Stroke associated with primary membranous nephropathy in a young adult: Case report / Evento cerebral isquémico asociado con nefropatía membranosa primaria en un adulto joven: reporte de caso

INTRODUCTION: Stroke in young individuals is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Its causes can vary widely, so a thorough investigation by a multidisciplinary team is needed. Pinpointing the precise underlying pathology responsible for the stroke yields benefits for patients, particularly in recurrent events. CASE PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old man presented to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of stroke, including right hemiparesis, dysarthria, ataxic gait, and right central facial palsy. The brain magnetic resonance image revealed an ischemic lesion located in the left basal ganglia and near the corona radiata. Following an extensive workup, a diagnosis of nephrotic was reached. Histopathology and the exclusion of secondary causes confirmed primary membranous nephropathy as the underlying condition. The patient underwent treatment tailored to address the specific glomerulopathy, along with anticoagulation therapy and immunosuppression as per current guidelines. Subsequent assessments showed stabilization of renal function, resolution of the edema, and the absence of new thromboembolic events during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The nephrotic syndrome should be recognized as a potential underlying cause of stroke in young patients and, therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnosis during the evaluation of patients with coagulopathies. Nephrotic syndrome screening may be done by conducting a simple urinalysis readily available in most healthcare facilities. This underlines the importance of considering renal pathology in the assessment of stroke etiologies, especially when coagulation abnormalities are present.

Introducción. Los eventos cerebrovasculares en los jóvenes son un problema creciente en todo el mundo. Su etiología puede ser variada y requieren un trabajo riguroso de un equipo multidisciplinario. La identificación de la enfermedad específica que conduce al ictus tiene un impacto beneficioso en los pacientes, especialmente en aquellos con eventos recurrentes. Presentación del caso. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 38 años que acudió al servicio de urgencias con hemiparesia derecha, disartria, ataxia y parálisis facial central derecha. La resonancia magnética cerebral reveló una lesión isquémica localizada en los ganglios basales izquierdos, cerca de la corona radiada. Después de un estudio exhaustivo, se estableció el diagnóstico de síndrome nefrótico. No obstante, al analizar las características histopatológicas y descartar otras causas secundarias, el diagnóstico final fue una nefropatía membranosa primaria. El paciente recibió tratamiento específico para su glomerulopatía, anticoagulación e inmunosupresión según las guías vigentes. Durante el seguimiento, se encontró estabilización de la función renal, el edema se resolvió y no se identificó ningún nuevo evento tromboembólico. Conclusión. El síndrome nefrótico debe considerarse entre las posibles causas del ictus en pacientes jóvenes y debería tenerse en cuenta en los estudios de coagulopatías. El tamizaje de esta enfermedad requiere únicamente un uroanálisis, el cual está disponible en la mayoría de los centros de atención de salud.

Interoceptive awareness in a clinical setting: the need to bring interoceptive perspectives into clinical evaluation.

Interoceptive awareness (IA) is crucial to understanding mental health. The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) scale, available in approximately 30 languages, has gained global recognition for its research applicability. This review highlights the critical importance of integrating IA evaluation in clinical settings, advocating for the MAIA scale's potential as a screening tool. Through an examination of academic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and J-STOR, our analysis spans seven mental health domains: eating disorders (ED), depression, stress, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), chronic pain, and suicide ideation (SI). Thirty-eight studies showed links between several dimensions of IA with different disorders. That is, ED was related to Body Trust and Self-Regulation; anxiety to Body Listening, Emotional Awareness, and Self-Regulation; depression to Noticing and Emotional Awareness; ASD to Trusting, Emotional Awareness, and Noticing; chronic pain to Not-Worrying and Self-Regulation; and SI with Trusting. These insights hold profound implications for both clinical practice and mental health research. Integrating IA assessments into standard clinical protocols has the potential to improve our understanding of pathology, enrich patient care, and enhance therapeutic strategies.

