Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Associated with Bisphosphonates Infusion for Treatment of Plasma Cell Myeloma-A Retrospective Observational Study of Northern Portuguese Population.

Objectives: To verify medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) frequency among patients with plasma cell myeloma (PCM) that had been treated with bisphosphonates, to identify predisposing factors that could influence the development of osteonecrosis. Methods: This observational retrospective study was performed at the Department of Hematology of Hospital Center of Porto (CHUP), Portugal. Results: The study population (n = 112) had a 15.2% (n = 17) prevalence of osteonecrosis. Clinically, bone exposure was the most frequently observed sign, present in 100% (n = 17) of the patients, followed by inflammation in 82.4% (n = 14), orofacial pain in 70.6% (n = 12), suppuration in 47.1% (n = 8), and intra or extra-oral fistula in 17.6% (n = 3) of the cases. The most frequent triggering local factor was dental extraction (82.4%). There was a dependence between the presence of extractions and the development of MRONJ (p < 0.001) but not with the time elapsed from the initiation of infusions with BPs and dental extractions (p = 0.499). In the sample of patients with multiple myeloma (MM), 13.8% were found to be more likely to develop MRONJ after an extraction. Conclusions: The most common local predisposing factor was dental extraction. No dependence was observed between the development of osteonecrosis and the time elapsed from the beginning of treatment with bisphosphonates infusions to surgical procedures.

Osseodensification vs. Conventional Osteotomy: A Case Series with Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

Introduction: Osseodensification is a non-extraction technique using specially designed drills to increase bone density while extending an osteotomy, allowing bone to be preserved and condensed by compacting autograft during osteotomy preparation, increasing bone density around implants, and improving mechanical stability. Aim: The objective of this study is to compare conventional osteotomy and osseodensification protocols in implant placement and analyze whether there are differences in bone density. Materials and Methods: Study variables were defined, namely, osseodensification technique, conventional osteotomy technique, bone density, sex, area of location, implant dimensions, implant dimensions, and implant stability. Eligibility and exclusion criteria were defined. A step-by-step surgical protocol was developed. The surgeon and radiologist underwent intra-examiner calibration. A total of 15 patients were selected according to the eligibility criteria, and a total of 41 implants were inserted, 20 implants by conventional osteotomy and 21 by osseodensification. A cone beam computed tomography was performed one year after prosthetic rehabilitation to estimate bone density. Data were collected and recorded, and in the analysis of the association of variables, non-parametric tests were applied. Results: Significant statistical results were found in bone density values, with higher values being obtained with the osseodensification technique, that is, median density values of 1020, and median density values of 732 for the bone drilling technique. The results of the correlation between bone density in both techniques and sex, primary implant stability, implant dimensions and location area were statistically non-significant. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, there are differences in bone density between conventional osteotomy and osseodensification protocols. Bone density is increased with osseodensification over a study period of one year.

Assessment of Oral Health Status in a Prison Population in Northern Portugal.

Background: Prisoners constitute one of the disadvantaged groups and it is observed that these individuals suffer from poor oral hygiene and the prevalence of oral diseases is higher compared to the general population. Material and Methods: The aim of this study is to assess the state of the oral health in a prison population in Northern Portugal. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 103 male prisoners with age between 25 and 75 years old. A questionnaire was presented to all the prisoners and an intraoral clinical examination was performed in each of them. Results: The sample mean age was 41.58 ± 8.94 years. Most participants consume sugary foods, with 32% consuming then on a daily basis. It was noticed that 13.6% of the participants do not brush their teeth. Most of the prisoners smoke (78.6%) and 70 smoke more than 10 cigarettes per day. The mean DMFT was 17.17 ± 8.23 and the component with the highest weight was the number of missing teeth, with a mean value of 13.14 ± 8.32. It was observed that 7 individuals are edentulous and 64 (62.1%) have caries lesions. It has been noted that of the 64 individuals presenting caries lesions, 47 (73.4%) eat sugary foods, however this relationship is not statistically significant. It was found that the prevalence of periodontal health was 26%, gingivitis was 32.3% and periodontitis was 41.7%. Plaque Index was evaluated according to the periodontal condition, it was observed a significantly lower level of plaque index in the periodontally healthy subjects compared to the subjects with gingivitis and the subjects with periodontitis. Conclusions: The prevalence of oral diseases in this prison population is high, as is the loss of teeth. Dental caries is the most observed oral disease, and periodontitis the most common of the periodontal diseases. Key words:Prisoners, Oral health, Caries, DMFT, Periodontitis, Oral diseases.

