ABSTRACT
Patients with B-cell lymphomas have altered cellular components of vaccine responses due to malignancy and therapy, and the optimal timing of vaccination relative to therapy remains unknown. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines created an opportunity for new insights in vaccine timing because patients were challenged with a novel antigen across multiple phases of treatment. We studied serologic messenger RNA vaccine response in retrospective and prospective cohorts with lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, paired with clinical and research immune parameters. Reduced serologic response was observed more frequently during active treatment, but nonresponse was also common within observation and posttreatment groups. Total immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M correlated with successful vaccine response. In individuals treated with anti-CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells, nonresponse was associated with reduced B and T follicular helper cells. Predictors of vaccine response varied by disease and therapeutic group, and therefore further studies of immune health during and after cancer therapies are needed to individualize vaccine timing.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell , Humans , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology , COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage , Retrospective Studies , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Prospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Adult , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Vaccination , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Lymphoma/immunology , Lymphoma/therapy , Aged, 80 and overABSTRACT
Patients with B-cell lymphomas have altered cellular components of vaccine responses due to malignancy and therapy, and the optimal timing of vaccination relative to therapy remains unknown. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines created an opportunity for new insights in vaccine timing because patients were challenged with a novel antigen across multiple phases of treatment. We studied serologic mRNA vaccine response in retrospective and prospective cohorts with lymphoma and CLL, paired with clinical and research immune parameters. Reduced serologic response was observed more frequently during active therapies, but non-response was also common within observation and post-treatment groups. Total IgA and IgM correlated with successful vaccine response. In individuals treated with CART-19, non-response was associated with reduced B and T follicular helper cells. Predictors of vaccine response varied by disease and therapeutic group, and therefore further studies of immune health during and after cancer therapies are needed to allow individualized vaccine timing.