The first detailed annual record on the National Clinical Database Urology Division in Japan: A report on five surgical procedures.

OBJECTIVES: The National Clinical Database (NCD) Urology Division commenced registration in April 2018 in Japan. This is the first report to focus on five surgeries for which detailed information is registered. METHODS: We herein describe annual trends in and the complication grades of the following five surgeries: partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy, radical cystectomy, radical prostatectomy, and pyeloplasty, using the NCD. A total of 149 417 patients treated with the five types of surgeries based on NCD data were enrolled in this report. RESULTS: The number of patients was 55 630 for partial/radical nephrectomy from April 2018 to December 2021, 83 653 for radical prostatectomy from April 2018 to December 2021, and 9342 for radical cystectomy from January 2020 to December 2021. In 2021, partial nephrectomy was performed on 7416 cases, radical nephrectomy on 7739 cases, radical prostatectomy on 22 692 cases, radical cystectomy on 4677 cases, and pyeloplasty on 792 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained showed that a robot-assisted or laparoscopic procedure has replaced open surgery as the common approach for all five surgeries. An analysis of NCD data may be useful for understanding trends in surgical procedures across the major field of urology.

Annual record on the number of general urological surgeries registered in the National Clinical Database system between April 2018 and December 2021 in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The Japanese National Clinical Database (NCD) is a large-scale, nationwide, web-based data entry system that covers the majority of surgical cases performed in Japan. An NCD specializing in urological surgery was launched based on the NCD system in 2018. METHODS: All urological surgeries performed at more than 1000 institutions were registered from 2018. We herein report the number of surgeries conducted as stipulated in the "Certified Urology Surgeon Training Curriculum" between April 2018 and December 2021. RESULTS: A total of 1 377 677 cases were registered from 1185 facilities nationwide under the initiative of the Japanese Urological Association. We examined the number of procedures performed every year for each of the 10 categories. CONCLUSIONS: The NCD system sustainably provides important information relating to the preoperative status, operational outcome, and best practice for urological surgery in Japan.

Volumetric imaging of the tumor microvasculature reflects outcomes and genomic states of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Tumor structure is heterogeneous and complex, and it is difficult to obtain complete characteristics by two-dimensional analysis. The aim of this study was to visualize and characterize volumetric vascular information of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumors using whole tissue phenotyping and three-dimensional light-sheet microscopy. Here, we used the diagnosing immunolabeled paraffin-embedded cleared organs pipeline for tissue clearing, immunolabeling, and three-dimensional imaging. The spatial distributions of CD34, which targets blood vessels, and LYVE-1, which targets lymphatic vessels, were examined by calculating three-dimensional density, vessel length, vessel radius, and density curves, such as skewness, kurtosis, and variance of the expression. We then examined those associations with ccRCC outcomes and genetic alteration state. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 46 ccRCC patients were included in the study. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed the associations between blood vessel and lymphatic vessel distributions and pathological factors such as a high nuclear grade, large tumor size, and the presence of venous invasion. Furthermore, three-dimensional imaging parameters stratified ccRCC patients regarding survival outcomes. An analysis of genomic alterations based on volumetric vascular information parameters revealed that PI3K-mTOR pathway mutations related to the blood vessel radius were significantly different. Collectively, we have shown that the spatial elucidation of volumetric vasculature information could be prognostic and may serve as a new biomarker for genomic alterations. High-end tissue clearing techniques and volumetric immunohistochemistry enable three-dimensional analysis of tumors, leading to a better understanding of the microvascular structure in the tumor space.

Appropriate definition of non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) and optimal timing of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI).

BACKGROUND: Defined by rising PSA levels under androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) despite no visible metastases on conventional imaging, non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) represents a complex clinical challenge. A significant subset of these patients rapidly develops metastatic disease, negatively impacting survival. We examined the difference in prognosis of nmCRPC patients according to the timing of therapeutic interventions with androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI). METHODS: We examined 102 nmCRPC patients treated with ARSI. We divided patients according to their PSA levels when ARSI was administered: Cohort A (PSA 0.5-2.0 ng/mL), Cohort B (PSA 2.0-4.0 ng/mL), and Cohort C (PSA > 4.0 ng/mL). Utilizing the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis, our analytical starting point was the moment when PSA levels exceeded 0.5 ng/mL post-ADT nadir, ensuring a fair comparison and minimizing lead-time bias. RESULTS: After excluding 5 patients whose PSA nadir after ADT > 0.5 ng/mL, patient distribution across Cohort A, Cohort B, and Cohort C was 32, 24, and 41 patients, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis highlighted a 2-year metastasis-free survival rate of 97% for Cohort A, 87% for Cohort B, and 73% for Cohort C. A marked statistical difference emerged when comparing Cohort A with Cohorts B and C, with a p-value of 0.043. CONCLUSION: The timely initiation of ARSI is paramount in nmCRPC management. Our findings strongly advocate for consideration of ARSI administration in nmCRPC patients before their PSA levels exceed 2.0 ng/mL. Our results indicated a PSA threshold of 1.0 ng/mL for nmCRPC definition which is more reasonable to administer ARSI without delay.

