The coevolutionary mosaic of bat betacoronavirus emergence risk.

Pathogen evolution is one of the least predictable components of disease emergence, particularly in nature. Here, building on principles established by the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution, we develop a quantitative, spatially explicit framework for mapping the evolutionary risk of viral emergence. Driven by interest in diseases like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we examine the global biogeography of bat-origin betacoronaviruses, and find that coevolutionary principles suggest geographies of risk that are distinct from the hotspots and coldspots of host richness. Further, our framework helps explain patterns like a unique pool of merbecoviruses in the Neotropics, a recently discovered lineage of divergent nobecoviruses in Madagascar, and-most importantly-hotspots of diversification in southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East that correspond to the site of previous zoonotic emergence events. Our framework may help identify hotspots of future risk that have also been previously overlooked, like West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, and may more broadly help researchers understand how host ecology shapes the evolution and diversity of pandemic threats.

Mismatch between IUCN range maps and species interactions data illustrated using the Serengeti food web.

Background: Range maps are a useful tool to describe the spatial distribution of species. However, they need to be used with caution, as they essentially represent a rough approximation of a species' suitable habitats. When stacked together, the resulting communities in each grid cell may not always be realistic, especially when species interactions are taken into account. Here we show the extent of the mismatch between range maps, provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and species interactions data. More precisely, we show that local networks built from those stacked range maps often yield unrealistic communities, where species of higher trophic levels are completely disconnected from primary producers. Methodology: We used the well-described Serengeti food web of mammals and plants as our case study, and identify areas of data mismatch within predators' range maps by taking into account food web structure. We then used occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to investigate where data is most lacking. Results: We found that most predator ranges comprised large areas without any overlapping distribution of their prey. However, many of these areas contained GBIF occurrences of the predator. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mismatch between both data sources could be due either to the lack of information about ecological interactions or the geographical occurrence of prey. We finally discuss general guidelines to help identify defective data among distributions and interactions data, and we recommend this method as a valuable way to assess whether the occurrence data that are being used, even if incomplete, are ecologically accurate.

A roadmap towards predicting species interaction networks (across space and time).

Networks of species interactions underpin numerous ecosystem processes, but comprehensively sampling these interactions is difficult. Interactions intrinsically vary across space and time, and given the number of species that compose ecological communities, it can be tough to distinguish between a true negative (where two species never interact) from a false negative (where two species have not been observed interacting even though they actually do). Assessing the likelihood of interactions between species is an imperative for several fields of ecology. This means that to predict interactions between species-and to describe the structure, variation, and change of the ecological networks they form-we need to rely on modelling tools. Here, we provide a proof-of-concept, where we show how a simple neural network model makes accurate predictions about species interactions given limited data. We then assess the challenges and opportunities associated with improving interaction predictions, and provide a conceptual roadmap forward towards predictive models of ecological networks that is explicitly spatial and temporal. We conclude with a brief primer on the relevant methods and tools needed to start building these models, which we hope will guide this research programme forward. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.

Phylogenetic evidence of the intercontinental circulation of a Canine distemper virus lineage in the Americas.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the cause of a multisystem disease in domestic dogs and wild animals, infecting more than 20 carnivore and non-carnivore families and even infecting human cell lines in in vitro conditions. Phylogenetic classification based on the hemagglutinin gene shows 17 lineages with a phylogeographic distribution pattern. In Medellín (Colombia), the lineage South America-3 is considered endemic. Phylogenetic studies conducted in Ecuador using fragment coding for the fusion protein signal peptide (Fsp) characterized a new strain belonging to a different lineage. For understanding the distribution of the South America-3 lineage in the north of the South American continent, we characterized CDV from three Colombian cities (Medellín, Bucaramanga, and Bogotá). Using phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene and the Fsp region, we confirmed the circulation of CDV South America-3 in different areas of Colombia. We also described, for the first time to our knowledge, the circulation of a new lineage in Medellín that presents a group monophyletic with strains previously characterized in dogs in Ecuador and in wildlife and domestic dogs in the United States, for which we propose the name "South America/North America-4" due its intercontinental distribution. In conclusion, our results indicated that there are at least four different CDV lineages circulating in domestic dogs in South America: the Europe/South America-1 lineage circulating in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina; the South America-2 lineage restricted to Argentina; the South America-3 lineage, which has only been reported in Colombia; and lastly an intercontinental lineage present in Colombia, Ecuador, and the United States, referred to here as the "South America/North America-4" lineage.