Stroke associated with primary membranous nephropathy in a young adult: Case report / Evento cerebral isquémico asociado con nefropatía membranosa primaria en un adulto joven: reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction. Stroke in young individuals is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Its causes can vary widely, so a thorough investigation by a multidisciplinary team is needed. Pinpointing the precise underlying pathology responsible for the stroke yields benefits for patients, particularly in recurrent events. Case presentation. A 38-year-old man presented to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of stroke, including right hemiparesis, dysarthria, ataxic gait, and right central facial palsy. The brain magnetic resonance image revealed an ischemic lesion located in the left basal ganglia and near the corona radiata. Following an extensive workup, a diagnosis of nephrotic was reached. Histopathology and the exclusion of secondary causes confirmed primary membranous nephropathy as the underlying condition. The patient underwent treatment tailored to address the specific glomerulopathy, along with anticoagulation therapy and immunosuppression as per current guidelines. Subsequent assessments showed stabilization of renal function, resolution of the edema, and the absence of new thromboembolic events during follow-up. Conclusion. The nephrotic syndrome should be recognized as a potential underlying cause of stroke in young patients and, therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnosis during the evaluation of patients with coagulopathies. Nephrotic syndrome screening may be done by conducting a simple urinalysis readily available in most healthcare facilities. This underlines the importance of considering renal pathology in the assessment of stroke etiologies, especially when coagulation abnormalities are present.

Resumen Introducción. Los eventos cerebrovasculares en los jóvenes son un problema creciente en todo el mundo. Su etiología puede ser variada y requieren un trabajo riguroso de un equipo multidisciplinario. La identificación de la enfermedad específica que conduce al ictus tiene un impacto beneficioso en los pacientes, especialmente en aquellos con eventos recurrentes. Presentación del caso. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 38 años que acudió al servicio de urgencias con hemiparesia derecha, disartria, ataxia y parálisis facial central derecha. La resonancia magnética cerebral reveló una lesión isquémica localizada en los ganglios basales izquierdos, cerca de la corona radiada. Después de un estudio exhaustivo, se estableció el diagnóstico de síndrome nefrótico. No obstante, al analizar las características histopatológicas y descartar otras causas secundarias, el diagnóstico final fue una nefropatía membranosa primaria. El paciente recibió tratamiento específico para su glomerulopatía, anticoagulación e inmunosupresión según las guías vigentes. Durante el seguimiento, se encontró estabilización de la función renal, el edema se resolvió y no se identificó ningún nuevo evento tromboembólico. Conclusión. El síndrome nefrótico debe considerarse entre las posibles causas del ictus en pacientes jóvenes y debería tenerse en cuenta en los estudios de coagulopatías. El tamizaje de esta enfermedad requiere únicamente un uroanálisis, el cual está disponible en la mayoría de los centros de atención de salud.

Knowledge, Perceptions, and Utilization of Generics and Biosimilars in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Scoping Review.

We conducted a scoping review to map and critically examine the knowledge, perceptions and utilization of generics and biosimilars, among physicians, pharmacists, patients, the general population, and other stakeholders from LAC.

Correlación entre la adicción a la comida y niveles del ácido araquidónico en adultos con obesidad tras intervenciones nutricionales / Correlation between food addiction and arachidonic acid levels in obese adults following nutritional interventions

Introducción: Los endocannabinoides son una diana en el tratamiento de la obesidad y se producen a partir de ácidos grasos esenciales, los derivados del ácido linoleico actúan como agonistas de los receptores cannabinoides tipo 1 (CB1), asimismo, los derivados del ácido linolénico ejercen efectos de antagonistas de dichos receptores, por lo cual se plantea que modificar el consumo dietario de los ácidos grasos omega 3 y 6 podría modular la activación del sistema endocannabinoide, lo que podría ser favorable para personas con adicción a la comida, considerando cómo este sistema promueve la actividad de las vías dopaminérgicas que se alteran en la adicción a sustancias psicoactivas. Objetivo: Analizar la correlación entre el puntaje de adicción a la comida por la escala mYFAS 2.0 y los niveles plasmáticos de ácido araquidónico en adultos con obesidad tras modular la ingesta de alimentos fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales. Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio piloto con diseño de ensayo clínico cruzado en dos tiempos, en donde los participantes recibieron los tratamientos estándar y experimental, en estos se brindaron planes siguiendo recomendaciones para el manejo nutricional de la obesidad, adicionalmente, el tratamiento experimental contó con pautas para disminuir el consumo del Omega 6 y aumentar el consumo de Omega 3 para obtener una relación menor a 5:1 entre estos ácidos grasos. Resultados: Se observó una disminución significativa en el puntaje de adicción a la comida y los niveles plasmáticos de ácido araquidónico en los participantes tras recibir el tratamiento experimental, presentando una correlación directamente proporcional entre estas, por otro lado, el tratamiento estándar estuvo asociado a una correlación inversamente proporcional entre estos. Conclusiones: El descenso en las concentraciones plasmáticas del ácido araquidónico fue asociado a un menor puntaje en la escala mYFAS 2.0 de adicción a la comida en los participantes de este estudio tras su exposición al tratamiento experimental.