Study of Prevalence, Severity and Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease in a Portuguese Population.

Periodontal disease is a common worldwide oral inflammation/infection affecting tissues that surround and support teeth. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal diseases and its risk factors, according to the most recent periodontal classification, in an adult population of Northern Portugal. This observational study collected data from clinical records of patients who attended the University Clinic of Gandra between April 2021 and April 2022. Of a total of 941 patients included, 457 (48.6%) had periodontitis, 253 (26.9%) had gingivitis and the remaining 231 (24.5%) were healthy patients. The prevalence of stage III severe periodontitis was 51.2%, more prevalent in males, and in the age group of 61-70 years. Gingivitis was more prevalent in females, and in the age group of 31-40 years; in both diseases, the most prevalent extension was the generalized one. Using a binary logistic regression, we observe a significant relation of the risk of periodontitis with age (p = 0.019; OR 1.033; 95% CI 1.005-1.062), tooth brushing (p = 0.002; OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.105-0.599) and dental flossing (p = 0.015; OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.09-0.768). This study revealed a high prevalence of periodontitis. Increased age, lack of tooth brushing and flossing were identified as potential risk factors for periodontitis in the investigated Portuguese population.

Podoplanin Expression Independently and Jointly with Oral Epithelial Dysplasia Grade Acts as a Potential Biomarker of Malignant Transformation in Oral Leukoplakia.

Our aim was to evaluate the expression of biomarkers, CD44v6, CD147, EGFR, p53, p63, p73, p16, and podoplanin in oral leukoplakias (OL) and to assess their potential for prediction of malignant transformation (MT). We analyzed the expression of CD44v6, CD147, EGFR, p53, p63, p73, p16, and podoplanin by immunohistochemistry in 52 OL, comprised of 41 low-grade (LG) dysplasia and 11 high-grade (HG) cases. Twelve healthy normal tissues (NT) were also included. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to evaluate any association with MT. Variable expression among the studied markers was observed, with a significant increase of high expression from NT to LG and HG cases in CD44v6 (p = 0.002), P53 (p = 0.002), P73 (p = 0.043), and podoplanin (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, cases with high podoplanin score showed a significant increased risk of MT (HR of 10.148 (95% CI of 1.503−68.532; p = 0.017). Furthermore, podoplanin combined with binary dysplasia grade obtained a HR of 10.238 (95% CI of 2.06−50.889; p = 0.004). To conclude, CD44v6, p53, p73, and podoplanin showed an increasing expression along the natural history of oral carcinogenesis. Podoplanin expression independently or combined with dysplasia grade could be useful predictive markers of MT in OL.

Expression of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins BubR1 and Mad2 expression as potential biomarkers of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: an observational cohort study / Expresión de las proteínas del punto de control del ensamblaje del huso BubR1 y Mad2 expresión como posibles biomarcadores de transformación maligna de la boca leucoplasia: un estudio de cohorte observacional

