Is Social Media Spreading Misinformation on Exercise and Health in Brazil?

Instagram (IG) reaches millions of people, sharing personal content and all kinds of information, including those related to exercise and health. However, the scientific quality of the posted information is questionable. Thus, this study aimed to analyze whether exercise and health information posted by popular Brazilian IG influencers has technical-scientific accuracy. A personal IG account was created to identify Brazilian IG profiles. The inclusion criteria of the accounts were: (1) having 50% of all the shared posts related to topics about exercise and health, such as nutrition, health and wellness, medicine, or physical fitness; and (2) having over 100,000 followers. Qualitative analysis revealed a low quality percentage (38.79 ± 25.43%) for all analyzed posts. Out of all the posts, only 13 (~2.7%) cited a reference endorsing the information. Moreover, the higher quality-ratio score of the posts was not directly associated with the higher educational qualification of the influencers (r = 0.313; p = 0.076). Nevertheless, the number of followers was inversely correlated with the educational qualification of the influencers (r = -0.450; p = 0.009), but not with the quality-ratio score of the posts (r = -0.178 p = 0.322). We conclude that prominent Brazilian IG influencers disseminate low-quality information about exercise and health, contributing to the wide-spreading of misinformation to millions of followers.

Efeitos do exercício prévio sobre o desempenho intermitente em jogadoras amadoras de futsal / Ffects of previous exercise on intermittent performance in amateur futsal players

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do exercício prévio específico sobre o desempenho em teste intermitente de alta intensidade em jogadoras de futsal e variáveis associadas. Para isso 13 jogadoras amadoras de futsal (24,1 anos; 63,6 kg; 1,61 m; IMC = 24,3 kg/m2 ; % de gordura = 27,9), de maneira cruzada, passaram por duas sessões experimentais separadas por sete dias. Em uma das sessões era realizado um exercício prévio (EP): três primeiros níveis do Yo Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1) repetidos por três vezes. Na sessão controle (CON), as jogadoras permaneciam em repouso (5 min) e após, em ambas as sessões, era realizado o YYIR1 até a exaustão. Antes do início da sessão eram reportadas escalas de recuperação e dor muscular de início tardio, a frequência cardíaca (FC) foi monitorada por toda sessão e, ao término, a percepção de esforço (PSE) era registrada. As percepções de recuperação (p = 0,23) e de dor (p = 0,36) não diferiram entre as sessões EP vs. CON. A FC média durante o exercício prévio foi de 111,3 ± 7,7 bpm. A distância percorrida no YYIR1 não diferiu (p = 0,25) também entre EP (372,3 ± 103,8 m) vs. CON (341,5 ± 84,2 m), bem como a monitoração da FC (mínima, média e máxima). Entretanto, a PSE foi menor (p = 0,0008) na sessão EP (8,5 ± 0,7 UA) do que em CON (9,3 ± 0,6 UA). Assim, concluímos que o exercício prévio não influencia o desempenho intermitente de alta intensidade (YYIR1), nem as variáveis de FC. Porém, o exercício prévio gera menores níveis de percepção de esforço (intensidade interna) em comparação ao repouso antes do YYIR1. (AU)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of specific prior exercise on performance in intermittent high intensity testing in futsal players and associated variables. For this, 13 amateur futsal players (24.1 years old; 63.6 kg; 1.61 m; BMI = 24.3 kg / m2; fat% = 27.9), in a crossed way, went through two experimental sessions separated by seven days. In one of the sessions, a previous exercise (PE) was performed: the first three levels of the Yo Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1) repeated three times. In the control session (CON), the players remained at rest (5 min) and afterwards, in both sessions, YYIR1 was performed until exhaustion. Before the start of the session, recovery scales and late-onset muscle pain were reported, the heart rate (HR) was monitored throughout the session and, at the end, the perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded. The perceptions of recovery (p = 0.23) and pain (p = 0.36) did not differ between the PE vs CON. The average HR during the previous exercise was 111.3 ± 7.7 bpm. The distance covered in YYIR1 did not differ (p = 0.25) also between PE (372.3 ± 103.8 m) vs. CON (341.5 ± 84.2 m), as well as HR monitoring (minimum, average and maximum). However, the RPE was lower (p = 0.0008) in the PE session (8.5 ± 0.7 AU) than in CON (9.3 ± 0.6 AU). Thus, we conclude that the previous exercise does not influence the intermittent high intensity performance (YYIR1), nor the HR variables. However, previous exercise generates lower levels of perceived exertion (internal intensity) compared to resting before YYIR1. (AU)

Compression Stockings Used During Two Soccer Matches Improve Perceived Muscle Soreness and High-Intensity Performance.

