ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 infection is a global public health problem, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Evidence shows that obesity is a recognized risk factor for hospitalization, admission to critical care units, and the development of serious complications from COVID-19. This review analyzes the available epidemiological evidence that relates obesity to a higher risk of severity and mortality from COVID-19, examining the possible pathophysiological mechanisms that explain this phenomenon on a cellular and molecular level.
ABSTRACT
En el presente trabajo se describe un caso de muerte súbita en una mujer de 70 años que fallece 20 días después de ser dada de alta tras ingreso por infección urinaria secundaria a litiasis renal complicada con shock séptico e insuficiencia renal y respiratoria. En el corazón se identificó una cardiopatía isquémica crónica y extensas áreas de miocardio calcificado. Además, se exponen los tipos de calcificaciones del miocardio existentes y sus causas; y se analizan aquellos factores que en el caso presentado han podido causar la calcificación del miocardio(AU)
In the present report, we describe a case of sudden death in a 70-year-old woman who died 20 days after been discharged after admission for urinary infection secondary to renal lithiasis complicated with septic shock and renal and respiratory failure. It has been identified chronic ischemic heart disease and extensive areas of calcified myocardium. Also, we review myocardial calfications subtypes and its causes, and we analyze the specifics of the presented case(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Causality , Myocardial Ischemia/complications , Shock, Septic/complications , Death, Sudden , Renal Insufficiency/complications , Nephrolithiasis/etiology , MyocardiumABSTRACT
Los profesionales de la salud están expuestos a una gran variedad de microorganismos desde esporas, bacterias, hongos, virus y protozoarios que pueden encontrarse en la sangre y/o saliva de los pacientes. Cualquiera de estos microorganismos puede causar una enfermedad infectocontagiosa a través de pinchazos y/o salpicaduras producidas por el aerosol durante la práctica dental. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia bacteriana en las piezas de alta velocidad utilizadas en la práctica clínica. Material y métodos: Es un estudio experimental, observacional y transversal en el que se evaluó la contaminación de 30 piezas de alta velocidad utilizadas en la práctica clínica. Previo al estudio se efectuó una estandarización obteniendo una kappa del 0.85. Se realizó una base de datos en el programa SPSS versión 22, con el que se llevó a cabo el análisis descriptivo para determinar medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: 73.3% de las muestras analizadas tuvieron crecimiento bacteriano, entre las bacterias que se encontraron resultó que 54.5% de ellas fueron bacterias Gram positivas y el resto Gram negativas. La bacteria con mayor presencia en la muestra fue el Bacillus en 45.5% seguida del Streptococcus en 27.3%, el restante 27.2% fue Staphylococcus, Coccus y Streptobacillus. Conclusiones: El uso correcto de las piezas de alta, así como su desinfección en la consulta dental es de suma importancia, ya que nos ayudan a evitar contaminaciones cruzadas y a prevenir que dentro del área de trabajo se formen focos de infección (AU)
Health professionals are exposed to a wide variety of microorganisms from spores, bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that can be found in the blood and/or saliva of patients. Any of these microorganisms can cause an infectious disease through punctures and / or splashes produced by the aerosol during dental practice.1,2 Objective: To determine the bacterial presence in the high-speed pieces used in clinical practice. Material and methods: It are an experimental, observational and transversal study; where the contamination of 30 high-speed pieces used in clinical practice was evaluated. Prior to the study, a standardization was made obtaining a kappa of 0.85. A database was made in the program SPSS version 22, with which the descriptive analysis was carried out to determine measures of central tendency. Results: 73.3% of the analyzed samples showed bacterial growth, among the bacteria that were found, 54.5% of them were gram-positive bacteria and the rest were gram-negative. The bacterium with the highest presence in the sample was for Bacillus in 45.5% followed by Streptococcus in 27.3%, the remaining 27.2% was for Staphylococcus, Coccus and Streptobacillus. Conclusions: The correct use of the discharging parts, as well as their disinfection in the dental practice is of the utmost importance as they help us to avoid cross contamination and to prevent foci of infection from forming within the work area (AU)
Subject(s)
Dental High-Speed Equipment/microbiology , Biological Contamination , Infection Control, Dental/methods , Colony Count, Microbial , Cross-Sectional Studies , Culture Media , Dental Clinics/standards , Observational StudyABSTRACT
Due to the difficulty of performing research protocols that reproduce human skeletal muscle disuse conditions, an experimental animal model of "hindlimb suspension" (or hindlimb unloading) was developed. This method was created in the 1970s and utilizes rats and mice to mimic space flight and bed rest in humans. It provides an alternative to investigate mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle mass loss and interventions designed to attenuate atrophy induced by hindlimb unloading. The mentioned protocol also allows investigating quality of bones and changes in several physiological parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, plasma or tissue lipid composition, and glycemia.