Background: The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism essential to ensure the ac-curacy of chromosome segregation during mitosis. Our aim was to evaluate the expression of SAC proteins in oralcarcinogenesis, and to assess their potential in predicting malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia.Material and Methods: We analysed the immunoexpression of BubR1, Mad2, Bub3, and Spindly proteins in 64oral biopsies from 52 oral leukoplakias and 12 normal tissues. Univariate and multivariate analysis were per-formed to evaluate predictive factors for malignant transformation (MT).Results: We observed that BubR1 and Mad2 were more highly expressed in high dysplasia grade lesions than inlow grade or normal tissues (P<0.05). High expression of Spindly was significantly correlated with a high Ki-67score (P=0.004). Six (11.5%) oral leukoplakias underwent malignant transformation. In univariate analysis, thebinary dysplasia grade (high grade) (P<0.001) was associated with a higher risk of malignant transformation aswell as high BubR1 (P<0.001) and high Mad2 (P=0.013) expression. In multivariate analysis, high expression ofBubR1 and Mad2 when combined showed an increased risk for malignant transformation (P=0.013; HR of 4.6,95% CI of 1.4-15.1). Conclusions: Our findings reveal that BubR1 and Mad2 were associated with an increased risk for malignant trans-formation independently of histological grade and could be potential and useful predictive risk markers of malignanttransformation in oral leukoplakias.(AU)

Photobiomodulation laser therapy in a Lenvatinib-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse drug reaction often presenting as a post-surgery complication that may interfere in the quality of the patient's life. In the last decade, additionally to bisphosphonates, other drugs have been associated with MRONJ including other antiresorptive, antiangiogenic or multitarget drugs such as levantinib. The data on MRONJ associated to lenvatinib is scarce with no guidelines for best management option. Our aim is to report a case of MRONJ associated with lenvatinib and the useful of a non-invasive management using local photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy with a 635nm diode laser. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 61-year-old female patient with a follicular thyroid carcinoma (stage IV) and taking lenvatinib presented to our Oral Medicine Unit with a painful non-healing ulcer with bone exposure, in the posterior right maxilla, after an extraction of a molar tooth which occurred 4 months previously. Bone rarefaction was detected in CT scan in the same affected area. We diagnosis a lenvatinib-related osteonecrosis of the Jaw (LRONJ). We performed 5 sessions of PBM treatment using a 635 nm diode laser, delivering 10J/ cm2 in affected area. RESULTS: At the end of the first session, a relief in the pain was already refereed by the patient. One month after, the oral mucosa was completely healed and tissue integrity was confirmed clinically and on panoramic radiograph and the patient referred an increase in her quality of life. On the last follow up after 6 months the patient was without any recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: A lenvatinib-related osteonecrosis of the maxilla in a female patient is reported here for the first time. Moreover, a non-invasive management using PBM laser therapy has shown a successful healing of involved tissues and immediate symptoms relief improving the quality of life of the patient. Key words:Lenvatinib, MRONJ, osteonecrosis of the jaw, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, photobiomodulation.

Treatment of snoring disorder with a non-ablactive Er:YAG laser dual mode protocol. An interventional study.

BACKGROUND: Snoring disorder is a common problem among world population. Treatment modalities may involve surgical and non-surgical procedures. As main objective we proposed to evaluate the efficacy of non-ablative Er:YAG laser in the treatment of snoring disorder. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed an interventional study in 30 patients with snoring disorders. Three sessions were performed with Er:YAG laser 2940nm in long pulse mode (2J/cm2) and smooth mode (10-8J/cm2) in oropharynx region. We analyzed the efficacy of this protocol using questionnaires for snoring intensity, snoring related characteristics of quality of life (including the Epworth sleepness scale and OHIP-14), the satisfaction of the patients and existence of adverse effects comparing the results before and after the treatment using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. RESULTS: There was a 96.7% satisfaction rate after one month of treatment, and 96.4% after 6 months. A reduction of the severity of snoring from 8±1.9 before the treatment to 1.6±1.1 one month after treatment was observed (p<0.001). Decrease in mean values of Epworth sleepness scale (9.97±5.3 to 6.54±4.3) (p=0.002), and OHIP-14 score (10.9±6.2 to 5.9±5) (p<0.001) were also noted. A significant decrease in the Mallampatti and Friedman classification scores were observed (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). No anesthesia was required, nor adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Non-ablative Er:YAG laser treatment is a safe, painless, and can be an effective treatment option to reduce snoring and is well accepted by the patient. However, further controlled studies with longer follow-up are required. Key words:Er:YAG laser, snoring, sleep disorders, epworth sleepiness scale, OHIP-14.

Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in Temporomandibular Disorder-Related Pain Using a 635 nm Diode Laser: A Randomized, Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of photobiomodulation (PBM), using an 635 nm diode laser, to provide pain relief for temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Background data: TMD involves a set of multiple clinical manifestations where pain is prevalent. Treatment ideally should be noninvasive and innocuous such as PBM. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinically blinded trial was performed on 42 patients with painful TMD diagnosed according the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. They were randomly placed into two groups: an intervention group (n = 22) subjected to the application of a 635 nm wavelength diode laser (using a 8-mm diameter handpiece in contact mode, delivering 8 J/cm2 over a period of 20 sec applied over the sensitive points where the pain was reported by the participants) and a placebo group (n = 20) following the same protocol but without laser activation. All patients received four sessions of treatment over 4 weeks. Personal pain perception, nonassisted pain-free maximum mouth opening and tenderness elicited during palpation of muscles were used as primary outcomes, evaluated at baseline and at follow-up 1 month later by blinded, calibrated evaluators. Results: There was a significant reduction in the degree of pain recorded in the laser group after treatment (0.63 ± 0.36) compared with the baseline evaluation (4.59 ± 2.36; p < 0.001), which was not observed in the placebo group. Reduction of pain during palpation of most masticatory muscles was significant following treatment in the intervention group. A significant increase in the nonassisted painless mouth opening was observed after treatment (42.14 ± 5.8 mm) compared with baseline values (36.73 ± 9.91 mm) only among the laser group (p = 0.007). There were no reported adverse events or side effects among the patients in the intervention group. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PBM using a 635 nm laser was effective on the remission of painful TMD, without complications.

A histological evaluation of the surgical margins from human oral fibrous-epithelial lesions excised with CO2 laser, Diode laser, Er:YAG laser, Nd: YAG laser, electrosurgical scalpel and cold scalpel

Background: We aim to evaluate the presence of histological artefacts in the surgical margins of human oral fibro-epithelial hyperplasias excised with lasers of different wavelengths, and also electrosurgical scalpel and cold scalpel. Moreover, we aim to determine if some of these instruments could impair the normal histological diagnosis of these lesions. Material and Methods: We included 130 consecutive surgical samples of 80 females and 50 males (mean age of 53.82±16.55) with a histological diagnosis of an oral benign fibrous-epithelial hyperplasias. The samples were categorized into 6 groups according to the type of instrument used: CO2 laser group, diode laser group, Er:YAG laser group, Nd:YAG laser group, electrosurgical scalpel group and cold scalpel group. Histological instrument-induced changes were microscopic evaluated and related with clinical and pathological variables. Results: The instrument with highest tissue damage extension (TDE) was the electrosurgical scalpel (1002.2μm±434.92), followed by diode laser (913.73 μm±322.45), Nd:YAG (899.83μm±327.75), CO2 laser (538.37μm±170.50), Er:YAG laser (166.47μm±123.85), and at last with fewer alterations the cold scalpel group (2.36μm±7.27) (P < 0.001). The most regular incision was observed in CO2 laser group, followed by Er:YAG laser, Nd:YAG laser, electrosurgical scalpel and diode laser group with the less regular incision using cold scalpel as comparison (P < 0.001). A correlation was found between the incision score and TDE (P < 0.001). Regarding histological diagnosis, no case showed any limitation of diagnosis related with the use of any instrument evaluated. Conclusions: Our results suggest that lasers can be used for the excision of oral benign fibrous-epithelial hyperplasias, without hispathological diagnosis limitations, as long as the physical properties of each laser are known and respected. Er:YAG laser have shown to be a laser with few tissue damage extension and with good incision regularity, been a possible instrument of choice for the surgical removal of these lesions