ABSTRACT: Gimenes, SV, Marocolo, M, Pavin, LN, Pagoto Spigolon, LM, Neto, OB, Côrrea da Silva, BV, Duffield, R, and Ribeiro da Mota, G. Compression stockings used during two soccer matches improve perceived muscle soreness and high-intensity performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2010-2017, 2021-Evidence on the use of compression stockings (CS) during soccer matches is limited. Thus, we evaluated the acute effects of CS on match-based physical performance indicators and perceptual responses during 2 consecutive soccer matches with 72-hour recovery. Twenty outfield players were randomly allocated to the CS group (20-30 mm Hg) or control group (non-CS) and performed 2 matches (5 players using CS or regular socks per team/match). Match loads {rating of perceived exertion × minutes; CS ∼830 vs. control 843 (arbitrary units [AU])} and heart rate (HR) responses (both CS and control ∼86% HRpeak) did not differ (p > 0.05) between CS and control groups. Although total distance covered did not differ (p > 0.05) between groups, CS increased distances (effect size [ES] = 0.9-1.32) in higher-speed zones (>19 km·h-1 CS ∼550 m vs. control ∼373 m) alongside an increased number of accelerations (-50.0 to -3.0 m·s-2) than control (CS: 33.7 ± 11.2 vs. control: 23.8 ± 7.9; p = 0.003; ES = 1.04). Perceived recovery did not differ (p > 0.05) between groups for either match but was worse in the second match for both groups. Perceived muscle soreness increased in control after match 2 (from 3.1 ± 1.9 to 6.3 ± 1.6 AU; p < 0.0010) but did not in CS (from 2.8 ± 1.4 to 4.1 ± 1.9 AU; p = 0.6275; ES = 1.24 CS vs. control after match). Accordingly, CS use during 2 soccer matches with 72-hour recovery reduces perceived muscle soreness in the second match and increases higher-speed match running performance.

Using the medicine ball throw test to predict upper limb muscle power: validity evidence / Teste do arremesso de bola medicinal para predizer potência muscular de membros superiores: evidências de validade

Abstract Muscle power is the product of muscle force and velocity, which translates into the ability to produce force in a short time interval. Periodic evaluations of strength and power, coupled with training strategies for these capacities, are of great value to athletes and multi-sports coaches, since they are key determinants for team success. Specifically, in rugby, where passing is a predominant and determinant element of sporting success, few field tests are available for assessing upper limb muscle power. The purpose of this point of view is to correct the upper limb power prediction equation previously published by our group and to highlight its concepts and applicability in sports, especially in rugby.

Resumo Potência muscular é o produto entre força e velocidade, que se traduz na capacidade de produzir força em um curto intervalo de tempo. Avaliações periódicas de força e potência, combinadas a estratégias de treinamento para essas capacidades, são de grande valor para atletas e treinadores multi-esportivos, pois são determinantes para o sucesso da equipe. Especificamente no rugby, onde o passe é elemento predominante e determinante do sucesso esportivo, poucos testes de campo estão disponíveis para avaliar força muscular de membro superior. O objetivo deste ponto de vista é corrigir a equação de predição de potência do membro superior previamente publicada pelo nosso grupo e destacar seus conceitos e aplicabilidade nos esportes, especialmente no rugby.

Can compression stockings reduce the degree of soccer match-induced fatigue in females?

Soccer-induced fatigue and performance are different between the sexes. The effect of compression stockings (CS) use on fatigue during the soccer match in females is unknown. Thus, we evaluated the impact of CS use during a female soccer match on match-induced fatigue. Twenty soccer players were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 10 for each group): CS and Control (regular socks), and equally distributed within two teams. At rest (baseline 48-h before the match) and immediately post-match, we assessed agility T-test, standing heel-rise test and YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (YoYoIE2) performance. Effort during the match (heart rate and rating of perceived exertion) was similar (p > 0.05) between groups. The YoYoIE2 performance was decreased post-match (p < 0.05) equally for both groups. Otherwise, the CS group exhibited a greater post-match performance (p < 0.05) for the agility T-test and heel-rise test (large effect sizes). Therefore, we conclude that the use of CS during an amateur female soccer match resulted in less match-induced fatigue.

