ABSTRACT
Persimmon fruit processing-derived waste and by-products, such as peels and pomace, are important sources of dietary fiber and phytochemicals. Revalorizing these by-products could help promote circular nutrition and agricultural sustainability while tackling dietary deficiencies and chronic diseases. In this study, fiber-rich fractions were prepared from the by-products of Sharoni and Brilliant Red persimmon varieties. These fractions were quantified for their phenolic composition and assessed for their ability to promote the growth of beneficial human colonic Firmicutes species and for their in vitro anti-inflammatory potential. Gallic and protocatechuic acids, delphinidin, and cyanidin were the main phenolics identified. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains showed significantly higher growth rates in the presence of the Brilliant Red fraction, generating more than double butyrate as a proportion of the total short-chain fatty acids (39.5% vs. 17.8%) when compared to glucose. The fiber-rich fractions significantly decreased the inflammatory effect of interleukin-1ß in Caco-2 cells, and the fermented fractions (both from Sharoni and Brilliant Red) significantly decreased the inflammatory effect of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, fiber-rich fractions from persimmon by-products could be part of nutritional therapies as they reduce systemic inflammation, promote the growth of beneficial human gut bacteria, and increase the production of beneficial microbial metabolites such as butyrate.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Colon , Dietary Fiber , Diospyros , Humans , Dietary Fiber/pharmacology , Dietary Fiber/analysis , Diospyros/chemistry , Mice , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Colon/microbiology , Colon/drug effects , Colon/metabolism , Animals , RAW 264.7 Cells , Caco-2 Cells , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Firmicutes , Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , Fruit/chemistry , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Hydroxybenzoates/pharmacology , Hydroxybenzoates/analysis , Phenols/pharmacology , Phenols/analysis , Fermentation , Gallic Acid/pharmacology , Anthocyanins/pharmacology , Anthocyanins/analysisABSTRACT
Higher postprandial plasma glucose and lipemia, and oxidative and inflammatory responses, are considered important cardiovascular risk factors. Fermentation of fruits has generated products with high concentrations of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential acute effects that fermented orange juice (FOJ) can exert in healthy humans by modulating postprandial response, and inflammatory/antioxidant status, compared with orange juice (OJ). Nine volunteers were recruited for a randomized, controlled, and crossover study. Participants ingested 500 mL of FOJ. At 4 h post intake, subjects consumed a standardized mixed meal. Blood samples were collected at 0-8 h hours post intake. The subjects repeated the protocol with OJ following a 2-week washout period. Glucose and lipid metabolism, plasma antioxidant capacity (ORAC, FRAP), endogenous antioxidants (albumin, bilirubin, uric acid), C-reactive protein and fibrinogen were measured in plasma samples. There was a trend of a smaller increase in LDL-C after FOJ intake compared with OJ, a significant decrease in apo-B and significant increase in ORAC. The glycemic and triglyceride response of meal was attenuated with FOJ. No differences were obtained in endogenous antioxidants and inflammation status between the treatments. The acute consumption of FOJ could play a protective role against cardiovascular risk factors.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Numerous sportspeople consume nutritional ergogenic aids, including branched chain amino acids (BCAA), considered to favor post-exercise muscle recovery. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of BCAA on recovery from muscle damage produced by high-intensity exercise and muscle function. This allowed to define the optimal dosage regimen and consumption conditions taking into account the combination of BCAA with other products. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review of the scientific literature published over the past 15 years using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases was carried out. Nineteen articles were selected. