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INTRODUCTION: Cryptococcus gattii species complex is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions and is described as a causative agent of cryptococcosis in immunocompetent individuals. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the first case of cryptococcosis in a HIV-negative patient from Ivory Coast infected by Cryptococcus gattii sensu stricto VGI. Isolates were recovered from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to systemic antifungal treatment up to 42 days after detection of the presence of yeasts in the CSF. Eighteen isolates were recovered, genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility analyses were performed. All the isolates belonged to the Cryptococcus gattii sensu stricto (B;VGI) and were identified as a new sequence type (ST) 553 by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) analyses. Susceptibility testing showed that all the strains had a wild-type phenotype for fluconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine. Treatment with fluconazole (1200mg/day) was initiated with success. CONCLUSION: This is the first case report of the presence of C. gattii sensu stricto VGI in a HIV-negative ivorian patient and the second report of the presence of species from the C. gattii complex species in this country.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcus gattii/drug effects , Cryptococcus gattii/genetics , Genotype , Adult , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Cote d'Ivoire , Cryptococcosis/cerebrospinal fluid , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Cryptococcosis/microbiology , Cryptococcus gattii/classification , Cryptococcus gattii/pathogenicity , Female , Genetic Variation , HIV Infections , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Assessing the use of high-dose fluconazol monotherapy (1200mg or 800mg) in the treatment and prognosis of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Ivory Coast. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study carried out from August 2008 to August 2011 based on patients charts suffering from CM in the Abidjan Tropicals and Infectious Disease Unit. Mortality rate and associated factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-six cases of cryptococcal meningitis (2.5% of hospitalizations) were included. The sex-ratio was of 1.2. The median age was 40.5 [35-47] years. The symptomatology was subacute (93.5%). The main clinical symptoms were syndrome of pure meningeal irritation (65%), fever (100%); 35% of patients had encephalomeningits. Twenty-one (45.7%) was ART-naïve patients. Fluconazole 1200mg was prescribed to 29 (63%) patients. Therapeutic lumbar punctures were performed in 42 (91.3) patients. The mortality rate was 50%. Significant predictors of mortality were encephalomeningitis and therapeutic lumbar puncture. CONCLUSION: Cryptococcal meningitis associated mortality remains high despite the use of high-dose fluconazole monotherapy. Therapeutic lumbar punctures help to improving the prognosis.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage , Fluconazole/administration & dosage , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Adult , Cote d'Ivoire/epidemiology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , HIV , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Le dépistage systématique du cancer du col de l'utérus chez les femmes infectées par le Vih est recommandé par l'oMS et effectif en Côte d'ivoire depuis 2009. l'objectif était de partager l'expérience de cette pratique en routine chez les femmes infectées par le Vih suivies dans un service d'infectiologie à abidjan. il s'est agit d'une étude rétrospective des dossiers de patientes âgées de 25 à 65 ans, infectées par le Vih, suivies au SMiT entre 2010 et 2014. la technique d'inspection visuelle à l'acide acétique (iVa) a été utilisée pour le dépistage. les données socio-démographiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques recueillies ont été analysées à l'aide des logiciels excel 2007 et STaTa version 13.0. le test statistique utilisé pour comparer les pourcentages était le khi deux ou le test exact de Fischer. les différences observées ont été considérées comme significatives en dessous de 5 %. la variable d'intérêt était la réalisation d'au moins un test iVa en routine. Selon le résultat du test iVa, le profil clinique et immunovirologique des patientes a été analysé en précisant la conduite à tenir selon l'indication. enfin la poursuite du dépistage a été notifiée dans le temps spécifiquement chez les femmes négatives au test initial. entre 2010 et 2014, 4 368 femmes infectées par le Vih étaient éligibles au dépistage du cancer du col. Parmi elles, 301 femmes (6,9 %) en ont bénéficié. l'âge médian était de 38 ans [25 - 58 ans]. la médiane des Cd4 au bilan de suivi lors du test iVa était de 291 cellules/mm3 [2 1 876 cellules/mm3]. le dépistage était positif pour 24 femmes (8 %) et selon les indications, 6 femmes étaient éligibles à la cryothérapie (26 %), 6 à la résection à l'anse diathermique (26 %) et 10 à la réalisation d'un frottis cervico-vaginal, pour une suspicion de cancer invasif (44 %). les patientes positives au test iVa étaient relativement plus jeune (35 vs 38 ans ; p = 0,03). aucun contrôle ultérieur n'a été effectué chez 90 % (n = 249) de celles qui ont eu un test iVa négatif au premier dépistage. le dépistage systématique est peu réalisé en routine au cours du suivi des femmes Vih. les défis opérationnels doivent être relevés pour une optimisation des soins en afrique
