Assessing Genotoxicity of Bovine Pericardium in Guided Tissue Regeneration: Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay With Exogenous Metabolic Activation.

Introduction Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is integral to periodontal therapy, facilitating the repair of osseous defects. Due to the widespread use of bovine pericardium (BP) in GTR, a thorough investigation into its genotoxicity is essential for patient safety and treatment efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of local BP in GTR for periodontal osseous defects. Materials and methods The Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay (Ames test) was used to assess the genotoxic potential of local BP. An exogenous metabolic activation system was employed to evaluate the direct effects of the material on bacterial cells. Results The study investigated the mutagenic effects of local BP across multiple strains of Salmonella typhimurium, utilizing concentrations ranging from 0.3125 mg/plate to 5 mg/plate. While some variability was observed in revertant counts, the generally low SDs suggest a consistent response to the test substance. The maximum revertant count for each strain did not significantly exceed the mean values, indicating the absence of notable outliers or exceptionally high revertant counts at any specific concentration. Based on the data and toxicity assessment criteria, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the experimental material induces genotoxic effects in the tested bacterial strains under the provided experimental conditions. Conclusion This study assessed the mutagenic potential of local BP membranes used in GTR with the Ames test. Results showed no evidence of mutagenicity, as revertant counts did not exceed twice the negative control in all bacterial strains with exogenous metabolic activation. This suggests that bovine pericardium membranes are safe for medical use under the test conditions. The study highlights the biocompatibility and non-mutagenic nature of BP membranes in GTR for periodontal therapy.

Surgical Margins After Neoadjuvant Radiation for Locally Advanced Vulvar Carcinoma: What is an Adequate Margin?

OBJECTIVE: We aim to explore whether the surgical tumor free margin is important for overall survival (OS) and local control in patients who undergo neoadjuvant radiation (RT) for vulvar cancer. METHODS: A retrospective review from 2004 to 2021 of patients who underwent RT followed by surgical resection was performed. Patients were categorized into groups based on margin status (no residual disease, >8 mm, close margins defined as 1 to 7 mm, or positive). Local control and OS were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier with log rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed with cox hazards model. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients were included. A complete pathologic response (pCR) was found in 56% (n=46) of patients. The median follow-up time was 35 months (range: 4 to 216). The median OS for the entire cohort was 46 months (95% CI: 32.3-59.7). Having a pCR improved both OS and disease-free survival (DFS) compared with residual disease by 81 and 91 months, respectively (P<0.001). In the 2 patients with a margin >8 mm, there was no statistical difference in survival between those with close margins (46 vs. 25 mo, P=0.485). Factors that significantly impacted both OS and DFS were depth of invasion (DOI) and LVSI. On multivariate analysis of those with residual disease, there was no difference in OS or DFS by margin status but having a DOI >9 mm showed decreased OS (HR: 3.654; 95% CI: 1.317-10.135). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, response to RT, not margin status drives survival and recurrence. Given residual disease, the optimal margin is not clear, as there were only 2 patients with >8 mm margins. A close or positive margin had no impact on OS or local recurrence. A DOI >9 mm significantly impacts both OS and local recurrence even when accounting for other factors.

Intrinsically Patterned Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Halides.

Patterning and defect engineering are key methods for tuning the properties and enabling distinctive functionalities in two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, generating 2D periodic patterns of point defects in 2D materials, such as vacancy lattices that can serve as antidot lattices, has been elusive until now. Herein, we report on 2D transition metal dihalides epitaxially grown on metal surfaces featuring periodically assembled halogen vacancies that result in alternating coordination of the transition metal atom. Using low-temperature scanning probe microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction, we identified the structural properties of intrinsically patterned FeBr2 and CoBr2 monolayers grown epitaxially on Au(111). Density functional theory reveals that Br vacancies are facilitated by low formation energies, and the formation of a vacancy lattice results in a substantial decrease in the lattice mismatch with the underlying Au(111). We demonstrate that interfacial strain engineering presents a versatile strategy for controlled patterning in two dimensions with atomic precision over several hundred nanometers to solve a long-standing challenge of growing atomically precise antidot lattices. In particular, patterning of 2D materials containing transition metals provides a versatile method to achieve unconventional spin textures with noncollinear spin.