Wearing Colored Glasses can Influence Exercise Performance and Testosterone concentration?

Perception of red color is associated with higher testosterone concentration and better human performance. Thus, we evaluated the acute effects of wearing colored-lens glasses on the YoYo intermittent endurance exercise test 2 (YoYoIE2) performance indicators and testosterone concentration. Ten soccer players performed three YoYoIE2 (counterbalanced crossover) wearing colorless (control), blue- or red-lensed glasses (2-4 days of rest in between). YoYoIE2 performance did not differ among the trials ( p >0.05), but blood testosterone increased post-exercise in red compared to red baseline (red=14%, effect size=0.75). Analysis showed faster heart rate recovery ( p <0.05) at 1 min post-test for blue compared to red lenses. Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration did not differ ( p >0.05) among the trials. Wearing red-colored lenses during high-intensity intermittent exercise increased testosterone concentration, but do not influence performance.

Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists.

Brief moments of blood flow occlusion followed by reperfusion may promote enhancements in exercise performance. Thus, this study assessed the 24-h effect of post-exercise ischemic conditioning (PEIC) on exercise performance and physiological variables in trained cyclists. In a randomized, single-blind study, 28 trained cyclists (27.1 ± 1.4 years) performed a maximal incremental cycling test (MICT). The outcome measures were creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness and perceived recovery status, heart rate, perceived exertion and power output. Immediately after the MICT, the cyclists performed 1 of the following 4 interventions: 2 sessions of 5-min occlusion/5-min reperfusion (PEIC or SHAM, 2 x 5) or 5 sessions of 2-min occlusion/2-min reperfusion (PEIC or SHAM, 5 x 2). The PEIC (50 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure) or SHAM (20 mm Hg) treatment was applied unilaterally on alternating thighs. At 24 h after the interventions, a second MICT was performed. In all the groups, the CK levels were increased compared with the baseline (p < 0.05) after the 24-h MICT. The PEIC groups (2 x 5 and 5 x 2) felt more tired at 24 h post intervention (p < 0.05). However, both PEIC groups maintained their performance (2 x 5: p = 0.819; 5 x 2: p = 0.790), while the SHAM groups exhibited decreased performance at 24 h post intervention compared to baseline (2 x 5: p = 0.015; 5 x 2: p = 0.045). A decrease in the maximal heart rate (HR) was found only in the SHAM 2 x 5 group (p = 0.015). There were no other significant differences in the heart rate, power output or perceived exertion after 24 h compared with the baseline values for any of the interventions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, PEIC led to maintained exercise performance 24 h post intervention in trained cyclists.

Exercise Training Attenuates Sympathetic Activity and Improves Morphometry of Splenic Arterioles in Spontaneously Hipertensive Rats.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in the structure of resistance vessels contribute to elevated systemic vascular resistance in hypertension and are linked to sympathetic hyperactivity and related lesions in target organs. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of exercise training on hemodynamic and autonomic parameters, as well as splenic arteriolar damages in male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). METHODS: Normotensive sedentary (WKYS) and trained (WKYT) rats, and hypertensive sedentary (SHRS) and trained (SHRT) rats were included in this study. After 9 weeks of experimental protocol (swimming training or sedentary control), arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in freely moving rats. We assessed the autonomic control of the heart by sympathetic and vagal autonomic blockade. Morphometric analyses of arterioles were performed in spleen tissues. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Resting bradycardia was observed in both trained groups (WKYT: 328.0 ± 7.3 bpm; SHRT: 337.0 ± 5.2 bpm) compared with their respective sedentary groups (WKYS: 353.2 ± 8.5 bpm; SHRS: 412.1 ± 10.4 bpm; p < 0.001). Exercise training attenuated mean AP only in SHRT (125.9 ± 6.2 mmHg) vs. SHRS (182.5 ± 4.2 mmHg, p < 0.001). The WKYT showed a higher vagal effect (∆HR: 79.0 ± 2.3 bpm) compared with WKYS (∆HR: 67.4 ± 1.7 bpm; p < 0.05). Chronic exercise decreased sympathetic effects on SHRT (∆HR: -62.8 ± 2.8 bpm) in comparison with SHRS (∆HR: -99.8 ± 9.2 bpm; p = 0.005). The wall thickness of splenic arterioles in SHR was reduced by training (332.1 ± 16.0 µm2 in SHRT vs. 502.7 ± 36.3 µm2 in SHRS; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training attenuates sympathetic activity and AP in SHR, which may be contributing to the morphological improvement of the splenic arterioles.