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OBJECTIVE: We described the use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV transmission among children and adolescents victims of rape in Abidjan (Ivory Coast). MATERIALS AND METHOD: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study on children (0-9 years) and adolescents (10-19 years) victims of rape between 2000 and 2013. We analyzed the patients' socio-demographic characteristics and the modality of the chemoprophylaxis. RESULTS: We included 10 children and 89 adolescents in the study. The median age was 16 years old (3-19 years). The median time to consultation was 23.5 hours (5-152 hours). The antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis was administered to 92 patients (93%). No HIV and HBV seroconversion was observed after a 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: A better management of rape victims is required in Abidjan.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Rape , Adolescent , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Child , Child, Preschool , Cote d'Ivoire , Female , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Antibodies/blood , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Seropositivity , Health Services Needs and Demand , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood , Humans , Male , Retrospective Studies , Seroconversion , Socioeconomic Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introduction : L'efficacite des traitements antiretroviraux (ARV) peut entrainer des phenomenes inflammatoires de restauration immune (IRIS) ou auto-immuns paradoxaux sous forme de pathologies infectieuses telles que la tuberculose ou la cryptococcose. Observation: Nous rapportons un cas inhabituel de syndrome inflammatoire de restauration immune sous la forme d'une cryptococcose disseminee avec des atteintes meningees et cerebrales chez un patient de 56 ans infecte par le VIH-1 qui a consulte pour un trouble de la vigilance; des crises convulsives et une hemiparesie droite. Le patient avait repondu favorablement a un traitement antifongique par fluconazole institue pour une meningite a cryptocoque un mois avant son admission. Un traitement ARV avait ete initie une dizaine de jours apres le traitement anticryptococcique. Apres deux semaines effective de traitement ARV; le tableau clinique etait marque par la reapparition des symptomes neuro-meninges et leur aggravation. L'examen a l'encre de chine du liquide cephalorachidien (LCR) mettait en evidence des spores de Cryptococcus neoformans. La recherche de l'antigene cryptococcique etait positive et la culture sur milieu de Sabouraud montrait des colonies de Cryptococcus Neoformans. L'IRM cerebrale notait de multiples lesions d'abces. L'evolution a ete fatale apres 11 jours de traitement. Conclusion : Le cryptococcome associe a l'IRIS est peu decrit en Afrique. La generalisation actuelle des ARV sur ce continent pourrait entrainer une recrudescence de cette manifestation
Subject(s)
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome , Meningitis, CryptococcalABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the tolerability and adherence to all non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for cases of HIV exposure in Abidjan. METHOD: We retrospectively studied all post-exposure prophylaxis for non-occupational exposures to HIV prescribed from January 1st, 2000 to December 31st, 2007 in the Abidjan infectious diseases department. We analyzed the types of exposure, socio-demographic characteristics of patients, antiretroviral therapy regimens, adherence and tolerability, duration of the treatment, and post-exposure follow-up. RESULTS: Over these eight years, we managed 128 consultations for non-professional exposures to HIV (50 male [39%], 78 female patients [61%]), average age 24.8 years (four-54 years). The most frequent exposures were due to rape (n=74), condom rupture (n=29), and occasional unprotected sex (n=21). The average delay before consultation was 20.8 hours. The antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis included a protease inhibitor in 93% of the cases; 80.5% of patients completed 28 days of chemoprophylaxis, while 8.6% interrupted the treatment, and 10.9% were lost to follow-up. The most frequent adverse effects were gastrointestinal, reported by 79 patients (61.7%). Only 34 patients (26.6%) returned for clinical and biological post-exposure follow-up with HIV control at third month, without documented seroconversion. CONCLUSION: Cases of sexual exposure to HIV are the main indication for post-exposure prophylaxis in Abidjan, except for occupational exposure to blood. However, post-exposure prophylaxis should be available in the units of primary care, such as emergencies departments.