Evaluation of clinicians' knowledge and practice regarding pharmacotherapy of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A multi-center study in Yemen.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a hematological malignancy that requires effective pharmacotherapy for optimal management. There is limited information regarding Yemeni clinicians' knowledge and practice of NHL pharmacotherapy. This study aims to assess the knowledge and practice of physicians and nurses in Yemen regarding pharmacotherapy of NHL. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Sana'a, Yemen, from January 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. Two self-administrated and validated questionnaires were distributed to 99 physicians and 164 nurses involved in pharmacotherapy for NHL in different oncology centers and units across Yemen. Convenience samples were used to recruit participants. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with nurses' and physicians' knowledge and practice. The correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between knowledge and practice. A total of 77 physicians and 105 nurses completed the questionnaires. The results showed that 54.3% of nurses and 66.2% of physicians had poor knowledge of NHL pharmacotherapy. In terms of practice, 83.8% of nurses and 75.3% of physicians exhibited poor practice regarding NHL pharmacotherapy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified that nurses who received sufficient information about chemotherapy displayed a significant association with good knowledge, while nurses working in the chemotherapy administration department were significant predictors of good practice. Among physicians, those working in the National Oncology Center (NOC) in Sana'a demonstrated good practice. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between nurses' knowledge and their practice. The study's results confirm deficiencies in knowledge and practice of pharmacotherapy for NHL among physicians and nurses in Yemen. Efforts should be made to enhance their understanding of treatment guidelines and to improve patient care. Improvement in educational programs and training opportunities may contribute to improving patient outcomes in the management of NHL.

Thyroid nodulectomy: A promising approach to the management of solitary thyroid nodules.

The choice between nodulectomy and lobectomy for managing thyroid nodules is a subject of debate in the field of thyroid surgery. The present study aims to share the experience of a single center in managing solitary thyroid nodules through nodulectomy from January 2023 to October 2023. The inclusion criteria encompassed symptomatic or suspicious solitary nodules and medically necessitated cases. The extracted data included patient demographics, medical history, symptoms, diagnostic details, surgery indication, procedure outcome and histopathological findings. The follow-up included clinic visits and phone calls. The mean age of the patients was 36.64±11.63 years, with 85.0% females and 15.0% males. Predominantly, patients were housewives (58.5%). Neck swelling (62.3%) was the most common presentation. Ultrasound examination revealed mixed nodules in more than half of the cases (54.7%). Right nodulectomy was performed in 26 cases (49.1%) and left nodulectomy in 23 (43.4%), and four cases (7.5%) underwent isthmusectomy. The mean operation time was 36.04±9.37 min and no drainage tube was used in any of the cases. One case (1.9%) of seroma was the only observed complication during the observational period. Nodulectomy may be a suitable choice for managing benign, large, solitary thyroid nodules, small suspicious nodules or microcarcinomas.

Oxygen Promoted On-Surface Synthesis of Polyboroxine Molecules.

We present our findings on the on-surface synthesis of polyboroxine molecules derived from boroxine molecules precursors. This process is promoted by oxygen species present on the Au(111) surface: oxygen atoms facilitate the detachment of naphthalene units of trinaphthyl-boroxine molecules and bridge two unsaturated boroxine centers to form a boroxine-O-boroxine chemical motif. X-ray spectroscopic characterization shows that, as the synthesis process proceeds, it progressively tunes the electronic properties of the interface, thus providing a promising route to control the electron level alignment. .

Biowaste Valorization of Palm Tree Phoenix dactylifera L. for Nanocellulose Production.

