Review: Unveiling the effect of beta-nerve growth factor on the reproductive function in llamas and cows.

The actions of the beta-nerve growth factor (ß-NGF) on the neuroendocrine and reproductive system have challenged classical views on the control of reproductive function. After endometrial absorption, ß-NGF triggers ovulation and promotes the development of functional corpora lutea in camelids. In this article, we review evidence showing that, in camelids, ß-NGF exerts its actions by acting in both the hypothalamus and the ovary. In the hypothalamus, ß-NGF may induce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by interacting with neurons or glial cells expressing receptors for ß-NGF. The LH surge occurs under the influence of ovarian estradiol and requires the release of GnRH into the portal vessels to reach the pituitary gland. In the ovary, ß-NGF may be promoting the differentiation of follicular to luteal cells by modifying the steroidogenic profile of ovarian follicular cells in both camelids and ruminants. Although the mechanisms for these actions are largely undetermined, we aim to offer an update on the current understanding of the effects of ß-NGF controlling reproductive function in camelids and ruminants.

Administration of Beta-Nerve Growth Factor during the Preovulatory Stage Improves Endocrine and Luteal Function in Dairy Heifers.

The neurotrophin beta-nerve growth factor (NGF), which is present in the semen of different mammals, elicits potent ovulatory and luteotrophic actions in llamas following systemic administration. Here, we determine if purified NGF given intramuscularly (IM) during the preovulatory stage affects the corpus luteum (CL), hormone production, endometrial gene expression, and pregnancy rate of dairy heifers. Holstein-Friesian heifers were estrus-synchronized using estradiol benzoate (EB) plus an intravaginal progesterone (P4) device (DIB). After eight days, the device was removed and cloprostenol was given IM; the next day (day 9), heifers received EB IM plus one of the following: (i) 1 mg of NGF (NGF D9 group), (ii) 1 mg of NGF 32 h after EB (NGF D10 group), or (iii) phosphate buffer saline (control group). To measure pregnancy rates, heifers were treated similarly, then artificially inseminated with sexed semen 48-52 h after DIB removal, then an ultrasound was conducted 30 days after insemination. The females given NGF along with EB (NGF D9) showed significantly higher luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations, larger CL vascular areas, and higher plasma P4 concentrations than the NGF D10 and control animals. Downregulation of the P4 receptor (PGR), and upregulation of both lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and Solute Carrier Family 6 member 14 (SLC6A14) endometrial genes, were detected in NGF D9 heifers. Furthermore, these heifers had a 10% higher pregnancy rate than the control group. We conclude that the higher P4 output, in response to the early NGF administration, led to the enhanced gene expression of transcripts related to uterine receptivity that may result in enhanced pregnancy rates.

Seminal plasma nerve growth factor signaling on the reproductive physiology of female llamas.

The ovulation mechanism is one of the fascinating physiological processes in reproductive biology in mammals. From the reproductive point of view, the species have been classified as spontaneous or induced ovulators. Although the release of GnRH followed by the preovulatory LH surge is shared between both types of ovulation, the stimulus to initiate GnRH release varies between both categories. In spontaneous ovulators, ovulation depends on the systemic concentration of ovarian steroids, however, in induced ovulators, different stimuli such as copulation, environmental, and social cues can facilitate or induce ovulation regardless of the increases in systemic estradiol concentration. In this review, we document evidence that a male-derived protein is the main factor responsible for inducing ovulation and also modulating the ovarian function in the domestic South American camelid, the llama. The neurotrophin beta-Nerve Growth Factor (ß-NGF) is the principal factor present in the semen of llamas responsible for inducing ovulation in this species. After the intrauterine deposit of semen during mating, ß-NGF is absorbed through the endometrium to reach the circulatory system, where it reaches the hypothalamus and stimulates GnRH release. The potential site of action of this neurotrophin at the brain has not been elucidated, however, hypotheses are raised that the factor may cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate upstream neuronal networks that lead to the stimulation of GnRH-secreting neurons. It is possible that ß-NGF could be sensed at the median eminence without crossing the blood-brain barrier. Finally, it has been observed that this factor is not only a powerful stimulator of ovulation but also has a luteotrophic effect, resulting in the development of a corpus luteum capable of secreting more progesterone when compared to other ovulation-stimulating analogues.