Introduction: Endocannabinoids are a target in obesity treatment and they are produced from the essential fatty acids, the metabolites of linoleic acid act as agonists of the cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1), likewise, the metabolites of the linolenic acid act as inverse agonists of such receptors, hence, it is proposed that modifying the dietary intake of the essential fatty acids (Omega 6 and 3) may modulate the activation of the endocannabinoid system, this could be favorable for people with food addiction, considering how this system promotes the activity of the dopaminergic pathways that are altered in the psychoactive substances addiction. Objective: To analyze the correlation between the food addiction score and plasmatic levels of arachidonic acid in adults with obesity following a modulation of the dietary intake of essential fatty acids n-6 and n-3 food sources. Methods: A pilot study was carried out with a two-period crossover clinical trial design, in which the participants received standard and experimental treatments, in these programs, plans were provided following guidelines for the nutritional management of obesity, in addition, the experimental treatment included recommendations to reduce the intake of linoleic acid and to increase the intake of linolenic acid to obtain a ratio lower to 5:1 between these fatty acids. Results: A significant decrease in the food addiction score and plasmatic levels of arachidonic acid was observed in the participants exposed to the experimental treatment, showing a directly proportional correlation, moreover, the standard treatment was associated to inverse correlations between these variables. Conclusion: The decrease in plasmatic arachidonic acid levels was associated with lower scores on the mYFAS 2.0 of food addiction in the participants of this study following their exposure to the experimental treatment.

[Relevance and feasibility of reforms to create a universal health system in ChileRelevância e viabilidade de uma reforma para a criação de um sistema de saúde universal no Chile]. / Pertinencia y factibilidad de reforma para crear un sistema universal de salud en Chile.

The health system in Chile is well developed, with broad national coverage. However, organizational limitations necessitate urgent structural reform due to a lack of resources and poor performance, with segmentation and inequity. The government's program for 2022-2026 proposes substantial reforms aimed at creating a universal health system. Other reform proposals formulated by various government programs and commissions, as well as think tanks, provide useful inputs to contextualize the government proposal.Different types of models coexist in the health system: public insurance is based on a social security model, the public system provides free care to the insured population, and private insurance and private care providers work on a market basis. The proposed system would function on the national health system model, combining a predominant national health service (Beveridge model) with a complementary social security system (Bismarck model), depending on the need for funding. With a focus on social project evaluation, the relevance (internal coherence and external alignment) and political and economic feasibility of the contents of the government program were reviewed. The proposal has internal coherence, but limited external alignment with the prevailing political and economic system, and little State capacity to increase the financing of public enterprises and their coverage. The contents of the proposal do not show sufficient facilitating conditions to reasonably suggest political and economic feasibility in terms of legal approval and effective implementation of the proposed reform.