The desire to reduce reliance on oil resources arises from the concerns about carbon footprint and nonrenewability. Conversely, the global presence of over 100 million palm trees poses a significant challenge due to the substantial amount of biowaste generated annually. Additionally, the use of nanocellulose (NC) as a cost-effective material is steadily gaining recognition for its growing adaptability over time. The main goal of this study is to biosynthesized NC from Iraqi date palm Phoenix dactylifera leaves waste with low-concentration acid-alkali treatment. The date palm leaves waste yields 20 g of NC from 100 g of leaves before acid hydrolysis treatment. The chemical components of biosynthesized NC were 47.90%, 26.78%, and 24.67% for α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, respectively. In order to study their properties, NC from raw date palm leaves was studied by microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM). SEM results revealed rod-like structured NC as well as combined long-fine fibrous structures rather than compacted bundles with sizes ranging between 31 and 74 nm. With EDX, all spectra exhibit the peaks of carbon and oxygen as the main elements with 63.8% and 10.44%, respectively, in their compositions, which relate to the typical composition of cellulose. The 3D image of AFM NC with a tapping mode presented a highly uniform distribution of NC with a size of ∼15 nm. The statistical roughness analysis shows that the obtained roughness average is 7.20 nm with the root-mean-square roughness value of 21.56 nm, which corresponded relatively with the micrographs of SEM. The results of this study demonstrate the promise of using date palm waste as raw material to produce NC as green nanocomposite from biodegradable nanomaterials for water purification and sustained drug delivery for biomedical applications. In this regard and because of the insufficient reports about the extraction of NC from palm tree leaves waste, the objective of this study was designed to fabricate NC biologically from fibers sourced from the waste of Iraqi date palm P. dactylifera leaves that left in agricultural lands or burned, which can be an ecological and health problem as a bionanocomposites in the medical and industrial field and as alternative resources of wood materials.

Co-occurrence of posterior chest wall pilonidal sinus with melanocytic nevus: a challenging presentation: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: To date, only a limited number of case reports have documented the co-occurrence of PNS and melanocytic nevus in the medical literature. This study aims to report an exceptionally rare case of posterior chest wall PNS in conjunction with a melanocytic nevus. CASE PRESENTATION: A 46-year-old female presented with a long-standing black lesion on her left upper posterior chest wall, that had become painful in the two months prior to presentation. There was a painful, dark blue, non-erythematous, and non-tender nodule on the left upper posterior chest wall. Based on the patient's desire for cosmetic purposes, the lesion was excised totally with primary closure under local anaesthesia. Histopathological examination revealed intradermal melanocytic nevus with inflamed pilonidal sinus. DISCUSSION: The rarity of posterior chest wall PNS associated with nevi poses unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for clinicians. The distinct anatomical location, different from the conventional region, and the rare association between the two conditions may delay accurate diagnosis and result in mismanagement or inappropriate interventions. CONCLUSION: The posterior chest wall PNS is another type of atypical PNS that is extremely rare. The association between PNS and blue nevus is a fascinating medical finding that deserves further investigation.

Molecular docking, synthesis, characteristics and preliminary cytotoxic study of new coumarin-sulfonamide derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of newly synthesized a series of novel HDAC inhibitors comprising sulfonamide as zinc binding group and Coumarin as cap groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The utilization of sulfonamide as zinc binding group and Coumarin as cap groups known to possess antitumor activity in the designed of new histone deacetylase inhibitors and using the docking and MTT assay to evaluate the compounds. RESULTS: Results: Four compounds have been synthesized and characterized successfully by ART-FTIR, NMR and ESI-Ms. The synthesized compound assessed for their cytotoxic activity against hepatoblastoma HepG2 (IC50, I=0.094, II=0.040, III=0.032, IV=0.046, SAHA=0.141) and human colon adenocarcinoma MCF-7 (IC50, I=0.135, II=0.050, III= 0.065, IV=0.059, SAHA=0.107). The binding mode to the active site of [HDAC6] were determined by docking study which give results that they might be good inhibitors for [HDAC6]. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The synthesized compounds (I, II, III and IV) showed a comparable cytotoxic result with FDA approved drug (SAHA) toward HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines and their docking analysis provided a preliminary indication that they are viable [HDAC6] candidates.

Serological investigation of Coxiella burnetii infection (Query fever) in livestock in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia.