Subject(s)
Atrophy/blood , Hindlimb Suspension/methods , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Muscular Atrophy/blood , Animals , Atrophy/genetics , Atrophy/physiopathology , Blood Pressure , Humans , Lipids/blood , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology , Rats , RodentiaABSTRACT
Knowing the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle is critical to understand how it works under normal situation and the disorders caused by extreme or pathological conditions. Sarcomere is the basic structural unit of striated muscle tissue. An important element of sarcomere architecture are the intermediate filaments, including the desmin protein. Desmin protein contributes to maintenance of cell integrity, efficient transmission of force and mechanochemical signaling within the myocyte. Because of this, desmin protein has constantly been a focus of research that investigates its alterations associated to damage and muscle atrophy under different conditions. The purpose of the following literature review is to describe the basic concepts of muscle ultrastructure, emphasizing the desmin protein role under conditions of muscle disuse atrophy and aging.
Conocer la ultraestructura del músculo esquelético es crítico para entender cómo trabaja bajo situaciones normales y en desórdenes causados por condiciones extremas o patológicas. La sarcómera es la unidad de estructura básica del tejido muscular estriado. Elementos importantes en la arquitectura de la sarcómera son los filamentos intermedios, incluyendo la proteína desmina. La proteína desmina contribuye en mantener la integridad celular, la transmisión eficiente de fuerza y la señalización mecanoquímica dentro del miocito. Debido a lo anterior, la proteína desmina ha sido constante foco de investigación en trabajos que estudian sus alteraciones asociadas a daño y atrofia muscular bajo diferentes condiciones. El propósito de la siguiente revisión de la literatura es describir los conceptos básicos de la ultraestructura muscular, enfatizando en el rol de la proteína desmina bajo condiciones de atrofia muscular por desuso y envejecimiento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Sarcomeres/ultrastructure , Aging , Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure , Desmin/ultrastructure , Intermediate Filaments/ultrastructureABSTRACT
New research into physical activity suggests that it is no longer sufficient just to meet minimum levels recommended by health guidelines in order to reduce cardiovascular risk. Both physical inactivity and sedentary behavior have their own health hazards and need to be addressed separately, in order to explore their different deleterious mechanisms. The aim of this review was to define and to characterize both concepts, and their relationship with major non-communicable chronic diseases. A PubMed database search was undertaken, using the following key words: physical activity, physical inactivity, sedentarism, sedentary behavior, and non-communicable chronic disease. This literature review provides an updated view on physical inactivity and sedentary behavior, and reevaluates their prevalence and association with major non-communicable chronic disease.
ABSTRACT
Resumen: La Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) es un reconocido factor de riesgo cardiovascular que ha mostrado asociación con aterosclerosis subclínica; lo cual podría ser explicado por la presencia de una base genética común entre ambas patologías. Varios polimorfismos del gen de calpaína-10 (CAPNIO) han sido asociados con insulino resistencia y DMT2, sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia de su relación con enfermedad coronaria. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la posible asociación de la variante SNP-43 de CAPNIO con el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria en individuos del sur de Chile. Métodos: Fueron incluidos en este estudio, 218 pacientes adultos no relacionados con enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC) confirmada mediante angiografía (estenosis >70 por ciento) y 194 individuos controles. La variante genética UCSNP-43 fue estudiada por PCR-RFLP. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las frecuencias genotípicas de la variante UCSNP-43 en pacientes con EAC (GG: 51.4 por ciento; GA: 42.7 por ciento; AA: 5.9 por ciento) y controles (GG: 59.6 por ciento; GA: 35.1 por ciento; AA: 5.2 por ciento, p=0.228). Similarmente, no hubo diferencias significativas entre las frecuencias alélicas entre pacientes con EAC y controles (p=0.200). La Odds Ratio fue de 1.17 (I.C 95 por ciento: 0.50-2.72), confirmando la ausencia reasociación. Conclusión: Nuestros datos sugieren que la variante UCSNP-43 del gen CAPNIO no está asociada a la presencia de enfermedad arterial coronaria en la población investigada.
Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is a well know cardiovascular risk factor and has been related to subclinic atherosclerosis, which might be explained by the presence of a common genetic basis in both diseases. Several polymorphisms of the cal-pain-10 gene (CAPNIO) have been associated with insulin resistance and DMT; nevertheless, there is insufficient evidence about their relation with coronary artery disease (CAD). Thus, in the present study we investigated the possible association between the SNP-43 variant of CAPNIO and the presence of CAD in Chilean subjects. Methods: A total of 218 unrelated patients with diagnosis of CAD confirmed by angiography (33-74 years old) and 194 healthy controls (30 - 68 years old) were included in this study. The SNP43 variant of the CAPNIO gene was evaluated by PCR-RFLP. Results: The genotype distribution for SNP43 variant of CAPNIO gene in CAD patients (GG: 51.4 percent; GA: 42.7 percent; AA: 5.9 percent) and controls (GG: 59.6 percent; GA: 35.1 percent; AA: 5.2 percent) was similar (P=0.228). Similarly, the allelic frequency was no different (P = 0.200). The OR for CAD related to AA homozygous genotype was 1.17 (95 percent C.I. = 0.50 - 2.72), confirming the absence of association. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the SNP43 polymorphism of the CAPNIO gene is not associated to CAD in the studied individuals.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Calpain/genetics , Coronary Artery Disease/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Case-Control Studies , Chile , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthABSTRACT
The octopus Octopus hubbsorum (Berry 1953) ranges widely and is important for the artisanal fishery in Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico. Samples were taken approximately at every two weeks from January 2002 to November 2003. All organisms were measured for dorsal mantle length (DLM) and total weight; sex and maturity gonadic stage were registered. For the stomach content analysis, frequency of occurrence and emptying indexes were used. The 352 organisms caught ranged from 4 to 18 cm in DLM; the sex ratio was different from 1 (chi2 = 24.2, p<0.05) throughout the year. The maximum values of the GSI appeared in May (4.1917 for females; 1.2675 in males). LDM for first sexual maturity (LDM50%) was 16 cm (females) and 14 cm (males). Octopus hubbsorum moves from deep waters to the coast, probably in search of better conditions, and lays masses of eggs on rocky substrata. They are fished from March to October, with higher intensity in April and May. Fishing effort was related to the oceanographic characteristics and the atmospheric conditions of the area. From April to September the CPUE monthly mean was 20-10 kg/divers/day. Using the CPUE and environmental condition relationship, the estimated adequate superficial temperature for fishing is 29.5 degrees C.
Subject(s)
Feeding Behavior/physiology , Octopodiformes/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Animals , Female , Fisheries , Gastrointestinal Contents , Male , Mexico , Seasons , Seawater , Sex RatioABSTRACT
Reproduction, diet and fishery of Octopus (Octopus) hubbsorum (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. The octopus Octopus hubbsorum (Berry 1953) ranges widely and is important for the artisanal fishery in Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico. Samples were taken approximately at every two weeks from January 2002 to November 2003. All organisms were measured for dorsal mantle length (DLM) and total weight; sex and maturity gonadic stage were registered. For the stomach content analysis, frequency of occurrence and emptying indexes were used. The 352 organisms caught ranged from 4 to 18 cm in DLM; the sex ratio was different from 1 (X² = 24.2, p<0.05) throughout the year. The maximum values of the GSI appeared in May (4.1917 for females; 1.2675 in males). LDM for first sexual maturity (LDM50%) was 16 cm (females) and 14 cm (males). Octopus hubbsorum moves from deep waters to the coast, probably in search of better conditions, and lays masses of eggs on rocky substrata. They are fished from March to October, with higher intensity in April and May. Fishing effort was related to the oceanographic characteristics and the atmospheric conditions of the area. From April to September the CPUE monthly mean was 20-10 kg/divers/day. Using the CPUE and environmental condition relationship, the estimated adequate superficial temperature for fishing is 29.5 °C. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 63-78. Epub 2009 June 30.