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The most optimal regimen for post-exercise muscle recovery and/or muscle function after high-intensity resistance exercise was 2-10 g BCAA/day (leucine: isoleucine: valine at 2:1:1), consumed as a supplement alone or combined with arginine and carbohydrates, 3 previous days before exercise, immediately before and after exercise, regardless of training level. This treatment can improve perceived muscle damage, fatigue, circumference of arm/leg, counter movement jump, maximum muscle strength and maximum voluntary contraction, and reduce creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels, mainly in young males. CONCLUSIONS: Intake of BCAA favors post-exercise muscle recovery and may improve muscle function. The present review can serve as a guidance for high intensity endurance athletes who need to reduce post-exercise muscle damage and maintain or improve muscle function, especially in training periods and competition events planned with short rest periods.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain , Physical Endurance , Dietary Supplements , Humans , Leucine , Male , Muscle Strength , Muscle, SkeletalABSTRACT
The consumption of orange juice provides high concentrations of health-promoting bioactive compounds, the amount of which may increase upon alcoholic fermentation. Although fermentation may offer new prospects for the industry of orange-related products, there is a lack of studies reporting the influence of controlled alcoholic fermentation on the bioavailability of orange juice (poly)phenols in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the absorption profile, pharmacokinetic parameters, and urinary excretion of orange juice (poly)phenols in nine volunteers after acute administration of an orange juice and a beverage prepared after controlled alcoholic fermentation of the juice. Plasma and urine samples were analysed through a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS targeted approach. A total of 24 (poly)phenol metabolites including both flavanone and phenolic acid derivatives were quantified, most of them being recorded only in urine. Phase II conjugates of hesperetin and naringenin were the main metabolites in plasma, while phenolic acids, in particular hydroxybenzoic acids, were the main compounds in urine. (Poly)phenols in both beverages were highly bioavailable (between 46 and 59%) and a notable inter-individual variability was seen. Significant treatment × time interactions were recorded for the sum of flavanones and phenolic acids in plasma, the (poly)phenols in the fermented juice being absorbed faster than after orange juice intake. Nevertheless, despite the food matrix having an impact on the absorption profile of orange juice (poly)phenols, this did not influence the pharmacokinetic parameters and urinary excretion of the (poly)phenol metabolites.
Subject(s)
Alcoholic Beverages , Citrus sinensis , Fruit and Vegetable Juices , Polyphenols/administration & dosage , Polyphenols/pharmacokinetics , Adult , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Carotenoids, especially ß-cryptoxanthin, exert multiple biological activities in the organism. Various processing techniques can improve carotenoid bioavailability in relation to the food matrix. The study objective was to compare the bioavailability of carotenoids from orange juice (OJ) with that from a beverage obtained by alcoholic fermentation of orange juice (FOB). Seven volunteers were recruited for a randomized, controlled, and crossover study. Post-intake plasma carotenoid concentrations were measured by HPLC in the subjects at 0-8â¯h after their consumption of OJ or FOB. ß-Cryptoxanthin and lutein absorption was significantly higher from FOB than from OJ, but no significant difference in zeaxanthin absorption was found. The mean baseline-corrected area under the concentration curve (AUC0-8 h) for ß-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin was 24.6-, 1.3- and 4.65-fold larger, respectively, after FOB versus OJ consumption. This fermented orange beverage could be an abundant source of bioavailable carotenoids, and its regular consumption may exert healthy effects.