Background and Aim: Query fever (Q fever) is an endemic zoonotic disease and ruminants are considered to be the primary source of infection in humans. It is caused by Coxiella burnetii which is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen with a worldwide distribution. This study estimated the prevalence of Q fever in livestock with a history of abortion in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: Sera from 341 camels, 326 sheep, and 121 goats of either sex from various locations (Makkah, Jeddah, AL-Taif, AL-Qunfudah, AL-Laith, and AL-Kamil) were examined using a Q fever indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Among the 788 serum samples, 356 animals had anti-Coxiella burnetii immunoglobulin G antibodies with an overall seroprevalence of 45.4%. Significant differences were observed in seroprevalence between species and locations. Camels had the highest percentage of Q fever-positive sera, with a prevalence of 50.4%, followed by goats (44.6%) and sheep (36.8%), with a high significant difference between animals (p = 0.000). The prevalence was significantly higher in Makkah (65.4%) than in Jeddah (28.8%). Conclusion: C. burnetii infection is prevalent in agricultural animals, especially camels maintained at livestock farms in Makkah province. Therefore, these animals considered as the main source of Q fever infections in Saudi Arabia, which is also a reason for the abortion in these animals. Therefore, there is an urgent need for further studies on Q fever infection with interventional approaches for prevention and control.

Challenges and Uncertainties in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Case Report.

Amyloidosis is the condition when starch-like misfolded proteins form insoluble fibrils that deposit in tissues and cause dysfunction. Cardiac amyloidosis occurs due to the deposition of amyloid fibrils at the cardiac level and is an important cause of heart failure. This case reveals a patient with significant heart failure and arrhythmia, which later on turned out to be caused by cardiac amyloidosis. While regarded as a rare disease in practice, in retrospect, there are a lot of signs and imaging indicators, particularly in echocardiography that warrant an investigation of cardiac amyloidosis. In this case review, red flags in echocardiography that should endorse further testing for underlying cardiac amyloidosis are highlighted.

CETARS/CAR Practice Guideline on Imaging the Pregnant Trauma Patient.

Imaging of pregnant patients who sustained trauma often causes fear and confusion among patients, their families, and health care professionals regarding the potential for detrimental effects from radiation exposure to the fetus. Unnecessary delays or potentially harmful avoidance of the justified imaging studies may result from this understandable anxiety. This guideline was developed by the Canadian Emergency, Trauma and Acute Care Radiology Society (CETARS) and the Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) Working Group on Imaging the Pregnant Trauma Patient, informed by a literature review as well as multidisciplinary expert panel opinions and discussions. The working group included academic subspecialty radiologists, a trauma team leader, an emergency physician, and an obstetriciangynaecologist/maternal fetal medicine specialist, who were brought together to provide updated, evidence-based recommendations for the imaging of pregnant trauma patients, including patient safety aspects (eg, radiation and contrast concerns) and counselling, initial imaging in maternal trauma, specific considerations for the use of fluoroscopy, angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The guideline strives to achieve clarity and prevent added anxiety in an already stressful situation of injury to a pregnant patient, who should not be imaged differently.

Evaluation of the Oil Recovery Potential and Cost Implication Analysis of Alternative ASP Formulations for Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs.

This study explores alternative chemical agents to enhance oil recovery in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs, aiming to address limitations in alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding. Existing ASP methods face technical and environmental challenges, prompting research into alternative chemical agents. However, there are limited field deployments of these alternative chemical agents due to high costs, and ternary combinations of these agents remain unexplored. The study investigates a combination of organic alkali, amino acid-based surfactant/surface-active ionic liquid, and biopolymer. Comparative analysis with conventional ASP formulations reveals promising results. Organic alkali and biopolymer combination mitigates the adverse effects of inorganic alkalis on partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, enhancing the oil recovery potential. A unit technical cost (UTC) calculation showed that despite higher chemical costs per incremental barrel of oil, the alternative ASP formulations demonstrate comparable costs due to reduced facility cost. Cost-effectiveness will improve with incorporation of factors such as environmental friendliness and reduced preflush requirements. Mass production of these agents could further enhance the economic feasibility. Therefore, this study reveals that careful cost-benefit analysis, the development of low-concentration formulations, and mass production of these chemical agents could facilitate the implementation of these alternatives, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and enabling ASP flooding in challenging reservoir conditions.