Psychogenic non-epileptic and epileptic seizures: clues for a differential diagnosis. Findings from a Colombian study / Crisis psicógenas no epilépticas y crisis epilépticas: pistas para un diagnóstico diferencial. Hallazgos de un estudio colombiano

Introduction. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are paroxysmal changes in behavior that resemble epileptic seizures, although they have no electrophysiological correlation or clinical evidence of epilepsy. Aim. To compare clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with PNES-alone and PNES-andepilepsy. Patients and methods. A cross-sectional study of consecutive patients diagnosed with PNES in a 20-month period was carried out. A video-EEG was performed in all patients. Socio-demographical, clinical and semiological characteristics were compared between those patients with and without concomitant epilepsy. Results. Sixty-five patients were included, 35 (53.9%) had PNES-alone and 30 (46.1%) had PNES-and-epilepsy. The proportion of women in the study was 70.8%. The median age at seizure onset was 16 years. A late start was recorded in PNES-alone group (23 years) compared to PNES-and-epilepsy group (11 years), however, it was not significant. There was a lower frequency of antiepileptic drugs use in the PNES-alone group compared with the PNES-and-epilepsy group. The most frequent semiological features were the gradual onset of events (69.2%) and the duration longer than two minutes (63.1%). Conclusion. The waxing and waning pattern during paroxysmal events suggest a non-epileptic origin. However, it is not uncommon to find patients with concomitant epileptic seizures

Introducción. Las crisis psicógenas no epilépticas (CPNE) son cambios paroxísticos en el comportamiento que se asemejan a las crisis epilépticas, aunque no tienen correlación electrofisiológica ni evidencia clínica de epilepsia. Objetivo. Comparar las características clínicas y sociodemográficas entre pacientes diagnosticados con CPNE, con y sin epilepsia concomitante. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio transversal de pacientes consecutivamente diagnosticados de CPNE durante un período de 20 meses. A todos los participantes se les realizó un videoelectroencefalograma (video-EEG). Se compararon las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y semiológicas entre los que presentaban y los que no presentaban epilepsia concomitante. Resultados. Se incluyó a 65 pacientes, 35 con CPNE (53,9%), y 30 con CPNE y epilepsia (46,1%). La edad mediana en el inicio del video-EEG fue de 33 años, y un 70,8% eran mujeres. La edad mediana de inicio de las crisis fue de 16 años. En el grupo de CPNE hubo un inicio más tardío (23 años) en comparación con el grupo de CNPE y epilepsia (11 años), pero la diferencia no fue significativa. La proporción de pacientes en terapia con fármacos antiepilépticos fue significativamente mayor en el grupo con CPNE y epilepsia comparado con el grupo con CPNE. Las características semiológicas más frecuentemente encontradas fueron el inicio gradual de las crisis (69,2%) y una duración de más de dos minutos (63,1%). Conclusión. La variabilidad en los síntomas sugiere un origen no epiléptico de los eventos paroxísticos, los cuales se presentan frecuentemente en pacientes con epilepsia

El climaterio: algunos aspéctos biosociales y su manejo terapéutico a nivel primario / Climateric: some biosocial aspects and it therapeutic management at primary level

Estudio descriptivo prospectivo en que se analizan las variables: edad, trastornos neurovegetativos y manifestaciones psicológicas más frecuentes; alteraciones de la dinámica familiar; porcentaje de mujeres que consultan a nivel primario y reciben tratamiento hormonal, de 82 mujeres seleccionadas accidentalmente sin patología crónica, durante el período comprendido entre el 23 de Noviembre y el 16 de Diciembre de 1994, en tres consultorios urbanos de Valparaíso: Plaza Justicia, Hospital de Niños y Barón. Al finalizar nuestro estudio podemos concluir que el mayor porcentaje de mujeres climatéricas se encuentra en el rango de edad de 45-49 años (33 porciento). El trastorno neurovegetativo más frecuente es el bochorno (83 porciento), sintomatología típica del climaterio, ocasionado por el desajuste hormonal, sin embargo, hay que destacar la cefalea en un porcentaje similar ( 82 porciento), pero dicho síntoma es multicausal, muchas veces de carácter subjetivo. La manifestación psicológica más frecuente que presenta la mujer climatérica es la irritabilidad (73 porciento), sin embargo es muy significativo el porcentaje de riesgo de depresión (70 porciento). La dinámica familiar no presenta alteración (60 porciento). En cuanto al porcentaje de mujeres que consultan a nivel primario es bajo ( 25 porciento) y el de las que la reciben tratamiento hormonal a nivel primario, es aún más bajo: sólo con un 4 porciento. Hay que destacar que hay un 19 porciento de las mujeres, que consultan médico particular y que la mayoría, un 16 porciento, reciben tratamiento hormonal

Estudio social de pacientes psiquiátricos adultos: desarrollo de un instrumento de registro / Social study adult psychiatric patients: development of a record instrument

La necesidad de contar con instrumentos de evaluación y diagnóstico de la realidad sociofamiliar de pacientes psiquiátricos llevó a la autora al desarrollo de uno, para familiares de pacientes hospitalizados. Inicialmente diseño un formato que fue consultado a colegas de su especilidad para lograr una versión final. Luego, procedió a la Prueba de Jueces con profesionales de diferentes disciplinas de la salud mental. Los resultados muestran que es un instrumento válido para los objetivos de la evaluación social del paciente.

The need to account with an instrument for evaluation and diagnosis of sociofamiliar reality of psychiatric patients motivated the author to design one, especially for families of hospitalized patients. Firstly, a format was designed which was consulted with colleagues of her specialty in order to account with a final version. Then, professional of different specialties acted as Experts. The results show that the instrument is valid for the purposes for which it was developed.