Exercise Training Attenuates Sympathetic Activity and Improves Morphometry of Splenic Arterioles in Spontaneously Hipertensive Rats / Treinamento Físico Atenua a Atividade Simpática e Melhora a Morfometria das Arteríolas Esplênicas em Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos

Abstract Background: Alterations in the structure of resistance vessels contribute to elevated systemic vascular resistance in hypertension and are linked to sympathetic hyperactivity and related lesions in target organs. Objective: To assess the effects of exercise training on hemodynamic and autonomic parameters, as well as splenic arteriolar damages in male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Methods: Normotensive sedentary (WKYS) and trained (WKYT) rats, and hypertensive sedentary (SHRS) and trained (SHRT) rats were included in this study. After 9 weeks of experimental protocol (swimming training or sedentary control), arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in freely moving rats. We assessed the autonomic control of the heart by sympathetic and vagal autonomic blockade. Morphometric analyses of arterioles were performed in spleen tissues. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Resting bradycardia was observed in both trained groups (WKYT: 328.0 ± 7.3 bpm; SHRT: 337.0 ± 5.2 bpm) compared with their respective sedentary groups (WKYS: 353.2 ± 8.5 bpm; SHRS: 412.1 ± 10.4 bpm; p < 0.001). Exercise training attenuated mean AP only in SHRT (125.9 ± 6.2 mmHg) vs. SHRS (182.5 ± 4.2 mmHg, p < 0.001). The WKYT showed a higher vagal effect (∆HR: 79.0 ± 2.3 bpm) compared with WKYS (∆HR: 67.4 ± 1.7 bpm; p < 0.05). Chronic exercise decreased sympathetic effects on SHRT (∆HR: -62.8 ± 2.8 bpm) in comparison with SHRS (∆HR: -99.8 ± 9.2 bpm; p = 0.005). The wall thickness of splenic arterioles in SHR was reduced by training (332.1 ± 16.0 µm2 in SHRT vs. 502.7 ± 36.3 µm2 in SHRS; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Exercise training attenuates sympathetic activity and AP in SHR, which may be contributing to the morphological improvement of the splenic arterioles.

Resumo Fundamento: Alterações na estrutura dos vasos de resistência contribuem para elevar a resistência vascular sistêmica na hipertensão, estando ligadas à hiperatividade simpática e lesões em órgãos-alvo. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico nos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e autônomos, assim como as lesões arteriolares esplênica em ratos machos Wistar Kyoto (WKY) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Métodos: Ratos normotensos sedentários (WKYS) e treinados (WKYT), e ratos hipertensos sedentários (SHRS) e treinados (SHRT) foram incluídos neste estudo. Após nove semanas de aplicação do protocolo experimental (treinamento de natação ou controle sedentário), registraram-se a pressão arterial (PA) e a frequência cardíaca (FC) dos ratos em movimento livre. Avaliamos o controle autônomo do coração através de bloqueio autônomo simpático e vagal. Análises morfométricas das arteríolas esplênicas foram realizadas. Adotou-se o nível de significado estatístico de p < 0,05. Resultados: Observou-se bradicardia de repouso nos dois grupos treinados (WKYT: 328,0 ± 7,3 bpm; SHRT: 337,0 ± 5,2 bpm) em comparação aos seus respectivos grupos sedentários (WKYS: 353,2 ± 8,5 bpm; SHRS: 412,1 ± 10,4 bpm; p < 0,001). O treinamento físico atenuou a PA média apenas no grupo SHRT (125,9 ± 6,2 mmHg vs. 182,5 ± 4,2 mmHg no SHRS; p < 0,001). O grupo WKYT mostrou maior efeito vagal (∆FC: 79,0 ± 2,3 bpm) em comparação ao grupo WKYS (∆FC: 67,4 ± 1,7 bpm; p < 0,05). Exercício crônico diminuiu os efeitos simpáticos em SHRT (∆FC: -62.8 ± 2.8 bpm) em comparação a SHRS (∆FC: -99,8 ± 9,2 bpm; p = 0,005). A espessura da parede das arteríolas esplênicas nos SHR foi reduzida pelo treinamento (332,1 ± 16,0 µm2 nos SHRT vs. 502,7 ± 36,3 µm2 nos SHRS; p < 0,05). Conclusões: O treinamento físico atenua a atividade simpática e a PA em SHR, o que pode contribuir para melhorar a morfologia das arteríolas esplênicas.