Evaluation of Antiemetic Consistency in Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Among NHL Patients in Sana'a, Yemen.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a prevalent and distressing adverse effect that can negatively affect a patient's quality of life and treatment adherence. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the consistency of antiemetic use with standard guidelines and to examine the factors influencing it. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Oncology Center (NOC) of Al-Jomhouri Teaching Hospital, Sana'a, Yemen, from November 2022 to September 2023. Demographic data, chemotherapy and antiemetic regimens, dosages, and patient-related risk factors were collected via direct interviews, medical records, and treatment charts. This study evaluated the consistency of antiemetic practices among non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) patients using the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. The chi-squared test and regression were used to determine the factors associated with guideline consistency. Results: A total of 251 patients with NHL were recruited for the study; 57.4% were male and 60.6% were aged between 18-49. Most of the patients received moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (81.3%). The overall consistency with the NCCN guidelines was only 23.9%, with antiemetic drug selection and dosage reported inconsistently in 62.9% and 16.7% of patients, respectively. Furthermore, 62.5% of the patients received an under-prescribed antiemetic prophylactic regimen. Treatment duration, number of chemotherapy cycles, emetogenic risk potential, and overall patient risk, as well as age, sex, and marital status, were significantly associated with guideline inconsistency (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed a notable gap in the consistency of antiemetic prescriptions among patients with NHL. Inappropriate drug selection, dosing, and under-prescription are common problems. Patient regimen risk factors significantly influenced the consistency of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Personalized approaches are essential to enhance adherence to guidelines and improve antiemetic strategies.

Selective production of IL-33-neutralizing autoantibody ameliorates asthma responses and severity.

BACKGROUND: Natural anti-cytokine autoantibodies can regulate homeostasis of infectious and inflammatory diseases. The anti-cytokine autoantibody profile and relevance to the pathogenesis of asthma are unknown. We aim to identify key anti-cytokine autoantibodies in asthma patients, and reveal their immunological function and clinical significance. METHODS: A Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System was used to screen serum autoantibodies against 11 key cytokines in patients with allergic asthma and healthy donors. The antigen-specificity, immunomodulatory functions and clinical significance of anti-cytokine autoantibodies were determined by ELISA, qPCR, neutralization assays and statistical analysis, respectively. Potential conditions for autoantibody induction were revealed by in vitro immunization. RESULTS: Of 11 cytokines tested, only anti-IL-33 autoantibody was significantly increased in asthma, compare to healthy controls, and the proportion positive was higher in patients with mild-to-moderate than severe allergic asthma. In allergic asthma patients, the anti-IL-33 autoantibody level correlated negatively with serum concentration of pathogenic cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-13, IL-25 and IL-33), IgE, and blood eosinophil count, but positively with mid-expiratory flow FEF25-75%. The autoantibodies were predominantly IgG isotype, polyclonal and could neutralize IL-33-induced pathogenic responses in vitro and in vivo. The induction of the anti-IL-33 autoantibody in blood B-cells in vitro required peptide IL-33 antigen along with a stimulation cocktail of TLR9 agonist and cytokines IL-2, IL-4 or IL-21. CONCLUSIONS: Serum natural anti-IL-33 autoantibodies are selectively induced in some asthma patients. They ameliorate key asthma inflammatory responses, and may improve lung function of allergic asthma.

Nanoparticles and Chemical Inducers: A Sustainable Shield against Onion White Rot.