O sistema de saúde do Chile alcançou grande desenvolvimento e cobertura nacional, mas continua tendo limitações organizacionais que demandam uma reforma estrutural urgente, devido à insuficiência de recursos e do desempenho, com segmentação e iniquidades. O programa do governo para o período 2022-2026 propõe uma reforma substancial com vistas a criar um sistema de saúde universal. Há outras propostas de reforma, formuladas por diversos programas e comissões governamentais e centros de estudo, que fornecem contribuições úteis para contextualizar a proposta do governo. Diferentes tipos de modelos coexistem no sistema de saúde, pois o seguro público é do tipo previdenciário, o sistema assistencial público oferece atendimento gratuito às pessoas que têm seguro público, e os planos e operadoras de assistência privada seguem uma lógica de mercado. A proposta seria um sistema nacional de saúde que combinaria um serviço nacional de saúde predominantemente estatal (modelo de Beveridge) com um sistema de seguridade social (modelo de Bismarck) complementar, conforme a necessidade de financiamento. Com base em uma abordagem de avaliação de projetos sociais, foram analisados os critérios de relevância (coerência interna e consistência externa) e de viabilidade política e econômica do conteúdo do programa do governo. A proposta tem coerência interna, mas pouca consistência externa com o sistema político e econômico predominante, e o Estado tem capacidade limitada para aumentar o financiamento e a cobertura das empresas públicas. O conteúdo da proposta não permite identificar condições facilitadoras suficientes para sustentar um nível razoável de viabilidade política e econômica da aprovação legal e implementação efetiva da reforma proposta.

Pertinencia y factibilidad de reforma para crear un sistema universal de salud en Chile

[RESUMEN]. El sistema de salud en Chile ha logrado un gran desarrollo y cobertura nacional, pero mantiene limitacio- nes organizacionales que hacen necesaria una reforma estructural impostergable, debido a deficiencia de recursos y desempeño, con segmentación e inequidad. El programa gubernamental 2022-2026 plantea una reforma sustancial para crear un sistema universal de salud. Existen otras propuestas de reforma elaboradas por diversos programas y comisiones gubernamentales y centros de estudio, que aportan insumos útiles para contextualizar la propuesta gubernamental. Diversos tipos de modelos coexisten en el sistema de salud, pues el seguro público es de tipo seguridad social, el sistema asistencial público provee atención gratis a los asegurados públicos, y los seguros y proveedores asistenciales privados tienen modalidad de mercado. El sistema propuesto sería de tipo de sistema nacional de salud, en el que se combinan una modalidad predominante de servicio nacional de salud (tipo Beveridge) estatal con un sistema de seguridad social (tipo Bismarck) complementario, según la necesidad de financiamiento. Bajo un enfoque de evaluación de proyectos sociales, se revisaron los criterios de pertinencia (coherencia interna y consistencia externa) y de factibilidad política y económica de los contenidos del programa gubernamental. La propuesta tiene cohe- rencia interna, aunque una consistencia externa limitada con el sistema político y económico predominante, y escasa capacidad del Estado para aumentar el financiamiento y la cobertura de empresas públicas. El con- tenido de la propuesta no permite identificar que existan suficientes condiciones facilitadoras para sustentar una factibilidad política y económica razonable de aprobación legal e implementación efectiva de la reforma propuesta.

[ABSTRACT]. The health system in Chile is well developed, with broad national coverage. However, organizational limitations necessitate urgent structural reform due to a lack of resources and poor performance, with segmentation and inequity. The government's program for 2022–2026 proposes substantial reforms aimed at creating a universal health system. Other reform proposals formulated by various government programs and commissions, as well as think tanks, provide useful inputs to contextualize the government proposal. Different types of models coexist in the health system: public insurance is based on a social security model, the public system provides free care to the insured population, and private insurance and private care pro- viders work on a market basis. The proposed system would function on the national health system model, combining a predominant national health service (Beveridge model) with a complementary social security system (Bismarck model), depending on the need for funding. With a focus on social project evaluation, the relevance (internal coherence and external alignment) and political and economic feasibility of the contents of the government program were reviewed. The proposal has internal coherence, but limited external alignment with the prevailing political and economic system, and little State capacity to increase the financing of public enterprises and their coverage. The contents of the proposal do not show sufficient facilitating conditions to reasonably suggest political and economic feasibility in terms of legal approval and effective implementation of the proposed reform.

