Is functional training an efficient approach to improve body composition in older people? A systematic review.

Introduction: Increases in fat mass and reductions in lean mass are associated with the frailty and mortality of older people. In this context, Functional Training (FT) is an option to increase lean mass and reduce fat mass in older people. Thus, this systematic review aims to investigate the effects of FT on body fat and lean mass in older people. Methods: We included randomized controlled clinical trials, with at least one intervention group that employed FT, with the age of participants ≥60 years; and participants physically independent and healthy. We performed the systematic investigation in Pubmed MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. We extracted the information and used the PEDro Scale to assess the methodological quality of each study. Results: Our research found 3,056 references with five appropriate studies. Of the five studies, three presented reductions in fat mass, all of them with interventions between three and 6 months, different training dose parameters, and 100% of the sample was composed of women. On the other hand, two studies with interventions between 10 and 12 weeks presented conflicting results. Conclusion: Despite the limited literature about lean mass, it appears that long-term FT interventions may reduce fat mass in older women. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=399257, identifier CRD42023399257.

Analysis of Pacing Strategies in AMRAP, EMOM, and FOR TIME Training Models during "Cross" Modalities.

Empirically, it is widely discussed in "Cross" modalities that the pacing strategy developed by an athlete or trainee has a significant impact on the endurance performance in a WOD in the AMRAP, EMOM, or FOR TIME model. We can observe at least six pacing strategies adopted during the cyclical modalities in the endurance performance in the scientific literature. However, besides these modalities, exercises of acyclical modalities of weightlifting and gymnastics are performed in the "Cross" modalities. These exercises may not allow the same pacing strategies adopted during cyclic modalities' movements due to their motor characteristics and different intensity and level of effort imposed to perform the motor gesture. In addition to the intensity and level of effort that are generally unknown to the coach and athlete of the "Cross" modalities, another factor that can influence the adoption of a pacing strategy during a WOD in the AMRAP, EMOM, or FOR TIME model is the task endpoint knowledge, which varies according to the training model used. Thus, our objective was to evaluate situations in which these factors can influence the pacing strategies adopted in a self-regulated task with cyclic and acyclic modalities movements during an endurance workout in the AMRAP, EMOM, and FOR TIME model. Given the scarcity of studies in the scientific literature and the increasing discussion of this topic within the "Cross" modalities, this manuscript can help scientists and coaches better orient their research problems or training programs and analyze and interpret new findings more accurately.

Integración de la hepcidina a las respuestas y adaptaciones a la hipoxia en el deporte / Integration of hepcidin in responses and adaptation to hypoxia in sport

Entre las distintas estrategias empleadas con objeto de mejorar el rendimiento deportivo se ha empleado tradicionalmente las concentraciones de entrenamiento en altura. En la actualidad dicha práctica se ha hecho más común, al posibilitarse la realización de exposiciones a estímulos de hipoxia intermitente, gracias a la utilización de distintas tecnologías como las cámaras hipobáricas. Algunos estudios han intentado comprobar el efecto de distintos protocolos de exposición a ambientes hipóxicos sobre el rendimiento deportivo y sobre las variables relacionadas con el sistema sanguíneo. Sin embargo, con frecuencia, no se tiene en cuenta que, como respuesta a la hipoxia, el cuerpo reacciona con una serie de respuestas y adaptaciones a nivel multisistémico. Además, el descubrimiento de la hepcidina ha hecho comprender mejor el conocimiento existente acerca del metabolismo del hierro. Dado que condiciones de hipoxia podrían alterar la síntesis de hepcidina, el objetivo del presente estudio de revisión bibliográfica ha sido doble: I) comprobar las distintas respuestas y adaptaciones a nivel multisistémico a condiciones de hipoxia; II) integrar la hepcidina como posible variable que interviene en las respuestas que tienen lugar en relación al metabolismo del hierro.

Among the various strategies used to improve athletic performance has traditionally been used concentrations altitude training. Today this practice has become more common, making it possible exposures to intermittent hypoxia stimuli, through the use of various technologies such as hypobaric chambers. Some studies have attempted to test the effect of different protocols of exposure to hypoxic environments on athletic performance and related variables on the blood system. However, often is not taken into account that, in response to hypoxia, the body has a number of responses and adaptations to multisystem level. Furthermore, the discovery of hepcidin has done to change the existing knowledge of iron metabolism. Since hypoxic conditions could alter the synthesis of hepcidin, the objective of this literature review study was twofold: i) to test the different responses and adaptations to multisystem level hypoxic conditions; ii) integrate hepcidin as a possible intervening variable in responses that occur in relation to iron metabolism.