Cumulative incidence and risk factors for recurrence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in patients undergoing radical cystectomy.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the cumulative incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) recurrence and identify its risk factors in patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC). Patients and methods: We performed RC on 385 patients between September 2002 and February 2020. After excluding 20 patients-13 with simultaneous nephroureterectomy, 6 with distal ureteral stump positivity and 1 with urachal cancer-365 patients were included in the analysis. To predict UTUC recurrence, we examined the cancer extension pattern in cystectomy specimens and categorized them into three types: cancer located only in the bladder (bladder-only type), cancer extending to the urethra or distal ureter (one-extension type) and cancer extending to both the urethra and distal ureter (both-extension type). We determined hazard ratios for UTUC recurrence for each covariate, including this cancer extension pattern. Results: Of the 365 patients, 60% had the bladder-only type, 30% had the one-extension type and 10% had the both-extension type. During a median follow-up period of 72 months for survivors, UTUC recurred in 25 of the 365 patients, with cumulative incidences of 3.7% at 5 years and 8.3% at 10 years. The median interval from cystectomy to recurrence was 65 months (interquartile range: 36-92 months). In the multivariate analysis, the extension pattern was a significant predictor of UTUC recurrence. The hazard ratios for UTUC recurrence were 3.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-8.43, p = 0.025) for the one-extension type and 5.96 (95% CI = 1.98-17.91, p = 0.001) for the both-extension type compared with the bladder-only type. Conclusions: The cancer extension pattern in cystectomy specimens is predictive of UTUC recurrence. A more extensive cancer extension in cystectomy specimens elevates the risk of subsequent UTUC recurrence. Intensive long-term monitoring is essential, particularly for patients with the both-extension type.

Risk factors for postoperative fever after laparoscopic adrenalectomy focusing on hormones produced: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is widely performed for a number of hormone-producing tumors and postoperative management depends on the hormones produced. In the present study, we conducted a retrospective analysis to clarify the risk factors for postoperative complications, particularly postoperative fever after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. METHODS: We analyzed 406 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy at our hospital between 2003 and 2019. Postoperative fever was defined as a fever of 38 °C or higher within 72 h after surgery. We investigated the risk factors for postoperative fever after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. RESULTS: There were 188 males (46%) and 218 females (54%) with a median age of 52 years. Among these patients, tumor pathologies included 188 primary aldosteronism (46%), 75 Cushing syndrome (18%), and 80 pheochromocytoma (20%). Postoperative fever developed in 124 of all patients (31%), 30% of those with primary aldosteronism, 53% of those with pheochromocytoma, and 8% of those with Cushing syndrome. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified pheochromocytoma and non-Cushing syndrome as independent predictors of postoperative fever. Postoperative fever was observed in 42 out of 80 cases of pheochromocytoma (53%), which was significantly higher than in cases of non-pheochromocytoma (82/326, 25%, p < 0.01). In contrast, postoperative fever developed in 6 out of 75 cases of Cushing syndrome (8%), which was significantly lower than in cases of non-Cushing syndrome (118/331, 35.6%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Since postoperative fever after laparoscopic adrenalectomy is markedly affected by the hormone produced by pheochromocytoma and Cushing syndrome, it is important to carefully consider the need for treatment.