Subject(s)
Carotenoids/pharmacokinetics , Citrus sinensis/chemistry , Fermentation , Fruit and Vegetable Juices , Adult , Beta-Cryptoxanthin/blood , Beta-Cryptoxanthin/pharmacokinetics , Biological Availability , Carotenoids/blood , Cross-Over Studies , Female , Food Handling , Humans , Lutein/blood , Lutein/pharmacokinetics , Male , Random Allocation , Young Adult , Zeaxanthins/blood , Zeaxanthins/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Alcoholic fermentation of fruits has generated novel products with high concentrations of bioactive compounds and moderate alcohol content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effect on cardiovascular risk factors of the regular consumption by healthy humans of a beverage obtained by alcoholic fermentation and pasteurization of orange juice. RESULTS: Thirty healthy volunteers were enrolled in a randomized controlled study. The experimental group (n = 15) drank 500 mL orange beverage (OB) per day for 2 weeks (intervention phase), followed by a 3-week washout phase. Blood samples were collected at baseline (E-T0) and at the end of the intervention (E-T1) and washout (E-T2) phases. Controls (n = 15) did not consume OB during a 2-week period. OB intake significantly increased oxygen radical absorbance capacity (43.9%) and reduced uric acid (-8.9%), catalase (CAT) (-23.2%), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (-30.2%) and C-reactive protein (-2.1%) (E-T1 vs. E-T0). These effects may represent longer-term benefits, given the decreased uric acid (-8.9%), CAT (-34.6%), TBARS (-48.4%) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (-23.9%) values recorded after the washout phase (E-T2 vs. E-T0). CONCLUSION: The regular consumption of OB improved antioxidant status and decreased inflammation state, lipid peroxidation and uric acid levels. Thus OB may protect the cardiovascular system in healthy humans and be considered a novel functional beverage. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/metabolism , Beverages/analysis , Citrus sinensis/metabolism , Fruit and Vegetable Juices/microbiology , Inflammation/diet therapy , Lipid Peroxidation , Pichia/metabolism , Adult , Biomarkers/metabolism , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Catalase/metabolism , Citrus sinensis/chemistry , Citrus sinensis/microbiology , Female , Fermentation , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/metabolism , Fruit/microbiology , Fruit and Vegetable Juices/analysis , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Inflammation/genetics , Inflammation/metabolism , Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Oxidative Stress , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolismABSTRACT
Consistent evidence from both experimental and human studies indicates that Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease resulting from the interaction of genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Nutrients and dietary patterns are important environmental factors to consider in the prevention, development and treatment of this disease. Nutritional genomics focuses on the interaction between bioactive food components and the genome and includes studies of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetic modifications caused by nutrients. There is evidence supporting the existence of nutrient-gene and T2DM interactions coming from animal studies and family-based intervention studies. Moreover, many case-control, cohort, cross-sectional cohort studies and clinical trials have identified relationships between individual genetic load, diet and T2DM. Some of these studies were on a large scale. In addition, studies with animal models and human observational studies, in different countries over periods of time, support a causative relationship between adverse nutritional conditions during in utero development, persistent epigenetic changes and T2DM. This review provides comprehensive information on the current state of nutrient-gene interactions and their role in T2DM pathogenesis, the relationship between individual genetic load and diet, and the importance of epigenetic factors in influencing gene expression and defining the individual risk of T2DM.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Diet , Gene Expression Regulation , Nutrigenomics , Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology , Diet/adverse effects , Epigenesis, Genetic , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genetic Variation , Humans , Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism , Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology , Nutrigenomics/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Calmodulin 1, 2 and 3 (CALM) mutations have been found to cause cardiac arrest in children at a very early age. The underlying aetiology described is long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF). Little phenotypical data about CALM2 mutations is available. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical manifestations of the Asn98Ser mutation in CALM2 in two unrelated children in southern Spain with apparently unexplained cardiac arrest/death. METHODS: Two unrelated children aged 4 and 7, who were born to healthy parents, were studied. Both presented with sudden cardiac arrest. The first was resuscitated after a VF episode, and the second died suddenly. In both cases the baseline QTc interval was within normal limits. Peripheral blood DNA was available to perform targeted gene sequencing. RESULTS: The surviving 4-year-old girl had a positive epinephrine test for LQTS, and polymorphic ventricular ectopic beats were seen on a previous 24-hour Holter recording from the deceased 7-year-old boy, suggestive of a possible underlying CPVT phenotype. A p.Asn98Ser mutation in CALM2 was detected in both cases. This affected a highly conserved across species residue, and the location in the protein was adjacent to critical calcium binding loops in the calmodulin carboxyl-terminal domain, predicting a high pathogenic effect. CONCLUSIONS: Human calmodulin 2 mutation p.Asn98Ser is associated with sudden cardiac death in childhood with a variable clinical penetrance. Our results provide new phenotypical information about clinical behaviour of this mutation.