Long-term anabolic steroids in male bodybuilders induce cardiovascular structural and autonomic abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to examine the hypothesis that users of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) would have cardiac autonomic disorders and that there is a correlation between sympathetic modulation, high blood pressure (BP) and alterations to cardiac dimensions. METHODS: Forty-five male subjects were enrolled in the study. They were categorized into three groups comprising bodybuilders actively using AAS (AAS users; n = 15), bodybuilders who had never used AAS (nonusers; n = 15) and age-paired healthy sedentary controls (n = 15). Hemodynamic parameters, linear and nonlinear analyses of heart rate variability and electrocardiography and echocardiography analyses were performed at rest. RESULTS: Bodybuilders in the AAS group had a higher mean BP than those in the ASS nonuser group (p < 0.05) and the sedentary controls (p < 0.001). Cardiac sympathetic modulation was higher in AAS users than in AAS nonusers (p < 0.05) and the sedentary controls (p < 0.001), and parasympathetic modulation was lower in AAS users than in nonusers and the sedentary controls (p < 0.05). Shannon entropy was lower in AAS users than in the sedentary (p < 0.05) controls, and the corrected QT interval and QT dispersion were higher in AAS users than in the sedentary controls (p < 0.05). The interventricular septal thickness, left ventricle posterior wall thickness and relative diastolic wall thickness were higher in AAS users than in AAS nonusers and the sedentary controls (p < 0.001). AAS users showed a positive correlation between increased sympathetic modulation and high BP (r = 0.48, p < 0.005), as well as sympathetic modulation and cardiac hypertrophy (r = 0.66, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a marked cardiac autonomic alteration in AAS users, with a shift toward sympathetic modulation predominance and vagal attenuation. The high BP observed in our group of bodybuilders using AAS was associated with increased sympathetic modulation, and this increased sympathetic modulation was associated with structural alterations in the heart. This association may constitute an important mechanism linking AAS abuse to increased cardiovascular risk.

Intradialytic aerobic training improves inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized clinical trial

To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of intradialytic aerobic training on serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha and functional capacity. Methods: Thirty sedentary volunteers were randomly assigned to either to exercise or control group. Exercise group were submitted to 12 weeks of aerobic training performed on a cycle ergometer for 30 minutes at intensity rated using the Borg scale (6 to 7) three times a week while control group kept the daily habits. Results: After 12 weeks only exercise group presented a significant reduction of serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha and an increase in serum levels of interleukin-10 and functional capacity. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of intradialytic aerobic training was effective in controlling inflammation and improving the functional ability of patients with chronic kidney disease.(AU)

Efeito do treinamento na capacidade de sprints repetidos em atletas de basquete: estatística individual ou da equipe? / Effect of training on the repeated sprints ability in basketball athletes: individual or team statistics?