[RESUMO]. O sistema de saúde do Chile alcançou grande desenvolvimento e cobertura nacional, mas continua tendo limitações organizacionais que demandam uma reforma estrutural urgente, devido à insuficiência de recur- sos e do desempenho, com segmentação e iniquidades. O programa do governo para o período 2022-2026 propõe uma reforma substancial com vistas a criar um sistema de saúde universal. Há outras propostas de reforma, formuladas por diversos programas e comissões governamentais e centros de estudo, que forne- cem contribuições úteis para contextualizar a proposta do governo. Diferentes tipos de modelos coexistem no sistema de saúde, pois o seguro público é do tipo previdenciário, o sistema assistencial público oferece atendimento gratuito às pessoas que têm seguro público, e os planos e operadoras de assistência privada seguem uma lógica de mercado. A proposta seria um sistema nacional de saúde que combinaria um ser- viço nacional de saúde predominantemente estatal (modelo de Beveridge) com um sistema de seguridade social (modelo de Bismarck) complementar, conforme a necessidade de financiamento. Com base em uma abordagem de avaliação de projetos sociais, foram analisados os critérios de relevância (coerência interna e consistência externa) e de viabilidade política e econômica do conteúdo do programa do governo. A proposta tem coerência interna, mas pouca consistência externa com o sistema político e econômico predominante, e o Estado tem capacidade limitada para aumentar o financiamento e a cobertura das empresas públicas. O con- teúdo da proposta não permite identificar condições facilitadoras suficientes para sustentar um nível razoável de viabilidade política e econômica da aprovação legal e implementação efetiva da reforma proposta.

Impact of acute psychosocial stress on attentional control in humans. A study of evoked potentials and pupillary response.

Psychosocial stress has increased considerably in our modern lifestyle, affecting global mental health. Deficits in attentional control are cardinal features of stress disorders and pathological anxiety. Studies suggest that changes in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system could underlie the effects of stress on top-down attentional control. However, the impact of psychosocial stress on attentional processes and its underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of psychosocial stress on attentional processing and brain signatures. Evoked potentials and pupillary activity related to the oddball auditory paradigm were recorded before and after applying the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). Electrocardiogram (ECG), salivary cortisol, and subjective anxiety/stress levels were measured at different experimental periods. The control group experienced the same physical and cognitive effort but without the psychosocial stress component. The results showed that stressed subjects exhibited decreased P3a and P3b amplitude, pupil phasic response, and correct responses. On the other hand, they displayed an increase in Mismatch Negativity (MMN). N1 amplitude after MIST only decreased in the control group. We found that differences in P3b amplitude between the first and second oddball were significantly correlated with pupillary dilation and salivary cortisol levels. Our results suggest that under social-evaluative threat, basal activity of the coeruleus-norepinephrine system increases, enhancing alertness and decreasing voluntary attentional resources for the cognitive task. These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiological basis of attentional changes in pathologies associated with chronic psychosocial stress.

Pertinencia y factibilidad de reforma para crear un sistema universal de salud en Chile / Relevance and feasibility of reforms to create a universal health system in Chile / Relevância e viabilidade de uma reforma para a criação de um sistema de saúde universal no Chile

RESUMEN El sistema de salud en Chile ha logrado un gran desarrollo y cobertura nacional, pero mantiene limitaciones organizacionales que hacen necesaria una reforma estructural impostergable, debido a deficiencia de recursos y desempeño, con segmentación e inequidad. El programa gubernamental 2022-2026 plantea una reforma sustancial para crear un sistema universal de salud. Existen otras propuestas de reforma elaboradas por diversos programas y comisiones gubernamentales y centros de estudio, que aportan insumos útiles para contextualizar la propuesta gubernamental. Diversos tipos de modelos coexisten en el sistema de salud, pues el seguro público es de tipo seguridad social, el sistema asistencial público provee atención gratis a los asegurados públicos, y los seguros y proveedores asistenciales privados tienen modalidad de mercado. El sistema propuesto sería de tipo de sistema nacional de salud, en el que se combinan una modalidad predominante de servicio nacional de salud (tipo Beveridge) estatal con un sistema de seguridad social (tipo Bismarck) complementario, según la necesidad de financiamiento. Bajo un enfoque de evaluación de proyectos sociales, se revisaron los criterios de pertinencia (coherencia interna y consistencia externa) y de factibilidad política y económica de los contenidos del programa gubernamental. La propuesta tiene coherencia interna, aunque una consistencia externa limitada con el sistema político y económico predominante, y escasa capacidad del Estado para aumentar el financiamiento y la cobertura de empresas públicas. El contenido de la propuesta no permite identificar que existan suficientes condiciones facilitadoras para sustentar una factibilidad política y económica razonable de aprobación legal e implementación efectiva de la reforma propuesta.

