ABSTRACT
In recent years, epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been seen in the summer in Japan. Patients hospitalized in the summer used a high-flow oxygen administration device more frequently than patients hospitalized in the winter. This study was a retrospective study to examine the variables associated with duration of oxygen therapy and severe cases. Subjects were pediatric patients diagnosed with RSV infection and hospitalized for treatment during the 5 years from April 2014 to March 2019. Data from 292 patients were analyzed. Duration of oxygen therapy was significantly associated with bronchial asthma (partial regression coefficient: 0.897, P = .004). Hospitalization in summer was significantly associated with severe condition (adjusted odds ratio: 4.07, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-14.27). The present study showed that bronchial asthma is a risk factor for prolonged oxygen therapy and infection in summer is a risk factor for progression to severe condition in cases of RSV infection.
ABSTRACT
Entry of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) into host cells is mainly mediated by interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein surface unit (SU) and three host receptors: glucose transporter type 1, heparin/heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and neuropilin-1 (Nrp1). Here, we analyzed the interaction between HTLV-1 SU and Nrp1 using nuclear magnetic resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry. We found that two SU peptides, residues 85-94 and residues 304-312, bound directly to the Nrp1 b1 domain with affinities of 7.4 and 17.7⯵M, respectively. The binding modes of both peptides were almost identical to those observed for Tuftsin and vascular endothelial growth factor A binding to the Nrp1 b1 domain. These results suggest that the C-terminal region of HTLV-1 SU contains a novel site for direct binding of virus to the Nrp1 b1 domain. Our biophysical characterization of the SU peptides may help in developing inhibitors of HTLV-1 entry.
Subject(s)
Gene Products, env/chemistry , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/chemistry , Neuropilin-1/chemistry , Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/chemistry , Binding Sites , Gene Products, env/genetics , Gene Products, env/metabolism , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism , Humans , Neuropilin-1/genetics , Neuropilin-1/metabolism , Protein Binding , Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/genetics , Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/metabolismABSTRACT
Although carbapenem is the recommended for urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms, non-carbapenems have been reported to be effective for adult patients with UTI caused by ESBL-producing organisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of non-carbapenems for pediatric patients with UTI due to ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) based on the microbiologic and clinical outcomes. Fifteen children, who were treated for first febrile UTI caused by ESBL-producing E. coli were enrolled in this study. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and ESBL production were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. To detect CTX-M genes, polymerase chain reaction was performed with specific primers for blaCTX-M detection. Of the 15 enrolled patients, 10 (66.7%) were boys and 5 (33.3%) were girls, with a median age of four months. VUR was detected in six patients (40%). For detection of blaCTX-M by PCR, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-8, CTX-M-14, and CTX-M-15 were detected in five, one, eight, and one patient, respectively. Overall, 14 of the 15 isolates (93.3%) were susceptible for fosfomycin (FOM), and all isolates were susceptible for cefmetazole (CMZ), flomoxef (FMOX), and imipenem/cilastatin (IPM/CS). Of the 15 patients, 12 (80%) clinically improved without the use of carbapenems. In conclusion, even if isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli are multidrug resistant based on MIC assessment, clinical susceptibility to non-carbapenems, such as CMZ, FMOX, and FOM, is possible. Accordingly, carbapenems may not be required all the time for treatment of pediatric UTI in clinical practice.