Se analizan algunos aspectos de la biología y pesquería de Octopus hubbsorum capturado por pesca artesanal en Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, México. Las muestras se obtuvieron de enero 2002 a noviembre 2003 con una periodicidad quincenal. A cada uno de los organismos se les registró la longitud dorsal del manto (LDM), peso total, sexo y estado de madurez gonádica. Asímismo se obtuvo el Índice Gonadosomático (IGS). Para el análisis del contenido estomacal se utilizaron los índices de frecuencia de presencia y vaciado. Se analizaron 352 organismos, con un intervalo de tallas de 4 a 19 cm LDM; la proporción de sexos fue diferente de 1 (.2= 24.2, p<0.05) todo el año. Los valores máximos del IGS se presentaron en mayo (4.1917 hembras; 1.2675 machos). La LDM de primera madurez sexual para las hembras es de 16 cm (machos 14 cm). Octopus hubbsorum viaja a la costa con el fin de colocar las masas de huevos sobre sustratos rocosos y probablemente en busca de condiciones más adecuadas que a mayores profundidades. La pesca se realiza todo el año con un incremento en las capturas de marzo a octubre, con mayor intensidad en abril y mayo. El esfuerzo de pesca se encuentra relacionado con las características oceanográficas y las condiciones atmosféricas de la zona. De abril a septiembre la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) promedio mensual varió entre 10 y 20 kg/buzo/día. A partir de la relación entre la CPUE y las variables ambientales, se estimó una temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) óptima, la cual es de 29.5 °C para la captura de esta especie.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Octopodiformes/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Fisheries , Gastrointestinal Contents , Mexico , Seasons , Seawater , Sex RatioABSTRACT
A reproductive analysis of 1 225 specimens of Poeciliopsis gracilis obtained through monthly samples from Coatetelco, a tropical shallow lake in Central Mexico, was made. There was an evident sexual dimorphism, including a difference in body size at the onset of reproduction. Sex ratio deviated significantly from unity. Monthly variations in gonadosomatic (GSI), hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes and ovarian development stages showed that the spawning season was from July to October, coinciding with the rainy season and phytoplankton biomass increase. The largest sizes were 50 mm for females and 43 mm for males. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1801-1812. Epub 2008 December 12.
Se realizó el análisis reproductivo de 1 225 organismos de Poeciliopsis gracilis que se obtuvieron de manera mensual en el lago Coatetelco, un cuerpo somero tropical en México. Se hizo evidente un dimorfismo sexual en las características morfológicas de esta especie. Se observó una diferencia en el tamaño corporal entre los sexos al inicio de la reproducción. La proporción sexual fue diferente de uno. Con base en la variación mensual del índice gonadosomático (IGS), hepatosomático (IHS) y los estadios de madurez gonádica, se observó que la época de reproducción de P. gracilis se realiza entre julio y octubre, que coincide con la época de lluvias e incremento de la biomasa del fitoplancton. La talla más grande registrada fue de 50 mm para las hembras y de 43 mm para los machos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Environment , Poecilia/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Body Size , Mexico , Poecilia/classification , Poecilia/growth & development , Seasons , Sex Characteristics , Sex Ratio , Sexual Maturation/physiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies have suggested that the Calpain-10 gene polymorphisms may play a role in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) susceptibility. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible association between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the calpain-10 gene (UCSNPs -43, -19, and -63) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Chilean women. METHODS: Fifty women with PCOS (28.8+/-8.2 y) and 70 healthy women (28.6+/-8.6 y) were included in this study. Serum lipids, hormonal status, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin, HOMAIR, and uric acid levels were determined by conventional methods. The calpain-10 gene variants were detected by PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. RESULTS: The presence of uncommon allele (A) for the UCSNP-43 was associated with increased risk of PCOS (odds ratio=1.93, 95% CI: 1.11-3.34). The UCSNP-63 (OR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.59-2.11) and UCSNP-19 (OR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.55-1.57) were not associated to PCOS. However, the PCOS women carrying the CC genotype for UCSNP-63 exhibited higher values of total cholesterol and LDL-C (P<0.05). Similarly, control women carrying the CC genotype showed higher serum levels of triglycerides, HDL-C and uric acid (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest the contribution of CAPN10 UCSNP-43 gene polymorphism to PCOS in Chilean women. However, further studies with larger samples are necessary to confirm this observation.
Subject(s)
Calpain/genetics , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/epidemiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Alleles , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Chile/epidemiology , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , DNA/genetics , Female , Gene Frequency , Glucose Tolerance Test , Hormones/blood , Humans , Insulin/blood , Lipids/blood , Polymorphism, Genetic , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Risk , Uric Acid/blood , Young AdultABSTRACT
Age and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were determined using 1 039 specimens collected in a tropical shallow lake of Mexico, from January to December 1993. Standard length of females ranged from 9.0 to 16.5 cm and males from 8.9 to 14.8 cm. The standard length-weight relationships for all individuals was BW=0.1207 SL2.469. The age data, derived from opercular bone readings, were used to estimate the growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation: or = 17.88 cm, K=0.3409, t o=-1.543, and W=149.21 g. The oldest male and female were 2.5 years old. The sex ratio (female:male) was of 1:1 (X²=0.02, p>0.05). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 875-884. Epub 2008 June 30.