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A sample of non-nutritive sucking habits (pacifier and digit) in portuguese children and its relation with the molar classes of angle.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effect of non-nutritive sucking habits (pacifier and digital sucking) in the prevalence of molar Class in mixed dentition. The aim of this study was determinate the relation between non-nutritive sucking habits, and Angle´s molar Class, in the horizontal plane, and it´s relation with gender. A convenience sample of 326 children with ages between 6 and 12 years was selected from three schools of Oporto. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To collect the epidemiologic data, was used a method recommended by the WHO. An indirect questionnaire about the medical history, dental habits, was used. It was adapted from Sanchez-Molins and validated by Clinical Dental III of Integrated Dental University Institute Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal. RESULTS: In this study, 326 infants were examined in order to determine the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits. Only 45 observed children did not mentioned any kind of non-nutritive sucking habit; the remaining 281 children mentioned at least one potential bad habit. Children with non-nutritive sucking habits show a higher molar Class II percentage in females, while molar Class III is more frequent among males compared with children with no sucking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Children with non-nutritive sucking habits, presented a higher-Class II prevalence with statistically significance. It was detected a direct relationship between Angle´s molar Class and gender. Key words:Finger sucking, pacifier sucking, Angle Class malocclusion.

Type of surgical treatment and recurrence of oral leukoplakia: A retrospective clinical study

Background: Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most typical potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa. We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcome of oral leukoplakia treated with several types of lasers and with the use of quantic molecular resonance (QMR) lancet, in terms of recurrence rate. Material and Methods: Eighty-seven previously untreated OL (52 occurring in females and 35 in males, mean age of 59.4 ± 13.9 years) were consecutively submitted to surgical treatment at University Hospital of Parma, Italy, and Hospital de Valongo, Portugal, (1999 to 2012). Interventions were subclassified into 5 groups according to the instrument used for the surgical removal of OL (cold blade - 17; Nd:YAG 1064nm laser - 14; Er:YAG 2940nm laser - 33; CO2 10600nm laser - 15; and QMR scalpel - 8). The mean follow-up period after treatment was 21.6 months (range 1-151 months). The outcome of treatment was scored through the same clinical protocol in the two participating units. Statistical analysis were carried by univariate analysis using chi-square test (or Pearson's test when appropriate). Results: Recurrences were observed in 24 cases of OL (27.6%). Malignant transformation occurred in one patient (1.1%) after a period of 35 months. Statistical comparison of the 5 surgical treatment modalities showed no differ ences in clinical outcomes nor in the recurrence rate of OL. However, when Er:YAG laser group was compared with traditional scalpel, a significantly better outcome in cases treated with Er:YAG laser (P = 0.015) was highlighted. Conclusions: Our results suggests that Er:YAG laser could be a promising option for the treatment of OL (AU)

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Coffee is protective against oral and pharyngeal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: Coffee is one of the most popular and consumable drinks worldwide. However, there are conflicting results on the influence of this drink in oral and pharyngeal cancer risk. To clarify this, we aimed to systemically review and carry out a meta-analysis of the relevant literature on the association between coffee and oral and pharyngeal cancer. Study Design: We carried out an electronic search of publications up to August 2016 from PubMed, National Library of Medicines Medline, Embase, Science Direct and the Cochrane Central Register. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to address the quality of the studies a meta-analysis was carried out using random-effects models. Results: From the 22,515 entries identified in the search, 13 case-control and 4 cohort studies were selected. With regards to quality on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, an overall value of 6.06 was obtained. The analysis for oral and pharyngeal cancer grouped together indicated a pooled OR of .69 (95% CI of .57-.84; p< 001) for high versus low coffee consumption with a moderate heterogeneity (I2 : 50.3%; p=.009). Regarding studies on oral cavity cancers we observed a pooled OR of 0.82; 95% CI =.58-1.16; p=.257) and for pharyngeal cancers a pooled OR of .72 (95% CI of 0.54-.95; p=.019). There was no significant publication bias. Conclusions: The results show an inverse association between high coffee consumption and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers, which indicates that coffee may have a protective role against these cancers. Further larger prospective observational cohort studies are needed to address any effect of other possible co-factors (AU)