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito crônico do treinamento de força e técnico-tático na capacidade de sprints repetidos (CSR) em atletas de basquete e posteriormente, comparar as estatísticas individuais com as da equipe. A amostra investigada foi constituída de 8 atletas de basquete adultas de nível estadual (21,5 ± 2,0 anos; 170 ± 4,2 cm; 68,0 ± 8,3 kg). O estudo foi conduzido no início e final de uma pré-temporada de 4 semanas (28 sessões de treinamento). Foi avaliada a CSR pelo RAST teste calculando-se o melhor tempo de sprint (CSRmelhor) e tempo médio dos sprints (CSRmédia). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre pré e pós treinamento na CSRmelhor (p = 0.146; d = -0.78, 90% CI [0.90]) e CSRmédia (p = 0.220; d = -0.58, 90% CI [0.81]). 2 atletas apresentaram piora em CSRmelhor, 2 melhoria moderada, 1 grande e 3 sujeitos muito grande. Na CSRmédia 2 apresentaram piora, 1 melhoria moderada, 4 melhoria grande e 1 melhoria muito grande. Conclui-se que a média da equipe feminina de basquete analisada não apresentou melhoria significativa na CSR, porém, quando as atletas foram analisadas individualmente, 75% das mesmas foram responsivas a intervenção proposta.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was verify the chronic training effect on the repeated sprints ability (RSA) in basketball athlete and later, compare the individual's statistics with those of the team. The sample investigated was constituted of 8 state-level adult basketball athletes (21,5 ± 2,0 years; 1,70 ± 0,42 m; 68,0 ± 8,3 kg). The research was conducted in begin and end of 4 weeks of preseason (28 training sessions). Was assessed RSA by RAST test calculation best performance of sprint (RSAbest) and the mean performance of the sprints (RSAmean). No difference were found between before and after training in RSAbest (p= 0.146; d= -0.78, 90% CI [0.90]) and RSAmean (p= 0.220; d= -0.58, 90%IC [0.81]). 2 athletes showed to got worse in RSAbest, 2 moderate improvement, 1 large and 3 subjects very large improvement. On the RSAmean 2 showed to got worse, 1 moderate improvement, 4 large improvement and 1 very large improvement. It is concluded that average female basketball team analyzed no significant showed to improvement in RSA, however, when the athletes were analyzed individually, 75% them were responsive to the proposed intervention.

The acute hypotensive effect of resistance training performed with machines vs free weights in normotensive men

Abstract AIMS To analyze if different resistance training (machine vs free weight) would have different acute hypotensive effect in active and normotensive individuals. METHODS Fifteen male volunteers (39.2±2.5 years) performed two different resistance exercise protocols, one on machinery and one with free weights for the similar muscle groups and volume (sets x repetitions). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at rest and during 60 minutes after the sessions. RESULTS There was no interaction between (treatments vs time) for SBP (F 70, 84 = 0.9445, p = 0.595) and DBP (F 70, 84 = 0.5743, p = 0.991). However, significant differences for time for SBP (F 14, 84 = 7.058, p = 0.001) and DBP (F 14, 84 = 3.296, p = 0.001), and treatment for SBP (F 5, 6 = 291.1, p = 0.001) and DBP (F 5, 6 = 13.29, p = 0.003) were varified. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that both resistance training (machine or free weight) induce a similar hypotensive response for SBP in normotensive men.

Acute ischemic preconditioning does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance.

This study evaluated the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on a high-intensity intermittent exercise performance and physiological indicators in amateur soccer players. Thirteen players (21.5 ± 2 yrs) attended three trials separated by 3-5 days in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design: IPC (4 × 5-min occlusion 220 mmHg/reperfusion 0 mmHg) in each thigh; SHAM (similar to the IPC protocol but "occlusion" at 20 mmHg) and control (seated during the same time of IPC). After 6-min of each trial (IPC, SHAM or control), the players performed the YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (YoYoIE2). The distance covered in the YoYoIE2 (IPC 867 ± 205 m; SHAM 873 ± 212 m; control 921 ± 206 m) was not different among trials (p = 0.10), furthermore, lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion did not differ (P > 0.05) among protocols. There were also no significant differences in either mean heart rate (HR) or peak HR (p > 0.05) for both IPC and SHAM compared to control. Therefore, we conclude that acute IPC does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in amateur soccer players and that rate of perceived exertion, heart rate and lactate do not differ between the intervention IPC, SHAM and control.

The Effect of Different Resistance Training Load Schemes on Strength and Body Composition in Trained Men.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of moderate-load (10 RM) and low-load (20 RM) resistance training schemes on maximal strength and body composition. Sixteen resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: a moderate-load group (n = 8) or a low-load group (n = 8). The resistance training schemes consisted of 8 exercises performed 4 times per week for 6 weeks. In order to equate the number of repetitions performed by each group, the moderate load group performed 6 sets of 10 RM, while the low load group performed 3 sets of 20 RM. Between-group differences were evaluated using a 2-way ANOVA and independent t-tests. There was no difference in the weekly total load lifted (sets × reps × kg) between the 2 groups. Both groups equally improved maximal strength and measures of body composition after 6 weeks of resistance training, with no significant between-group differences detected. In conclusion, both moderate-load and low-load resistance training schemes, similar for the total load lifted, induced a similar improvement in maximal strength and body composition in resistance-trained men.