Seminal plasma nerve growth factor signaling on the reproductive physiology of female llamas

The ovulation mechanism is one of the fascinating physiological processes in reproductive biology in mammals. From the reproductive point of view, the species have been classified as spontaneous or induced ovulators. Although the release of GnRH followed by the preovulatory LH surge is shared between both types of ovulation, the stimulus to initiate GnRH release varies between both categories. In spontaneous ovulators, ovulation depends on the systemic concentration of ovarian steroids, however, in induced ovulators, different stimuli such as copulation, environmental, and social cues can facilitate or induce ovulation regardless of the increases in systemic estradiol concentration. In this review, we document evidence that a male-derived protein is the main factor responsible for inducing ovulation and also modulating the ovarian function in the domestic South American camelid, the llama. The neurotrophin beta-Nerve Growth Factor (β-NGF) is the principal factor present in the semen of llamas responsible for inducing ovulation in this species. After the intrauterine deposit of semen during mating, β-NGF is absorbed through the endometrium to reach the circulatory system, where it reaches the hypothalamus and stimulates GnRH release. The potential site of action of this neurotrophin at the brain has not been elucidated, however, hypotheses are raised that the factor may cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate upstream neuronal networks that lead to the stimulation of GnRH-secreting neurons. It is possible that β-NGF could be sensed at the median eminence without crossing the blood-brain barrier. Finally, it has been observed that this factor is not only a powerful stimulator of ovulation but also has a luteotrophic effect, resulting in the development of a corpus luteum capable of secreting more progesterone when compared to other ovulation-stimulating analogues.(AU)

Chorion Alterations in Eyed-Stage Salmonid Eggs Farmed in La Araucanía, Chile: A Retrospective Study.

The chorion is the primary envelop that protects the fish embryo against mechanical actions, pathogens, and abrupt changes in physical and chemicals conditions of the incubation medium. During embryo development, chorion alterations are not rare, but the occurrence of these is scarcely reported. Increased frequency of chorion alterations can result in increased embryo mortality and thus decreased reproductive performance and losses for fish farms. In this study, we characterize different chorion alterations observed in samples collected over 14 years from 12 salmon and trout farms located in the region of La Araucanía in southern Chile, which sent live eyed-stage embryos ('eyed-eggs') for quality analysis to our laboratory. We found soft chorion as the most common alteration observed, being present in the whole 14-year series analyzed in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and affecting up to 35.0% of the samples examined in a year. This alteration also affected up to 20.0 and 5.7% of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples analyzed in a year, respectively. We also found an increase of other chorion alterations, including perforated and white-spotted chorion in Atlantic and Coho Salmon, in the last 8 years. Among the three species, Rainbow Trout exhibited fewer chorion alterations. As the embryonated eggs analyzed here were obtained from broodstocks maintained under standard industrial conditions, these alterations might be linked to changes in environmental conditions affecting the incubation water that need to be further investigated.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the "Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31-P)" Questionnaire for Chile.

PURPOSE: To report the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31-P) Questionnaire in patients with epilepsy (PWE) in Chile. METHODS: Translation from the original and posterior back-translation was performed by independent translators, two in each step. The final consensual translation was modified for the Chilean context and assessed by cognitive interviews with 12 PWE from Chile's public healthcare system, selected by quotas. RESULTS: Main changes made to the original questionnaire were the addition, in some items, of an alternative, indicating the nonexistence of limitations produced by epilepsy, examples to clarify some questions, and some minor wording modifications. There was no addition or deletion of items. CONCLUSION: A culturally adapted version of the QOLIE-31-P questionnaire was obtained in conditions to be assessed psychometrically in a sample of PWE in Chile.

ß-NGF Stimulates Steroidogenic Enzyme and VEGFA Gene Expression, and Progesterone Secretion via ERK 1/2 Pathway in Primary Culture of Llama Granulosa Cells.

The beta-nerve growth factor (ß-NGF) from llama seminal plasma exerts ovulatory and luteotrophic effects following intramuscular or intrauterine infusion in llamas and alpacas. In this study, we investigate the in vitro effect of llama ß-NGF on the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and progesterone synthesis as well as progesterone release in preovulatory llama granulosa cells; we also determine whether these changes are mediated via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. From adult female llamas, we collected granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration; these cells were pooled and incubated. After 80% confluence, the cultured granulosa cells were treated with ß-NGF, ß-NGF plus the MAPK inhibitor U0126, or luteinizing hormone, and the abundance of angiogenic and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA transcripts were quantified after 10 and 20 h by RT-qPCR. We also quantified the progesterone concentration in the media after 48 h by radioimmunoassay. We found that application of ß-NGF increases the abundance of mRNA transcripts of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and the steroidogenic enzymes cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc/CYP11A1), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), and 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B1) at 10 and 20 h of treatment. Application of the MAPK inhibitor U0126 resulted in downregulation of the genes encoding these enzymes. ß-NGF also enhanced progesterone synthesis, which was prevented by the prior application of the MAPK inhibitor U0126. Finally, western blot analysis confirmed that ß-NGF activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results indicate that ß-NGF exerts direct luteotropic effects on llama ovarian tissue via the ERK 1/2 pathway.

