room temperature by immersing complex 1 in a mother solution. The structural transformation involves not only solvent exchange but also the cleavage and formation of coordination bonds, which is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, powder X-ray diffraction patterns, and thermogravimetric analysis. Structural analyses revealed that significant modifications occurred during the transformation including the changes in lattice parameters, unit cell volume, space group, coordination number, secondary building units, and topological type. In the case of drastic structural transitions, significant changes in properties were also observed. Complex 2 displayed the interesting uptake and release of iodine with the changes in visible color, UV and fluorescence spectra, and fully reversible I2 uptake of 8.5â¯mgâ¯g-1, which further suggested about its future application as iodine absorbing material.
ABSTRACT
We investigated the effects of crossbreeding on slaughter traits and the chemical composition of chicken breast muscle. Trials were conducted using 120 broilers from four lines: Xiao-Shan chicken (XS), Xian-Ju chicken (XJ), Xiao-Shan chicken × Xian-Ju chicken (Zhenan 1, ZNY1) and Xiao-Shan chicken × (Guang-Xi Yellow chicken×Xian-Ju chicken) (Zhenan 2, ZNY2). The birds were slaughtered at 120 days of age and the slaughter traits were measured. Breast muscles were sampled to determine chemical composition. The slaughter traits of hybrid chickens were improved. Both hybrid strains had higher intramuscular fat (IMF) and inosine-5'-monophosphate (inosinic acid, IMP). Concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in breast muscles from the two hybrids were significantly higher than in the other two breeds (p 0.05). The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the breast muscles of the two hybrids was significantly lower than in the other two breeds (p 0.05). ZNY2 had significantly lower (p 0.05) concentrations of myristic acid (C14:0). The breast muscle of ZNY1 had significantly higher palmitic acid (C16:0) concentrations than XS, XJ, or ZNY2 (p 0.05). The concentrations of oleic acid (C18:1) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA) in breast muscle from the two hybrid lines were significantly higher than the other two breeds (p 0.05). Breast muscles from XS and XJ chickens contained significantly higher docosahexenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) than the two hybrid lines (p 0.05). The XS and XJ chickens had lower n-6/n-3 ratios than the two hybrids (p 0.05). Breast muscles from ZNY1 and ZNY2 contained higher concentrations of essential amino acids (p 0.05), total amino acids (p 0.05), and some individual amino acids (p 0.05). In conclusion, crossbreeding improved the slaughter traits of chickens and increased intramuscular fat and inosinic acid content in breast muscle. The fatty acid and amino acid compositions of breast muscles were also improved by crossbreeding.
ABSTRACT
We investigated the effects of crossbreeding on slaughter traits and the chemical composition of chicken breast muscle. Trials were conducted using 120 broilers from four lines: Xiao-Shan chicken (XS), Xian-Ju chicken (XJ), Xiao-Shan chicken × Xian-Ju chicken (Zhenan 1, ZNY1) and Xiao-Shan chicken × (Guang-Xi Yellow chicken×Xian-Ju chicken) (Zhenan 2, ZNY2). The birds were slaughtered at 120 days of age and the slaughter traits were measured. Breast muscles were sampled to determine chemical composition. The slaughter traits of hybrid chickens were improved. Both hybrid strains had higher intramuscular fat (IMF) and inosine-5'-monophosphate (inosinic acid, IMP). Concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in breast muscles from the two hybrids were significantly higher than in the other two breeds (p 0.05). The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the breast muscles of the two hybrids was significantly lower than in the other two breeds (p 0.05). ZNY2 had significantly lower (p 0.05) concentrations of myristic acid (C14:0). The breast muscle of ZNY1 had significantly higher palmitic acid (C16:0) concentrations than XS, XJ, or ZNY2 (p 0.05). The concentrations of oleic acid (C18:1) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA) in breast muscle from the two hybrid lines were significantly higher than the other two breeds (p 0.05). Breast muscles from XS and XJ chickens contained significantly higher docosahexenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) than the two hybrid lines (p 0.05). The XS and XJ chickens had lower n-6/n-3 ratios than the two hybrids (p 0.05). Breast muscles from ZNY1 and ZNY2 contained higher concentrations of essential amino acids (p 0.05), total amino acids (p 0.05), and some individual amino acids (p 0.05). In conclusion, crossbreeding improved the slaughter traits of chickens and increased intramuscular fat and inosinic acid content in breast muscle. The fatty acid and amino acid compositions of breast muscles were also improved by crossbreeding.
ABSTRACT
A total of 20 random primers (10-mers) were used to amplify RAPD markers from the genomic DNA of four Trypanosoma brucei stocks from East and West Africa, four T. evansi stocks from Africa, Asia and South America and one T. equiperdum stock from Asia. Between 65 and 88 reproducible fragments ranging from 0.25 to 2.15 kb were generated from these stocks depending on the stock/primer combination. The similarity coefficient (SC) among the stocks of T. brucei from Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia ranged from 62.9% to 74.0% (average: 67.6%). The SC among the stocks of T. evansi from Kenya, China and Brazil was 76.4%-95.5% (average: 86.4%), while the SC between T. evansi stock from China and Brazil was 95.5%. For T. evansi and T. equiperdum, the SC among the stocks ranged from 81.2% to 94.4% (average: 87.6%). As for the SC among the stocks of T. brucei and T. evansi, it was found to be from 54.7% to 80.3% (average: 68.0%) and the SC among stocks of T. brucei and T. equiperdum was from 59.4% to 76.9% (average: 68.1%). Our results indicate that the stocks of T. evansi from China and from Brazil are more closely related to the stock of T. equiperdum from China than to the stocks of T. evansi isolated from Kenya and to the stocks of T. brucei. In addition, our results further support the hypothesis that T. evansi stocks from China and Brazil could have arisen from a single lineage. The possible evolution of T. evansi and T. equiperdum is also discussed.