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Oral cancer awareness and knowledge among residents in the Oporto city, Portugal.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the awareness and knowledge on oral cancer in a general population of Oporto city, in Portugal. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were performed with 1116 individuals, resident in the city of Oporto. Participants' socio-demographic information, lifestyle habits and awareness, knowledge and beliefs on oral cancer were ascertained. RESULTS: Breast cancer was the most mentioned being as heard of (69.8%), while oral cancer was one of the least heard of (23.7%). Tobacco was identified as a risk factor by 54.8% of individuals and this knowledge was associated with their education level (P < 0.001), dentist visits (P = 0.026), and tobacco consumption (P < 0.001). Fewer subjects (24.6%) referred to alcohol as a risk factor, and this knowledge was associated with their education level (P = 0.020) and dentist visits (P = 0.002). More than half the subjects (58.8%) could not identify any sign or symptom of oral cancer. CONCLUSION: There is a general lack of awareness on oral cancer among this Oporto population. Higher education level and better oral health care were significant factors that identified individuals with a better awareness and knowledge of oral cancer, suggesting that educational measures could be useful for the prevention and early diagnosis of oral cancer in the Portuguese population.

Oral soft tissue biopsies in Oporto, Portugal: An eight year retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: The diseases that affect the oral cavity are wide and diverse, comprising a broad spectrum of either benign or malignant lesions. However, few histological-based studies were performed for the evaluation of oral cavity lesions, and very few directed to oral soft tissue pathology. The aim of this study was to carry out pioneering research, within a Portuguese population, to determine the frequency and characteristics of oral malignancies, potential malignant disorders, and soft benign tissues pathologies submitted for biopsy in a north Portugal (Oporto) hospital population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of soft tissue, oral cavity biopsies, in a hospital north of Portugal (Oporto) between 1999 and 2006. We analysed information on gender, age, location of the lesion, and the histopathological diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 1042 oral biopsies were observed, 557(53.5%) in females and 485 (46.5%) in males, with a mean age of 51.7 years (S.D. ±17.6). The topographic location most frequently affected was labial mucosa (n=306). Considering the nature of the lesions, 700 (67.2%) corresponded to non-neoplasic lesions, 45 (4.3%) to potentially malignant disorders, and 297 (28.5%) to neoplasms (93 benign and 204 malignant). Non-neoplasic lesions were more prevalent in female gender (59.9%) when compared with potentially malignant disorders (46.7%) and neoplasms (39.4%) (P< 0.001). Non-neoplasic lesions presented the lower mean age (49.2±17.6) and potentially malignant disorders the highest mean age (60.5±14.5) (P< 0.001). The most common lesion of entire sample was fibro-epithelial hyperplasia (n=186; 17.9%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (n=158; 15.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Fibro-epithelial hyperplasia, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, was the most common pathologies. This pioneering study provided, for the first time, data about the proportion of squamous cell carcinoma when compared with benign conditions in a Portuguese hospital population. KEY WORDS: Oral biopsies, oral cavity, oral pathology, Portugal, soft tissue lesions.

Er:YAG Laser Assisted Treatment of Central Odontogenic Fibroma of the Mandible.

Central odontogenic fibroma is a very rare benign odontogenic tumour characterized by a fibrous mature stroma with variable strands or islands of inactive-looking odontogenic epithelium. Our aim is to report a case of a central odontogenic fibroma and describe the clinical usefulness of Er:YAG laser for the surgical treatment of this tumour. A 74-year-old woman presented with an expansive lesion located in a mandible with multilocular and mixed radiographic appearance. A conservative excision using Er:YAG laser was performed. Complete removal was obtained. There were no postoperative complications. The histopatologic features were consistent with the diagnosis of central odontogenic fibroma of rich-epithelium type. No recurrence was observed during follow-up.

Aesthetic Depigmentation of Gingival Smoker's Melanosis Using Carbon Dioxide Lasers.