This study investigated the effectiveness of nanoparticles and chemical inducers in managing onion white rot caused by Sclerotium cepivorum. The pathogen severely threatens onion cultivation, resulting in significant yield losses and economic setbacks. Traditional fungicides, though effective, raise environmental concerns, prompting a shift toward eco-friendly alternatives. In this study, four S. cepivorum isolates were utilized, each exhibiting varying degrees of pathogenicity, with the third isolate from Abu-Hamad demonstrating the highest potency. During the in vitro studies, three nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated, including Fe3O4 NPs, Cu NPs, and ZnO NPs, which demonstrated the potential to inhibit mycelial growth, with salicylic acid and Fe3O4 NPs exhibiting synergistic effects. In vivo, these nanoparticles reduced the disease incidence and severity, with Fe3O4 NPs at 1000-1400 ppm resulting in 65.0-80.0% incidence and 80.0-90.0% severity. ZnO NPs had the most positive impact on the chlorophyll content, while Cu NPs had minimal effects. At 1000 ppm, Fe3O4 NPs had variable effects on the phenolic compounds (total: 6.28, free: 4.81, related: 2.59), while ZnO NPs caused minor fluctuations (total: 3.60, free: 1.82, related: 1.73). For the chemical inducers, salicylic acid reduced the disease (10.0% incidence, 25.0% to 10.0% severity) and promoted growth, and it elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds in infected onions. Potassium phosphate dibasic (PDP) had mixed effects, and ascorbic acid showed limited efficacy toward disease reduction. However, PDP at 1400 ppm and ascorbic acid at 1000 ppm elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds. Furthermore, this study extended to traditional fungicides, highlighting their inhibitory effects on S. cepivorum. This research provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of these approaches, emphasizing their potential in eco-friendly onion white rot management.

Accuracy of automated computer-aided risk scoring systems to estimate the risk of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In the UK National Health Service (NHS), the patient's vital signs are monitored and summarised into a National Early Warning Score (NEWS) score. A set of computer-aided risk scoring systems (CARSS) was developed and validated for predicting in-hospital mortality and sepsis in unplanned admission to hospital using NEWS and routine blood tests results. We sought to assess the accuracy of these models to predict the risk of COVID-19 in unplanned admissions during the first phase of the pandemic. METHODS: Adult ( > = 18 years) non-elective admissions discharged (alive/deceased) between 11-March-2020 to 13-June-2020 from two acute hospitals with an index NEWS electronically recorded within ± 24 h of admission. We identified COVID-19 admission based on ICD-10 code 'U071' which was determined by COVID-19 swab test results (hospital or community). We assessed the performance of CARSS (CARS_N, CARS_NB, CARM_N, CARM_NB) for predicting the risk of COVID-19 in terms of discrimination (c-statistic) and calibration (graphically). RESULTS: The risk of in-hospital mortality following emergency medical admission was 8.4% (500/6444) and 9.6% (620/6444) had a diagnosis of COVID-19. For predicting COVID-19 admissions, the CARS_N model had the highest discrimination 0.73 (0.71 to 0.75) and calibration slope 0.81 (0.72 to 0.89) compared to other CARSS models: CARM_N (discrimination:0.68 (0.66 to 0.70) and calibration slope 0.47 (0.41 to 0.54)), CARM_NB (discrimination:0.68 (0.65 to 0.70) and calibration slope 0.37 (0.31 to 0.43)), and CARS_NB (discrimination:0.68 (0.66 to 0.70) and calibration slope 0.56 (0.47 to 0.64)). CONCLUSIONS: The CARS_N model is reasonably accurate for predicting the risk of COVID-19. It may be clinically useful as an early warning system at the time of admission especially to triage large numbers of unplanned admissions because it requires no additional data collection and is readily automated.

Design, synthesis, insilco study and biological evaluation of new isatin-sulfonamide derivatives by using mono amide linker as possible as histone deacetylase inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of newly synthesized a series of novel HDAC inhibitors comprising sulfonamide as zinc binding group and Isatin derivatives as cap group joined by mono amide linker as required to act as HDAC inhibitors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The utilization of sulfonamide as zinc binding group joined by N-alkylation reaction with ethyl-bromo hexanoate as linker group that joined by amide reaction with Isatin derivatives as cap groups which known to possess antitumor activity in the designed of new histone deacetylase inhibitors and using the docking and MTT assay to evaluate the compounds. RESULTS: Results: Four compounds have been synthesized and characterized successfully by ART-FTIR, NMR and ESI-Ms. the compounds were synthesized and characterized by successfully by ART-FTIR, NMR and ESI- Ms. Assessed for their cytotoxic activity against human colon adenocarcinoma MCF-7 (IC50, I=105.15, II=60.00, III=54.11, IV=56.57, vorinostat=28.41) and hepatoblastoma HepG2 (IC50, I=63.91, II=135.18, III=118.85, IV=51.46, vorinostat=37.50). Most of them exhibited potent HDAC inhibitory activity and significant cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The synthesized compounds (I, II, III and IV) showed cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines and their docking analysis provided a preliminary indication that they are viable [HDAC6] candidates.