Se determinó la edad y el crecimiento de la tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) utilizando 1 039 organismos que fueron recolectados de Enero a Diciembre de 1993 en un lago somero tropical de México. La talla para las hembras osciló entre 9.0 y 16.5 cm longitud patrón y para los machos entre 8.9 y 14.8 cm. La relación peso total-longitud patrón para toda la población fue P=0.1207 L2.469. Los datos de edad obtenidos a través de los anillos del hueso opercular se utilizaron para estimar los parámetros de crecimiento del modelo de von Bertalanffy: o = 17.88 cm, K=0.3409, t o=-1.543 y P o = 149.21 g. La edad máxima obtenida para hembras y machos fue de 2.5 año. La proporción sexual (hembra:macho) para la especie fue de 1:1 (X²=0.02, p>0.05).
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Longevity , Tilapia/growth & development , Mexico , Sex Characteristics , Tilapia/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
A reproductive analysis of 1225 specimens of Poeciliopsis gracilis obtained through monthly samples from Coatetelco, a tropical shallow lake in Central Mexico, was made. There was an evident sexual dimorphism, including a difference in body size at the onset of reproduction. Sex ratio deviated significantly from unity. Monthly variations in gonadosomatic (GSI), hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes and ovarian development stages showed that the spawning season was from July to October, coinciding with the rainy season and phytoplankton biomass increase. The largest sizes were 50 mm for females and 43 mm for males.
Subject(s)
Environment , Poecilia/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Animals , Body Size , Female , Male , Mexico , Poecilia/classification , Poecilia/growth & development , Seasons , Sex Characteristics , Sex Ratio , Sexual Maturation/physiologyABSTRACT
Age and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were determined using 1039 specimens collected in a tropical shallow lake of Mexico, from January to December 1993. Standard length of females ranged from 9.0 to 16.5 cm and males from 8.9 to 14.8 cm. The standard length-weight relationships for all individuals was BW=0.1207 SL2469. The age data, derived from opercular bone readings, were used to estimate the growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation: Lx=17.88 cm, K=0.3409, t0=-1.543, and Winfinity=149.21 g. The oldest male and female were 2.5 years old. The sex ratio (female:male) was of 1:1 (chi2=0.02, p>0.05).
Subject(s)
Longevity , Tilapia/growth & development , Animals , Female , Male , Mexico , Sex Characteristics , Tilapia/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
En un niño con diagnóstico de atransferrinemia hereditaria, la presentación de dos cuadros que sugerían hepatitis viral, determinó la práctica de una biopsia hepática percutánea que mostró lesión hepática severa por sobrecarga de Fe. La combinación de flebotomía con reposición del volumen a base de plasma normal, permitió la remoción de 3877.5 mg de Fe en 8 meses. En la revisión de la literatura, no se encontró mención del empleo de un tratamiento similar en el manejo de la sobrecarga de Fe en atransferrinemia hereditaria, tal vez por el corto número de familias informadas con esta enfermedad
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Blood Transfusion , Iron/blood , Phlebotomy , Transferrin/deficiencyABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio in vitro utilizando 24 fármacos, 6 soluciones y 2 solventes de uso habitual en anestesia, a los cuales se les midió pH y osmolaridad. Los resultados más evidentes en cuanto al cambio de pH fueron con las diluciones de fentanyl, meperidina, succinil colina, naloxona y adrenalina, que se hacen más alcalinas que en su presentación original, con todas las soluciones. Con el resto de los medicamentos, se encontró alcalinidad con las diluciones con solución Hartman, glucosada al 5% y fisiológica, por lo que se recomienda hacer las diluciones con estas soluciones. Osmolaridad. Por ser demasiado grande su valor en el caso del diazepan y flunitrazepan a las diluciones convencionales; se recomienda hacer la dilución con 20 ml. o bien administrarlos en infusión continua a goteo, de preferencia con solución Hartman o agua bidestilada
Subject(s)
Analgesics , Osmolar Concentration , Drug Interactions , In Vitro Techniques , Drug SynergismABSTRACT
Se efectuó el presente estudio tratando de determinar el potencial hepatotóxico de halotano y enflurano y la posible relación de este con el stress quirúrgico. Se estudiaron 20 pacientes del sexo masculino y femenino y se integraron dos grupos (n=10). Los pacientes del grupo I recibieron halotano y los del segundo enflurano. Se determinaron las siguientes pruebas de función hepática: BI, BD, DHL, FA, PT, TGO, TGP, GGTP y de prolactina (RIA): "basales" "inmediatas" y "mediatas"; siendo la última toma al 8§ día del postoperatorio. Se encontraron elevaciones significativas estadísticamente en DHL en sus tres últimas muestras y elevaciones en la segunda y tercera muestra de GGTP; siendo ésto más evidente en el grupo de pacientes que recibieron halotano. El resto de pruebas no presentaron elevaciones con significancia estadística