ABSTRACT The health system in Chile is well developed, with broad national coverage. However, organizational limitations necessitate urgent structural reform due to a lack of resources and poor performance, with segmentation and inequity. The government's program for 2022-2026 proposes substantial reforms aimed at creating a universal health system. Other reform proposals formulated by various government programs and commissions, as well as think tanks, provide useful inputs to contextualize the government proposal. Different types of models coexist in the health system: public insurance is based on a social security model, the public system provides free care to the insured population, and private insurance and private care providers work on a market basis. The proposed system would function on the national health system model, combining a predominant national health service (Beveridge model) with a complementary social security system (Bismarck model), depending on the need for funding. With a focus on social project evaluation, the relevance (internal coherence and external alignment) and political and economic feasibility of the contents of the government program were reviewed. The proposal has internal coherence, but limited external alignment with the prevailing political and economic system, and little State capacity to increase the financing of public enterprises and their coverage. The contents of the proposal do not show sufficient facilitating conditions to reasonably suggest political and economic feasibility in terms of legal approval and effective implementation of the proposed reform.

RESUMO O sistema de saúde do Chile alcançou grande desenvolvimento e cobertura nacional, mas continua tendo limitações organizacionais que demandam uma reforma estrutural urgente, devido à insuficiência de recursos e do desempenho, com segmentação e iniquidades. O programa do governo para o período 2022-2026 propõe uma reforma substancial com vistas a criar um sistema de saúde universal. Há outras propostas de reforma, formuladas por diversos programas e comissões governamentais e centros de estudo, que fornecem contribuições úteis para contextualizar a proposta do governo. Diferentes tipos de modelos coexistem no sistema de saúde, pois o seguro público é do tipo previdenciário, o sistema assistencial público oferece atendimento gratuito às pessoas que têm seguro público, e os planos e operadoras de assistência privada seguem uma lógica de mercado. A proposta seria um sistema nacional de saúde que combinaria um serviço nacional de saúde predominantemente estatal (modelo de Beveridge) com um sistema de seguridade social (modelo de Bismarck) complementar, conforme a necessidade de financiamento. Com base em uma abordagem de avaliação de projetos sociais, foram analisados os critérios de relevância (coerência interna e consistência externa) e de viabilidade política e econômica do conteúdo do programa do governo. A proposta tem coerência interna, mas pouca consistência externa com o sistema político e econômico predominante, e o Estado tem capacidade limitada para aumentar o financiamento e a cobertura das empresas públicas. O conteúdo da proposta não permite identificar condições facilitadoras suficientes para sustentar um nível razoável de viabilidade política e econômica da aprovação legal e implementação efetiva da reforma proposta.

[Liability and legal security of healthcare professionals in the context of a pandemic]. / Responsabilidad penal médica y seguridad jurídica en contextos de pandemia.

This paper deals with the relevance of bioethical guidelines for the prioritization of patient care. These guidelines should guide health professionals' triage procedures in exceptional situations of resource shortage. Also, they would contribute to evaluate the legal liability of professionals in these situations.

Responsabilidad penal médica y seguridad jurídica en contextos de pandemia / Liability and legal security of healthcare professionals in the context of a pandemic

This paper deals with the relevance of bioethical guidelines for the prioritization of patient care. These guidelines should guide health professionals' triage procedures in exceptional situations of resource shortage. Also, they would contribute to evaluate the legal liability of professionals in these situations.