Impact of floral and geographical origins on honey quality parameters in Saudi Arabian regions.

This article examined the effect of geographical (different climate conditions) and floral origins on some quality parameters of honey including the activity of diastase enzyme. Moreover, some non-quality parameters were investigated such as the pH, fructose, glucose, ratio of fructose/glucose and invertase. The honey samples were collected from Asir (cold climate) and Jazan (hot climate) regions at the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia. The geographical origin significantly affected the mean value moisture of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.02), conductivity of the polyfloral honey (p-value = 0.03), sucrose of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.02), diastase activity of the Acacia (p-value = 0.001), Ziziphus (p-value = 0.046) and polyfloral honey (p-value ≤ 0.001), fructose of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.01), glucose of the Ziziphus honey (p-value = 0.03), fructose/ glucose ratio of the Ziziphus honey (p-value = 0.035), and invertase activity of the polyfloral honey (p-value ≤ 0.001). Regarding the effect of the floral origin of the honey from Asir region, the sucrose percentage of the Acacia honey was significantly more than that of the polyfloral honey (p- value = 0.003), the diastase activity of the Acacia honey was significantly more than its activity in the Ziziphus honey (p- value = 0.044), glucose percentage of the Ziziphus honey was significantly more the glucose percentage of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.009) and the fructose/ glucose ratio of the Ziziphus honey was significantly more than that of the Acacia and polyforal honeys (p-value = 0.011 and p-value = 0.045, respectively). Concerning the significant effects of the floral origin on the quality parameters of the honey samples from Jazan region, the moisture of the Ziziphus honey was significantly increased when compared to the moisture of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.038), the acidity of the polfloral honey was significantly more than the acidity of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.049), the sum of fructose and glucose of the polyfloral honey was significantly increased compared to that of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.015), the pH of the Ziziphus hiney was significantly more than the pH of the polyfloral honey (0.011) and the fructose of the polfloral honey was significantly more than that of the Acacia honey (p-value = 0.031). The effect of the geographical origin of the honey samples on their quality parameters depends on their floral origin and the effect of their floral origin differs according to their geographical origin. This article suggests considering collectively the geographical and floral origins effect when developing honey standards. However, the Codex standards for honey started considering this issue when it changed the standard concentration of HMF in honey from not more than 80-40 mg/Kg for honeys from cold climate and 80 mg/Kg for honeys from hot climates.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with under-five years children diarrhea in Malawi: Application of survey logistic regression.

Background: Diarrhea is a leading cause of illness and mortality among children under five, posing a significant public health challenge in Malawi. The current study assesses the prevalence and risk factors linked to diarrhea among under-five children in Malawi. Method: The researcher used the Malawi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019-20 as the dataset for this study. Due to the complex sampling design, survey logistic regression was used to accomplish the study objectives. The sample size was 15569 children who were aged under five. Results: The study found that the prevalence of diarrhea was 24.9%, with a higher percentage observed among children aged 12-23 months (38.5%) compared to other age groups. Additionally, children from the southern region had a higher prevalence of diarrhea at 27% compared to those from the northern region at 19.3%. Children from the poorest households also had a higher prevalence of diarrhea at 28.9% compared to those from the richest households at 22.6%. Furthermore, children with fever had a higher prevalence of diarrhea at 33.3% compared to those who did not have fever at 19.4%. Conclusion: The current study concluded that the prevalence of diarrhea was higher among children aged 12-23 months. Subsequently, policymakers should apply policies to reduce this high prevalence among this age group of children. In addition, the government needs special consideration in diarrhea control for children from the southern region because of the high prevalence of the disease compared to the other regions in Malawi. My study can help policymakers understand the scope and nature of the problem, which can notify the development of policies and programs intended to decrease the prevalence of risk factors and enhance child health outcomes.