Subject(s)
Brugada Syndrome/genetics , Calmodulin/genetics , Heart Arrest/etiology , Long QT Syndrome/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Tachycardia, Ventricular/genetics , Brugada Syndrome/complications , Cardiac Conduction System Disease , Child , Child, Preschool , Electrocardiography , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Heart Arrest/pathology , Humans , Infant , Long QT Syndrome/complications , Male , Pedigree , Penetrance , Phenotype , Tachycardia, Ventricular/complicationsABSTRACT
The consumption of fruits prevents the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Alcoholic fermentation has been carried out in fruits resulting in products which provide high concentration of bioactive compounds and variable alcohol content. The aim of this study was to assess the potential beneficial effect of an orange beverage obtained by alcoholic fermentation and pasteurization of orange juice on cardiovascular risk biomarkers. For this purpose, four mice groups (n = 8) ingested orange beverage (equivalent volume to 250 mL/day in human), orange juice, alcoholic solution (at the proportional amount of orange beverage) or water during 12 weeks. The equivalent amount to double serving of orange beverage (500 mL/day) was administered to mice in a subsequent intervention, and a control group was also evaluated. Orange beverage consumption increased levels of glutathione and uric acid, improved lipid profile, decreased oxidized LDL and maintained levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein. Synergistic effects between the bioactive compounds and the alcohol content of orange beverage may occur. The intake of double serving also increased antioxidant enzyme activities, bilirubin content and plasma antioxidant capacity. These results suggest that orange beverage may produce greater protection against cardiovascular risk factors than orange juice in healthy mice.
Subject(s)
Alcoholic Beverages/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Citrus sinensis/microbiology , Fermentation , Fruit and Vegetable Juices/analysis , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Bilirubin/blood , Biomarkers/blood , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Cholesterol, HDL , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Citrus sinensis/chemistry , Food Handling , Glutathione/blood , Interleukin-6/blood , Lipid Peroxidation , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Male , Mice , Risk Factors , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism , Triglycerides/blood , Uric Acid/bloodABSTRACT
Two milliliters of a fermented, pasteurized orange juice containing ~1% alcohol and 2.3 µmol of (poly)phenolic compounds was fed to rats by gavage after which plasma and urine collected over a 36 h period were analyzed by UHPLC-mass spectrometry. The main constituents in the juice were hesperetin and naringenin-O-glycosides, apigenin-6,8-C-diglucoside, and ferulic acid-4'-O-glucoside. Plasma contained seven flavanone glucuronides, with the principal metabolites, naringenin-7-O-glucuronide, naringenin-4'-O-glucuronide, and an isosakuranetin-O-glucuronide, peaking 6 h after intake at concentrations of ~10 nmol/L. Urinary excretion of four hesperetin glucuronides was equivalent to 0.28% of intake while that of the two naringenin glucuronides was 2.8% of intake. The plasma and urine data suggest that while some absorption occurred in the small intestine, the main site of uptake was the colon. Urine also contained dihydroferulic acid-4'-O-glucuronide and dihydroferulic acid-4'-O-sulfate which were excreted in quantities corresponding to 48.2% of the ingested ferulic acid-4'-glucoside. This indicates that the hydroxycinnamate is much more bioavailable than the flavanones in the rat model. Conversion of the ferulic acid glucoside to the dihydroferulic acid metabolites involves the action of colonic microbial glycosidases and reductases/hydrogenases followed by postabsorption phase II metabolism before renal excretion.