Melanic pigmentation results from melanin produced by the melanocytes present in the basal layer of the oral epithelium. One of the most common causes of oral pigmentation is smoker melanosis, a condition associated with the melanocyte stimulation caused by cigarette smoke. This paper aims to illustrate the use of a carbon dioxide laser in the removal of the gingival melanic pigmentation for aesthetic reasons in a 27-year-old female patient with history of a smoking habit. The carbon dioxide laser vaporisation was performed on the gingival mucosa with effective and quick results and without any complications or significant symptoms after the treatment. We conclude that a carbon dioxide laser could be a useful, effective, and safe instrument to treat the aesthetic complications caused by oral smoker melanosis.

Outcomes of invitational and opportunistic oral cancer screening initiatives in Oporto, Portugal.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of oral cancer screening for the early detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC) in a population of Oporto city. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted an OC screening program in the city of Oporto between 2010 and 2011 using two methodologies of population recruitment: Volunteers attending an OC screening day recruited via a mass media campaign; and OC screening during dental visits to a public hospital in the Oporto City. Participants' socio-demographic information and life-style habits were ascertained by interviewers, and an oral mucosal examination (screen) was conducted by previously trained and calibrated group of 20 screeners. RESULTS: A total of 727 individuals (277 males and 450 females) with a mean age of 54 years (range 18-94) were screened. During screening, we detected 22 OPMDs: 13 (59.1%) oral leukoplakias and 9 (40.9%) cases with oral lichen planus. No erythroplakias were detected. In addition, two oral carcinomas were detected, both in the T1 stages of the disease. All screen positives attended a specialist clinic following referral to confirm their diagnoses. A randomly selected sample among negative screens was also examined to assess any false negatives. The sensitivity was 96% and specificity was 98%. Significantly more positive cases were found among older individuals (≥54 years) (P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Screening data suggest that new cancers and OPMDs can be detected by invitational and opportunistic screening and offer a platform to raise the awareness and knowledge on this cancer in the Portuguese population.

Clinical improvement following therapy for periodontitis: Association with a decrease in IL-1 and IL-6.

Although a number of inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be associated with periodontal pathogenesis, it is important to investigate further whether these biomarkers are associated with the degree of success in nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to quantify the total levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, -1ß, -6, -10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis patients prior to and following nonsurgical periodontal therapy. In total, 52 GCF samples from disease sites of patients with chronic periodontitis, prior to and following periodontal therapy, and ten non-disease sites from non-periodontitis subjects, were collected and cytokine concentrations were determined using a multiplex method. Periodontal parameters, including bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and the clinical attachment level, in all the sites were recorded. Untreated disease sites exhibited higher cytokine levels in the GCF when compared with the non-disease sites. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the total levels of IL-1α, -1ß and -6 in the GCF, but not in IL-10 or TNF-α. The results support the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1ß and IL-6, are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and are good markers to evaluate the success of nonsurgical therapy in disease sites of patients with periodontitis.

Treatment of an asymmetric malocclusion: a case report.

AIM: This case report describes an adult female patient who presented with dental asymmetry associated with bilaterally missing lower first molars, accompanied by extruded and mesially-tipped lower second and third molars. Masticatory dysfunction and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain were present during mouth opening and likely related to a posteriorly positioned condyle and anterior disc displacement with reduction. METHODS: Orthodontic treatment consisted of occlusal plane levelling and mandibular repositioning, achieved using a Multiloop Edgewise Archwire (MEAW) technique. Differential MEAW activation on each side and temporary occlusal composite bite blocks on the lower left third molar were necessary to increase the vertical dimension of the Class II side, which allowed extrusion of the left premolars to a Class I relationship. RESULTS: The bilateral uprighting of the second and third molars was achieved by tip-back wire activation to level the occlusal plane and intrude these teeth. Elastics worn vertically on the right side and Class II elastics on the left side facilitated occlusal correction. Dental implants for fixed prosthetic rehabilitation of the missing lower left first molar were placed to stabilise the posterior occlusion. Articular disc recovery removed TMJ symptoms and the case was finished with stable sagittal and vertical occlusal relationships. CONCLUSION: Successful management of a canted occlusal plane and the stabilisation of the posterior occlusion, resulted in a recovery of a displaced articular disc and improvement of facial symmetry.