Detection of the Highest-Grade Lesion in Multifocal Discordant Prostate Cancer by Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer generally occurs multifocally. The lesions of the largest size and highest-grade are often concordant, and defined as an index tumor. However, these factors sometimes do not coincide within one lesion. In such discordant cases, not the largest size lesion but the highest-grade lesion is known to determine the prognosis. We focused on the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) detectability of the highest-grade tumors in discordant cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the detectability of the highest-grade tumor using preoperative mpMRI in 50 discordant patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. The radiologist was informed of the tumor location on the pathological tumor map, and mpMRI interpretation for each tumor was performed. RESULTS: Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 on preoperative mpMRI were assigned to 13, 1, 9, 16, and 11 of the largest tumors, respectively. On the other hand, scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were assigned to 23, 0, 7, 19, and 1 of the highest-grade tumors, respectively. The difference between them was statistically significant (p=0.007). We also found that the largest anterior tumor frequently hid the ipsilateral posterior highest-grade tumor; the detection rate of the highest-grade tumor in this pattern was 42.1% (8 of 19 cases) CONCLUSION: We found that mpMRI detectability of the highest-grade tumor in discordant cases was inferior to that of the largest tumor with low malignant potential. Our results suggest that the risk of high-grade tumors which determine patient prognosis being overlooked.

Prediction of pathological up-staging after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography urography for upper tract urothelial carcinoma is high; however, difficulties are associated with precisely assessing the T stage. Preoperative tumor staging has an impact on treatment options for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. We herein attempted to identify preoperative factors that predict pathological tumor up-staging, which will facilitate the selection of treatment strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 148 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent computed tomography urography preoperatively followed by radical nephroureterectomy without preoperative chemotherapy at our institution between 2000 and 2021. Preoperative factors associated with cT2 or lower to pT3 up-staging were examined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Ninety out of 148 patients were diagnosed with cT2 or lower, and 22 (24%) were up-staged to pT3. A multivariate analysis identified a positive voided urine cytology (HR 4.69, p = 0.023) and tumor length ≥ 3 cm (HR 6.33, p = 0.003) as independent predictors of pathological tumor up-staging. CONCLUSIONS: Patients diagnosed with cT2 or lower, but with preoperative positive voided urine cytology and/or tumor diameter ≥ 3 cm need to be considered for treatment as cT3.

Profiling Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Expression Based on the Immune Microenvironment in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have shown favorable outcomes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) with fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations and/or expression, the relationship between immune cell markers and FGFR3 expression remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the FGFR3-based immune microenvironment and investigate biomarkers to predict the treatment response to pembrolizumab (Pem) in patients with UTUC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted immunohistochemical staining in 214 patients with UTUC. The expression levels of FGFR3, CD4, CD8, CD68, CD163, CD204, and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) were examined. INTERVENTION: All UTUC patients underwent radical nephroureterectomy. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We assessed the relationship between these immune markers and patient prognosis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 109 (50.9%) patients showed high FGFR3 expressions and a favorable prognosis compared with the remaining patients. Among the six immune markers, CD8 high expression was an independent favorable factor, whereas CD204 expression was an independent prognostic factor for cancer death. From the FGFR3-based immune clustering, three immune clusters were identified. Cluster A showed low FGFR3 with tumor-associated macrophage-rich components (CD204+) followed by a poor prognosis due to a poor response to Pem. Cluster B showed low FGFR3 with an immune hot component (CD8+), followed by the most favorable prognosis owing to a good response to Pem. Cluster C showed high FGFR3 expression but an immune cold component, followed by a favorable prognosis due to the high FGFR3 expression, but a poor response was confirmed with Pem. CONCLUSIONS: Although most patients exhibit a poor response to Pem, individuals with low FGFR3 expression and immune hot status may benefit clinically from Pem treatment. PATIENT SUMMARY: We conducted immunohistochemical staining to evaluate fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)-related immune microenvironment by evaluating the expressions of CD4, CD8, CD68, CD163, CD204, and PD-L1 in 214 upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients. We identified three distinct immune clusters based on FGFR3 expressions and found that patients with a low FGFR3 expression but immune hot status received the maximum benefit from an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

Impact of prostatic shape on the difficulty of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the impact of prostatic shape observed on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the difficulty of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the operative records of 211 patients who underwent RALP. We excluded patients who received neoadjuvant therapy. All surgeries in this study were performed by two surgeons. Each patient clinicopathological and surgical data were reviewed. Prostate sphericity was evaluated by measuring the roundness of the prostate at the largest axial slice by MRI. The console time was adopted as an objective indicator for assessing surgical difficulty. RESULTS: The mean prostate volume was 34 cc (range 14-88) and the mean prostate roundness was 0.55 (range 0.24-0.90). The mean console time was 194 min (range 95-296). To assess the relationship between prostate volume and console time, scatter plot analysis was performed. The prostate volume had a weak positive correlation with the console time (r = .165, p = .016). Similarly, scatter plot analysis between the prostate roundness and console time demonstrated a weak positive correlation (r = .167, p = .015). Next, we performed subgroup analysis of 56 patients with a large prostate volume (≥40 cc), and the positive correlation between the prostate volume and the console time disappeared (r = .142, p = .296). On the other hand, the prostate roundness was more strongly correlated with the console time (r = .439, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The spherical shape of the prostate is associated with the surgical difficulty of RALP, especially in patients with a large prostate volume.