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis , Adolescent , Adult , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Bites, Human , Child , Child, Preschool , Condoms , Cote d'Ivoire , Equipment Failure , Female , Gastrointestinal Diseases/chemically induced , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Protease Inhibitors/administration & dosage , HIV Protease Inhibitors/adverse effects , HIV Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , HIV Seropositivity , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Needlestick Injuries , Patient Compliance , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/statistics & numerical data , Rape , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Unsafe Sex , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment in elderly people followed at the Unit for Infectious and Tropical Diseases at the University Hospital in Abidjan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective descriptive study of the files of people aged at least 60 years, infected by HIV who were treated and followed-up in the Unit between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2006. We analysed sociodemographic (age, sex), clinical (weight, Karnofsky scale, CDC, opportunistic infections), biological (HIV, CD4, haemogram, glycaemia, creatininaemia, transaminasaemia) and therapeutic (antiretroviral regimens, evolution, side-effects) parameters. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated as the percentage of patients with < 200 CD4/ml, and its safety was based on deleterious effects. RESULTS: We studied 62 patients (44 men, 18 women), of whom 13 had been treated (21%), 46 had not been treated (74.2%) and 48 (77.4%) were undergoing chemoprophy-laxis with cotrimoxazole. Most were infected with HIV1 (93.6%), 3.2% with HIV2 and 3.2% with both HIV1 and HIV2. The majority (93.3%) was symptomatic, and 67.8% had AIDS. During 34 months of follow-up, 48 patients (77.4%) received first-line treatment, 13 (21%) received second-line and only one patient (1.6%) had third-line treatment. The percentage of patients with more than 200 CD4/ml increased from 20% at baseline to 36% at 6 months and 39% at 12 months. The main clinical side-effect was peripheral neuropathy (30.5%), and the main biological effect was hypertransaminasaemia > 2N (32.3%). The median rate of loss to follow-up was 17.7%, and two patients (3.2%) died. CONCLUSION: Antiretroviral treatment is effective in the elderly, with few biological disorders. A prospective study of a larger sample would elucidate the differences from younger people in the efficacy of such treatment.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1 , HIV-2 , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology , Cote d'Ivoire/epidemiology , Databases, Factual , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Gastrointestinal Diseases/chemically induced , Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Hospitals, University/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objectif : Evaluer l'efficacite du traitement antiretroviral chez les sujets ages suivis dans le service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales a Abidjan. Materiel et Methodes : Il s'agit d'une etude retrospective; descriptive et portant sur l'analyse des dossiers de sujets ages d'au moins 60 ans; infectes par le VIH; traites et suivis dans le service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales entre le 1er janvier 1999 et le 31 decembre 2006. L'analyse a porte sur les parametres sociodemographiques (age; sexe); cliniques ARV; (poids; score Karnofsky; stade CDC; affections opportunistes); biologiques (type de VIH; CD4; hemogramme; glycemie; creatininemie; transaminasemie) et therapeutiques (regimesA RV; evolution; effets secondaires). L'efficacite du traitement etait basee sur le pourcentage de patients ayant un taux de CD4 200 / ml et la tolerance basee sur les effets deleteres. Resultats : L'etude a concerne 62 sujets ages (44 hommes / 18 femmes); dont 13 pretraites (21); 46 naifs (74;20) et 48 (77;42) sous chimioprophylaxie au cotrimoxazole. La majorite de l'effectif etait infectee par le VIH1 (93;60) contre 3;20pour le VIH2 et 3;20pour le VIH 1+2. Ils etaient symptomatiques a 93;3avec 67;8au stade SIDA. En trente quatre mois de suivi; 48 patients ont recu un regime de premiere ligne (77;4) ; 13 de deuxieme ligne (20;96) et un seul patient avait un regime de troisieme ligne (1;6). L'analyse des resultats a montre que le pourcentage des patients ayant un taux des CD4 200 etait croissant; passant de 20a M0 a 36a M6 puis 39a M12. Quant aux effets secondaires; ils etaient cliniquement domines par les neuropathies peripheriques (30;5) et biologiquement par l'hypertransaminasemie 2N (32;3). Le taux median de perdus de vue etait de 17;7; et 2 patients (3;22) sont decedes. Conclusion : Le traitement ARV est efficace chez les personnes agees avec peu d'anomalies biologiques; aussi; une etude prospective sur un plus grand echantillonnage permettrait-elle de mieux percevoir les differences avec le sujet jeune