Presente y futuro del tratamiento biológico y moléculas pequeñas en la dermatitis atópica / Present and future of biological treatment and small molecules in atopic dermatitis

La dermatitis atópica (DA) es una condición inflamatoria crónica de la piel de etiología multifactorial. Buscando mejorar la respuesta clínica minimizando los efectos adversos y ampliar el arsenal terapéutico disponible, se ha dado pie al desarrollo de nuevos fármacos con resultados prometedores en la calidad de vida. Los inmunomoduladores sistémicos clásicos son considerados el tratamiento estándar en los casos de DA moderada a severa refractaria al tratamiento con corticoides tópicos. Estos se encasillan dentro de las denominadas moléculas pequeñas, junto con los inhibidores de Janus- en un efecto pleiotrópico en las citoquinas y por ende, no selectivo. Los medicamentos biológicos poseen ventajas frente a los inmunomoduladores clásicos, principalmente su mayor especificidad gracias a la similitud con las moléculas endógenas. Dupilumab se mantiene siendo el único fármaco biológico aprobado por la FDA para el tratamiento de la DA, con una seguridad a corto plazo demostrada. Algunas moléculas nuevas, como el tralokinumab y los inhibidores JAK, presentan resultados prometedores. De este grupo, abrocitinib pareciera posicionarse como una alternativa al menos similar que dupilumab. La creciente investigación de nuevas alternativas ha creado una revolución terapéutica para que nuestros pacientes puedan acceder a una mejor calidad de vida. No obstante, es difícil lograr comprender la efectividad y seguridad de cada uno de los tratamientos disponibles, por la falta de estudios comparativos. La siguiente revisión muestra las nuevas terapias biológicas y algunas moléculas pequeñas con evidencia para su uso en DA

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with a multifactorial etiology. Seeking to improve the clinical response by minimizing adverse effects and expanding the available therapeutic arsenal, the development of new drugs has led to promising results on quality of life. Classic systemic immunomodulators are considered the standard treatment in cases of moderate to severe AD refractory to treatment with topical corticosteroids. These are classified into molecules, along with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKs). Small molecules act on intracellular targets, with the inconveniency of producing a pleiotropic effect on cytokines and, therefore, non-selective actions. Biologics have advantages over classical immunomodulators, mainly their greater specificity thanks to the similarity between endogenous molecules. Dupilumab remains the only biologic drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of AD, with demonstrated short-term safety. Some new molecules, such as tralokinumab and JAK inhibitors, have shown promising results. Of this group, abrocitinib seems to be positioned as an alternative at least similar to dupilumab. The current investigation of new alternatives has created a therapeutic revolution so that we can offer our patients a better quality of life. However, it is difficult to understand the efficacy and safety of each of the available treatments due to the lack of comparative studies. The following review shows the new biological therapies and small molecules with evidence for their use in DA.

Association of BoLA DRB3 gene polymorphisms with BoHV-1 infection and zootechnical traits.

BACKGROUND: The dairy sector is one of the leading in agricultural production sectors in the world and the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an important pathogen that causes great losses in most production systems. Moreover, BoLA DRB3 immunological gene presents different alleles related to protection against many pathogens. METHODS: Serological diagnosis was carried out to determine the BoHV-1 infection and through PCR-RFLP 506 Holstein cows from several municipalities of Antioquia were genotyped for BoLA DRB3.2 gene polymorphisms. RESULTS: Alleles 8, 16, 22, and 24 were the most common out of the 42 alleles found. By indirect ELISA technique, a 58.7% prevalence of BoHV-1 infection in this population was diagnosed and Odd ratios for found alleles were calculated by logistic regression; the only significant association was held for allele 37, which showed that it effects confers susceptibility to infection. On the other hand, by using generalized linear models, a significant association between BoLA DRB3.2 gene and milk and fat yield in primiparous and services per conception in multiparous was found, with the most favorable alleles being 11 and 28 in primiparous and 22 and 28 in multiparous; allele 37 was unfavorable only in primiparous. CONCLUSION: BoLA DRB3.2 gene polymorphisms have shown high variability and significant effects on Holstein cattle and their performance in production systems in Antioquia are at both sanitary or health and productive levels.

Draft genome sequences of clostridium strains native to Colombia with the potential to produce solvents.