New risk stratification for adjuvant nivolumab for high-risk muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma.

Objectives: We aim to evaluate the risk of recurrence after neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy, particularly in ypT2 disease in patients with urothelial carcinoma, because it is not clear if all eligible patients with high-risk muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma should be treated with adjuvant nivolumab. Materials and Methods: We analysed the radiological and clinicopathological features, including cT and ypT stages, of 197 patients who had undergone two to four cycles of cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy without adjuvant chemotherapy. We stratified the risk of postoperative recurrence by these factors. Results: The median observation period was 29.6 (interquartile range, 11.4-71.7) months, and disease recurrence was observed in 58 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that ypT stage (P = 0.019) and lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.015) were independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence. The ypT2 group (n = 38) had significantly better recurrence-free survival than the ypT3 group (n = 41) (median recurrence-free survival: not reached vs. 13.4 months, respectively, P = 0.005). In ypT2 disease, the cT2 and ypT2 group (n = 15), which was diagnosed as cT2 preoperatively and then diagnosed as ypT2 postoperatively, had significantly better recurrence-free survival than the cT3/4 and ypT2 group (n = 23) (median recurrence-free survival: not reached vs. 63.1 months, respectively, P = 0.034). There was no significant difference in recurrence-free survival between the ypT ≤ 1 (n = 106) and the cT2 and ypT2 groups (median recurrence-free survival: not reached in both, P = 0.962). Conclusion: Patients with cT2 and ypT2 stage have a relatively low risk of recurrence and thus have a lower need for adjuvant nivolumab, particularly those with ypT2.

Prevalence and management of proteinuria associated with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in advanced renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and thyroid cancer.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs) are often used for treatment of several types of cancer; however, they are associated with an increased risk of proteinuria, sometimes leading to treatment discontinuation. We searched PubMed and Scopus to identify clinical studies examining the incidence and risk factors for proteinuria caused by VEGFR-TKIs in patients with renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The global incidence of proteinuria ranged from 6% to 34% for all grades of proteinuria, and from 1% to 10% for grade ≥3 proteinuria. The incidence of proteinuria did not differ significantly by cancer type, but in all three cancer types, there was a trend toward a higher incidence of proteinuria with lenvatinib than with other VEGFR-TKIs. In terms of risk factors, the incidence of proteinuria was significantly higher among Asians (including Japanese) compared with non-Asian populations. Other risk factors included diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and previous nephrectomy. When grade 3/4 proteinuria occurs, patients should be treated according to the criteria for dose reduction or withdrawal specified for each drug. For grade 2 proteinuria, treatment should be continued when the benefits outweigh the risks. Referral to a nephrologist should be considered for symptoms related to decreased renal function or when proteinuria has not improved after medication withdrawal. These management practices should be implemented universally, regardless of the cancer type.

Anemia in patients ≥ 75 years with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: an important poor prognostic factor in the international metastatic renal cell carcinoma database consortium model.

BACKGROUND: Due to an increase in life expectancy, the incidence of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in patients aged ≥75 years has been increasing. In this study we investigated the characteristics before treatment and the outcomes of systemic therapies for patients aged ≥75 years with mRCC and compared the results with those for patients aged < 75 years in order to determine whether differences in age influenced survival. METHODS: A total of 206 consecutive Japanese patients with mRCC, including 47 patients aged ≥75 years, who received systemic therapy were included. Clinical data from medical records were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively. Survival analyses were determined using a Kaplan-Meier method, and analyzed with a log-rank test. RESULTS: Elderly patients categorized as favorable risk group based on the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) stratification system were significantly lower. Among IMDC risk factors, the rate of anemia was significantly higher in elderly patients. No statistically significant benefit in progression free survival for first and second line treatment was observed, whereas improvements in overall survival as well as cancer specific survival were seen in patients aged < 75 years. CONCLUSIONS: For mRCC patients aged ≥75 years, a higher proportion of base line anemia, which resulted in higher rates of IMDC intermediate/poor risk, would be responsible for shorter OS/CSS. Furthermore, mRCC patients aged ≥75 years tend to receive BSC instead of second line active treatment. Overcoming under-treatment in elderly patients might help to prolong survival in mRCC.

