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J Clin Invest ; 122(4): 1339-53, 2012 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22476196

ABSTRACT

Defective brain insulin signaling has been suggested to contribute to the cognitive deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although a connection between AD and diabetes has been suggested, a major unknown is the mechanism(s) by which insulin resistance in the brain arises in individuals with AD. Here, we show that serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 (IRS-1pSer) is common to both diseases. Brain tissue from humans with AD had elevated levels of IRS-1pSer and activated JNK, analogous to what occurs in peripheral tissue in patients with diabetes. We found that amyloid-ß peptide (Aß) oligomers, synaptotoxins that accumulate in the brains of AD patients, activated the JNK/TNF-α pathway, induced IRS-1 phosphorylation at multiple serine residues, and inhibited physiological IRS-1pTyr in mature cultured hippocampal neurons. Impaired IRS-1 signaling was also present in the hippocampi of Tg mice with a brain condition that models AD. Importantly, intracerebroventricular injection of Aß oligomers triggered hippocampal IRS-1pSer and JNK activation in cynomolgus monkeys. The oligomer-induced neuronal pathologies observed in vitro, including impaired axonal transport, were prevented by exposure to exendin-4 (exenatide), an anti-diabetes agent. In Tg mice, exendin-4 decreased levels of hippocampal IRS-1pSer and activated JNK and improved behavioral measures of cognition. By establishing molecular links between the dysregulated insulin signaling in AD and diabetes, our results open avenues for the investigation of new therapeutics in AD.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/toxicity , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins/metabolism , Insulin Resistance , Insulin/physiology , Peptides/therapeutic use , Venoms/therapeutic use , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured/drug effects , Cells, Cultured/metabolism , Exenatide , Female , Hippocampus/cytology , Hippocampus/metabolism , Hippocampus/pathology , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Infliximab , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Maze Learning/drug effects , Memory Disorders/etiology , Memory Disorders/metabolism , Memory Disorders/prevention & control , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Middle Aged , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Peptides/pharmacology , Phosphorylation , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , Rats , Venoms/pharmacology
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