Subject(s)
Beverages , Citrus sinensis/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Absorption , Plant Extracts/pharmacokinetics , Polyphenols/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Animals , Fermentation , Fruit/chemistry , Male , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Polyphenols/administration & dosage , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Dietary nucleotides (NTs) have an important role in cellular and humoral immunity, intestinal growth, differentiation and recovery from tissue damage. Nucleosides (NSs) are the best-absorbed chemical form of NTs in the intestinal epithelium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of NSs on the activity and expression of multiple transcription factors (TFs) in Caco-2 cells, as a possible molecular mechanism by which NSs modulate gene expression in human intestinal cells. The effects of NS-supplemented media on human Caco-2 cell proliferation, viability, protein and RNA concentration were determined, and the activity and expression profiles of multiple TFs were analyzed by using an array-based technology. Exogenous NSs did not affect Caco-2 cell proliferation or viability but increased the protein content in cytoplasm and nucleus and the nuclear protein/RNA ratio. The addition of NSs to the media increased the expression and activity of the TFs CCAAT displacement protein (CUX1), v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1) and SMAD family member 2. In contrast, NS addition decreased the expression and activity of the general upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1), glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), NFKB and tumor protein p53. In conclusion, our results suggest that exogenous NSs affect the expression and activity of several TFs involved in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and inflammation.
Subject(s)
Nucleosides/pharmacology , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Apoptosis , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Proliferation , Humans , Transcription Factors/geneticsABSTRACT
Genetic and molecular data have implicated the Drosophila gene female-lethal (2)d (fl (2)d) in alternative splicing regulation of genes involved in sexual determination. Sex-specific splicing is under the control of the female-specific regulatory protein sex-lethal (SXL). Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry results indicate that SXL and FL (2)D form a complex and that the protein VIRILIZER and a Ran-binding protein implicated in protein nuclear import are also present in complexes containing FL (2)D. A human homolog of FL (2)D was identified and cloned. Interestingly, this gene encodes a protein (WTAP) that was previously found to interact with the Wilms' tumor suppressor-1 (WT1), an isoform of which binds to and co-localizes with splicing factors. Alternative splicing of transformer pre-mRNA, a target of SXL regulation, was affected by immunodepletion of hFL (2)D/WTAP from HeLa nuclear extracts, thus arguing for a biochemical function of FL (2)D/WTAP proteins in splicing regulation.
Subject(s)
Alternative Splicing , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , Drosophila melanogaster/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , RNA Precursors/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Cloning, Molecular , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis , Recombinant Fusion Proteins , Templates, Genetic , Transcription, Genetic , WT1 Proteins/metabolism , Wilms Tumor/geneticsABSTRACT
De estudios recientes sobre la organización del telencéfalo de las aves se sabe que esta estructura tiene muchas similitudes cocn el cerebro de los mamíferos. Tambíen se conoce que la porción del hiperestriado dorsal conocida como la wulst así cocmo la porción lateral, identificada como el lado ventricular dorsal, tiene un papel importante en la integración sensorial, el aprendizaje y la producción del canto en las aves. Aunque ambas estructuras no poseen laminación como la de la neocorteza de los mamíferos, sin embargp, ciertas aves como el búho muestran una clara pseudolaminación. En la literatura no hay descripciones anatómicas de la wulst en preicos, por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar esta estructura en la ewpecie. Aratinga canicularis. Se identificaron tres tipos celulares y, mediante métodos morfométricos efectuados en un total de 240 células por cada estrato, se midieron 10 parámetros distintos y se distinguieron tres estratos, a los que se les denominó dorsal, medial y ventral. Cada uno de los tres tipos celulares presentaron características específicas. Las células multipolares y triangulares mostraron un patrón dendrítico ramificado y abundantes espinas dendríticas. Las triangulares difieron en cuanto a la extensión de sus dendritas y la ramificación de su axón en ángulos rectos dirigidos hacia el estrato suprayacente. Las células ovoides fueron las mas pequeñas con pocas ramas y espinas. Estas células son similares a las del hiperestriatum accesorio del buho, las que a su vez son análogas a las células granulares de la corteza visual de los mamíferos