Prognostic impact of tumor ureteral invasion on recurrence after radical cystectomy.

PURPOSE: Several preoperative factors have been suggested to be risk factors of disease recurrence after radical cystectomy. There is no study focusing on the impact on prognosis of bladder tumor ureteral invasion in preoperative imaging. METHODS: The study population consisted of 136 patients, all of whom underwent radical cystectomy during the period between 2007-2019. We excluded patients with concurrent or a history of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and who underwent radical cystectomy for other cancers or nononcologic reasons. The starting point of this study was the timing of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radical cystectomy and the endpoint was the timing of disease recurrence. To identify the factors influencing recurrence, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Recurrence-free survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Ureteral invasion was observed in 20 (14.7%) patients. Disease recurrence was observed in 11 (55.0%) of 20 ureteral invasion positive patients and 35 (30.2%) of 116 ureteral invasion negative patients, respectively. In the ureteral invasion positive group, clinical T and N stage were higher and hydronephrosis were more common than in the ureteral invasion negative group. According to the multivariate analysis, ureteral invasion (hazard ratio: 2.307, p = 0.016) and clinical N stage ≥ 1 (hazard ratio: 2.140, p = 0.028) were independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence. In the ureteral invasion positive group, more local recurrences were observed. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that ureteral invasion in preoperative imaging is a significant risk factor for postoperative recurrence.

Pre-existing Interstitial Lung Abnormalities and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Pneumonitis in Solid Tumors: A Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy over previous cytotoxic chemotherapies in clinical trials among various tumors. Despite their favorable outcomes, they are associated with a unique set of toxicities termed as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Among the toxicities, ICI-related pneumonitis has poor outcomes with little understanding of its risk factors. This retrospective study aimed to investigate whether pre-existing interstitial lung abnormality (ILA) is a potential risk factor for ICI-related pneumonitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with non-small cell lung cancer, malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and gastric cancer, who was administered either nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or atezolizumab between September 2014 and January 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Information on baseline characteristics, computed tomography findings before administration of ICIs, clinical outcomes, and irAEs were collected from their medical records. Pre-existing ILA was categorized based on previous studies. RESULTS: Two-hundred-nine patients with a median age of 68 years were included and 23 (11.0%) developed ICI-related pneumonitis. While smoking history and ICI agents were associated with ICI-related pneumonitis (P = .005 and .044, respectively), the categories of ILA were not associated with ICI-related pneumonitis (P = .428). None of the features of lung abnormalities were also associated with ICI-related pneumonitis. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that smoking history was the only significant predictor of ICI-related pneumonitis (P = .028). CONCLUSION: This retrospective study did not demonstrate statistically significant association between pre-existing ILA and ICI-related pneumonitis, nor an association between radiologic features of ILA and ICI-related pneumonitis. Smoking history was independently associated with ICI-related pneumonitis. Further research is warranted for further understanding of the risk factors of ICI-related pneumonitis.

Long-Term Prognosis and Treatment Strategy of Persistent PSA After Radical Prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is thought to be undetectable (< 0.1 ng/mL) after radical prostatectomy (RP), and persistent PSA (≥ 0.1 ng/mL) is considered a failure of curative treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 135 patients, all of whom underwent RP for localized prostate cancer, and developed persistent PSA. We set the starting point at the timing of RP, and the endpoints were the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: Salvage radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were performed in 53 (39.3%) and 64 (47.4%) patients, respectively. Eighteen (13.3%) patients didn't receive any salvage treatment. During the median follow-up of 10.1 years, CRPC was observed in 23 patients, and 6 patients died due to prostate cancer. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated the 15-year CRPC-free and cancer-specific survivals were 79.5% and 92.7%, respectively. Cox multivariate analysis demonstrated that seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) (p = 0.007) and nadir PSA ≥1.0 ng/mL (p = 0.002) were independent risk factors for CRPC. Salvage RT demonstrated better cancer control (the 10-and 15-year CRPC-free survival was 94.1% and 94.1%) compared to ADT (75.9% and 58.5%, p = 0.017) after 1:1 propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS: SVI and nadir PSA ≥1.0 ng/mL are independent risk factors for CRPC in patients with persistent PSA after RP. Salvage RT is considered to be the optimal treatment for this condition.