Dieta elevada em carboidratos complexos minimiza necessidade de suplementação durante jogo-treino de rúgbi: foco no sistema imune / Diet high in complex carbohydrates minimizes necessity for supplementation during rugby training game: focus on immune system / Una dieta elevada en hidratos de carbono complejos minimiza la necesidad de suplementación durante el entrenamiento en el deporte del rugby: foco en el sistema inmunitario

Resumo O estudo analisou a imunidade oral após treino de rúgbi em atletas submetidos à dieta com alto teor de carboidratos (DATC). Em estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e placebo controlado, 20 atletas consumiram DATC por três dias antes do experimento. Os atletas receberam aleatoriamente bebida carboidratada (CHO) ou placebo (PLA) e participaram de duas sessões de treino de rúgbi, separados por sete dias. Coletas de saliva foram feitas antes (Pré-E), imediatamente após (Pós-E) e 1 h após (1 h Pós-E) o jogo-treino. Houve diferença significativa em taxa de secreção de IgA-s para PLA somente no tempo 1 h Pós-E. DATC, dias antes de treino de rúgbi, preserva função imunológica oral independente da suplementação de CHO durante treino.

Abstract The study analyzed the oral immunity after rugby training in athletes undergoing diet high in carbohydrates (DATC). In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 20 athletes consumed DATC for three days before the experiment. The athletes were randomly carbohydrate drink (CHO) or placebo (PLA) and participated in two training sessions of rugby, separated by seven days. Saliva samples were taken before (Pre-E), immediately after (Post-E) and 1 h after (1 h post-E) training. Significant difference in rate of s-IgA secretion to PLA only at time 1 h post-E. DATC, days before training rugby, preserves immune function independent of oral CHO supplementation during training.

Resumen El estudio analizó la inmunidad oral después del entrenamiento de rugby en jugadores sometidos a una dieta elevada en hidratos de carbono (DEHC). En un estudio aleatorizado, a doble ciego, controlado con placebo, 20 jugadores consumieron una DEHC durante 3 días antes del experimento. Los jugadores recibieron aleatoriamente bebida de hidratos de carbono (CHO) o placebo (PLA), y participaron en dos sesiones de entrenamiento de rugby, separadas entre sí 7 días. Las muestras de saliva fueron antes (pre-E), inmediatamente después (post-E) y 1 hora después (1 h post-E). Hubo una diferencia significativa en la tasa de secreción de s-IgA a PLA sólo en 1 h post-E. La DEHC, días antes de la sesión de rugby, preserva la función inmunológica independientemente de la suplementación de CHO durante el entrenamiento.

Exercise training reverse autonomic dysfunction and hypertension in rats fed with high-fat diet

AIMS: We evaluated whether exercise training ameliorates cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in obesity-induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in rats. METHODS Wistar male rats were assigned in normal diet, sedentary (ND-S) and trained (ND-T) and HFD, sedentary (HFD-S) and trained (HFD-T). Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), BP variability (BPV), cardiac baroreflex and cardiac autonomic tonus were assessed. HFD-S showed higher bodyweight increase (19.4%) compared to all other groups (HFD-T: 13.2%, ND-S: 14% and ND-T: 12.4%). Relative epididymal, retroperitoneal and visceral fat was also greater in HFD-S compared to all other groups. Resting bradycardia in ND-T (339.5±10.6 bpm) and HFD-T (341.0 ± 9.4 bpm) was more pronounced than ND-S (438.4 ± 6.3 bpm; p<0.05) and HFD-S (448.5 ± 18.7 bpm; p<0.05). The HFD-T group showed lower systolic (125.3 ( 1.9 mmHg), diastolic (88.5 ( 2.0 mmHg) and mean BP (100.3 ± 2.5 mmHg) in comparison with HFD-S (153.8 ( 3.7; 103.5 ( 2.6 and 120.5 ± 3.7 mmHg; p<0.05, respectively). Lower variance of HRV and higher variance of diastolic BPV was observed in HFD-S compared to other groups while sympathetic modulation of HRV and BPV was higher in HFD-S, as well as the LF/HF ratio. HFD-T showed a decrease in sympathetic tonus compared to HFD-S. ND-T and HFD-T showed higher cardiac vagal tonus than respective sedentary groups. Analysis showed an association between visceral fat, sympathetic activity and BP. CONCLUSIONS: HFD induces hypertension and is associated with autonomic imbalance in rats, while exercise training may reverse these harmful changes.(AU)