Genomes from four Clostridium sp. strains considered to be mesophilic anaerobic bacteria, isolated from crop soil in Colombia, with a strong potential to produce alcohols like 1,3-propanediol, were analyzed. We present the draft genome of these strains, which will be useful for developing genetic engineering strategies.

Determination of the species from skeletal remains through histomorphometric evaluation and discriminant analysis / Determinación de la especie a partir de restos óseos mediante evaluación histomorfométrica y análisis discriminante

In situations where the skeletal remains found are too fragmented, it is necessary to assess the human origin of such remains; for this purpose, various parameters are used, both anatomical and histological. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the various histomorphometric parameters to differentiate human from non-human bones, to further construct discriminatory functions that allow interspecies classification. Tibia bones sections from human, bovine, pig, hen, cat, and dog species were used, processed through conventional histological techniques and observed under the microscope with a 40x magnification, analyzing the Haversian Canal Density parameters by mm2, Diameter of the Haversian Canal and the Diameter of the Haversian System which were compared through one way ANOVA with Scheffé post test, p<0.05. Subsequently, the discriminatory functions were constructed for each species and the percentage of well-diagnosed cases was determined. Meaningful differences were found in the parameters analyzed; the discriminatory functions allowed to correctly classify 88.5 percent of the cases. Our results suggest that it is possible to differentiate human skeletal remains from non-human through the observation of their histological characteristics and histomorphometric parameters, but interspecies differentiation requires a more complex analysis...

En situaciones donde los restos óseos que se encuentran están muy fragmentados, es necesario evaluar el origen humano de dichos restos, para ello se utilizan diversos parámetros morfológicos tanto anatómicos como histológicos. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los distintos parámetros histomorfométricos para diferenciar hueso humano de no humano, para posteriormente construir las funciones discriminantes que permitan la clasificación interespecies. Se utilizaron secciones de hueso de tibia de individuos de especies: humano, bovino, cerdo, gallina, gato y perro, procesadas mediante técnica histológica convencional y observadas al microscópio con aumento 40x, analizándose los parámetros Densidad del canal de Havers por mm2, Diámetro del canal de Havers y diámetro del sistema Haversiano, los cuales fueron comparados mediante one way ANOVA con Scheffé post test con p<0,05. Posteriormente se construyeron las funciones discriminantes para cada especie y se determinó el porcentaje de casos bien diagnosticados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los parámetros analizados, las funciones discriminantes permitieron la correcta clasificación del 88,5 por ciento de los casos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que es posible diferenciar restos óseos humanos de no humanos mediante la observación de sus características histológicas y parámetros histomorfométricos, pero la diferenciación interespecie requiere de análisis más complejo...

Helicobacter pylori HopE and HopV porins present scarce expression among clinical isolates.

AIM: To evaluate how widely Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) HopE and HopV porins are expressed among Chilean isolates and how seroprevalent they are among infected patients in Chile. METHODS: H. pylori hopE and hopV genes derived from strain CHCTX-1 were cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli AD494 (DE3). Gel-purified porins were used to prepare polyclonal antibodies. The presence of both genes was tested by PCR in a collection of H. pylori clinical isolates and their expression was detected in lysates by immunoblotting. Immune responses against HopE, HopV and other H. pylori antigens in sera from infected and non-infected patients were tested by Western blotting using these sera as first antibody on recombinant H. pylori antigens. RESULTS: PCR and Western blotting assays revealed that 60 and 82 out of 130 Chilean isolates carried hopE and hopV genes, respectively, but only 16 and 9, respectively, expressed these porins. IgG serum immunoreactivity evaluation of 69 H. pylori-infected patients revealed that HopE and HopV were infrequently recognized (8.7% and 10.1% respectively) compared to H. pylori VacA (68.1%) and CagA (59.5%) antigens. Similar values were detected for IgA serum immunoreactivity against HopE (11.6%) and HopV (10.5%) although lower values for VacA (42%) and CagA (17.4%) were obtained when compared to the IgG response. CONCLUSION: A scarce expression of HopE and HopV among Chilean isolates was found, in agreement with the infrequent seroconversion against these antigens when tested in infected Chilean patients.