Factors affecting the selection of eligible candidates for focal therapy for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: Focal therapy (FT) is a treatment modality for prostate cancer that aims to reduce side effects. However, it remains difficult to select eligible candidates. We herein examined eligibility factors for hemi-ablative FT for prostate cancer. METHODS: We identified 412 patients who were diagnosed with unilateral prostate cancer by biopsy and had undergone radical prostatectomy between 2009 and 2018. Among these patients, 111 underwent MRI before biopsy, had 10-20 core biopsies performed, and did not receive other treatments before surgery. Fifty-seven patients with prostate-specific antigen ≥ 15 ng/mL and biopsy Gleason score (GS) ≥ 4 + 3 were excluded. The remaining 54 patients were evaluated. Both lobes of the prostate were scored using Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 on MRI. Ineligible patients for FT were defined as those with ≥ 0.5 mL GS6 or GS ≥ 3 + 4 in the biopsy-negative lobe, ≥ pT3, or lymph node involvement. Selected predictors of eligibility for hemi-ablative FT were analyzed. RESULTS: Among our cohort of 54 patients, 29 (53.7%) were eligible for hemi-ablative FT. A multivariate analysis identified a PI-RADS score < 3 in the biopsy-negative lobe (p = 0.016) as an independent predictor of eligibility for FT. Thirteen out of 25 ineligible patients had GS ≥ 3 + 4 tumors in the biopsy-negative lobe, half of whom (6/13) also had a PI-RADS score < 3 in the biopsy-negative lobe. CONCLUSION: The PI-RADS score in the biopsy-negative lobe may be important in the selection of eligible candidates for FT. The findings of this study will help reduce missed significant prostate cancers and improve FT outcomes.

Impact of tumor contact surface area on collecting system entry in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Collecting system entry in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy may occur even in cases showing a low N factor in the R.E.N.A.L nephrometry score. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the tumor contact surface area with the adjacent renal parenchyma and attempted to construct a novel predictive model for collecting system entry. METHODS: Among 190 patients who underwent robot-assisted partial nephrectomy at our institution from 2015 to 2021, 94 patients with a low N factor (1-2) were analyzed. Contact surface was measured with three-dimensional imaging software and defined as the C factor, classified as C1, < 10 cm [2]; C2, ≥ 10 and < 15 cm [2]; and C3: ≥ 15 cm [2]. Additionally, a modified R factor (mR) was classified as mR1, < 20 mm; mR2, ≥ 20 and < 40 mm; and mR3, ≥ 40 mm. We discussed the factors influencing collecting system entry, including the C factor, and created a novel collecting system entry predictive model. RESULTS: Collecting system entry was observed in 32 patients with a low N factor (34%). The C factor was the only independent predictive factor for collecting system entry in multivariate regression analysis (odds ratio: 4.195, 95% CI: 2.160-8.146, p < 0.0001). Models including the C factor showed better discriminative power than the models without the C factor. CONCLUSIONS: The new predictive model, including the C factor in N1-2 cases, may be beneficial, considering its indication for preoperative ureteral catheter placement in patients undergoing robot-assisted partial nephrectomy.

Strategy for PSA progression in patients undergoing salvage radiation for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The treatment strategy for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression in patients who receive salvage radiation therapy (RT) for biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is salvage androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, its optimal timing is highly controversial. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 77 men who underwent RP, received salvage RT against BCR, and underwent salvage ADT for PSA progression. The endpoint of this study was development to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), from the start of salvage RT. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 9.5 years, and 20 patients experienced CRPC. The multivariable analysis identified PSA-doubling time (PSA-DT) ≤ 12 months (hazard ratio, 3.5) and seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) (hazard ratio, 4.4) as independent risk factors. We defined the high-risk and low-risk groups as those with one or two risk factors and no risk factors, respectively. In the high-risk group, a significant difference in time to CRPC was observed between patients who received salvage ADT at PSA ≤ 1.0 ng/mL (n = 8) and at > 1.0 ng/mL (n = 27) (10-year non-CRPC rate: 100.0% vs. 46.3%, respectively). In contrast, in the low-risk group, no significant difference in CRPC-free survival was observed between patients who received salvage ADT at PSA ≤ 1.0 ng/mL (n = 14) and at > 1.0 ng/mL (n = 28) (10-year non-CRPC rate: 86.4% vs. 80.8%, respectively). CONCLUSION: In high-risk patients (PSA-DT ≤ 12 months and/or SVI), salvage ADT for PSA progression after salvage RT should be started before the PSA levels exceed 1.0 ng/mL.