Evitando a pandemia da pobreza: possibilidades para o programa Bolsa Família e para o Cadastro Único em resposta à COVID-19 / Evitando la pandemia de la pobreza: posibilidades para el Programa Bolsa Família y el Registro Único en respuesta a la COVID-19 / Avoiding the poverty pandemic: the potential of the Bolsa Família program and the Single Registry for Social Programs to face the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Neste estudo propomos três medidas para potencializar o uso do Programa Bolsa Família e do Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (Cadastro Único) como resposta às consequências econômicas da pandemia da COVID-19. As medidas propostas são as seguintes: (i) zerar a fila de espera do Programa e suspender procedimentos que possam levar à cessação de benefícios; (ii) reajustar benefícios e linha de elegibilidade do Programa; e (iii) conceder um benefício extraordinário para todas as famílias do Cadastro Único, beneficiárias ou não do Bolsa Família. As combinações para as alternativas destas medidas resultam em 56 cenários com parâmetros únicos, para os quais, com base nos dados do Cadastro Único e na folha de pagamentos do Bolsa Família, estimam-se o público alvo e os custos. Também avaliamos as eventuais dificuldades institucionais e operacionais para a implementação destas medidas, já que as iniciativas podem ter uma magnitude inédita na política social brasileira. Recomendamos uma combinação relativamente generosa destas medidas, por um período de pelo menos seis meses.

Resumen Este estudio propone tres medidas para potenciar el uso del "Programa Bolsa Família" y del Registro Único (Cadastro Único) para Programas Sociales como respuestas a las consecuencias económicas de la pandemia de COVID-19. Se propone (i) reducir a cero la lista de espera del programa y posponer los procedimientos administrativos que podrían resultar en recortes de beneficios; (ii) reajustar el umbral de elegibilidad y el valor de los beneficios del "Bolsa Família"; y (iii) otorgar un beneficio de emergencia, por al menos seis meses, a todas las familias inscritas en el Registro Único (sean o no beneficiarias del "Bolsa Família") cuyo ingreso per cápita sea inferior a la mitad del salario mínimo. Las combinaciones de las alternativas de estas medidas dan como resultado 56 escenarios diferentes. Sobre la base de los datos del Registro Único y la nómina del "Bolsa Família", el estudio estima el público objetivo y los costos de las medidas propuestas. Dada la magnitud sin precedentes de estas medidas, el estudio también evalúa las posibles dificultades institucionales y operativas para su implementación. Se recomienda una combinación relativamente generosa de estas medidas por un período de al menos 6 meses.

Abstract This study suggests three measures to enhance the potential of the Bolsa Família program and Single Registry for Social Protection (Cadastro Único) as responses to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose to: (i) enroll all eligible households already in the Cadastro Único in the Bolsa Família program, and postpone all verification and recertification processes that could result in benefit cuts; (ii) adjust the eligibility thresholds of Bolsa Família and the value of the benefits; and (iii) grant an emergency benefit, for at least six months, to all families enrolled in the Single Registry (regardless of whether they are Bolsa Família beneficiaries or not) whose per capita income is below half a minimum wage. The combination of these measures results in 56 different scenarios. Based on the data from the Single Registry and the Bolsa Família payroll, the study estimates the target audience and costs. Given the unprecedented magnitude of these measures, the study also emphasizes possible institutional and operational difficulties for their implementation. A combination of these measures is recommended, with a duration of at least six months.

Ovulation mechanism in South American Camelids: The active role of ß-NGF as the chemical signal eliciting ovulation in llamas and alpacas.

The ovulation-inducing effect of seminal plasma was first suggested in Bactrian camels over 30 years ago, initiating a long search to identify the 'ovulation-inducing factor' (OIF) present in camelids semen. During the last decade, primarily in llamas and alpacas, this molecule has been intensively studied characterizing its biological and chemical properties and ultimately identifying it as ß-Nerve Growth Factor (ß-NGF). The high concentration of OIF/ß-NGF in seminal plasma of llamas and alpacas, and the striking effects of seminal fluid on ovarian function strongly support the notion of an endocrine mode of action. Also, have challenged the dogma of mating induced ovulation in camelid species, questioning the classical definition of reflex ovulators, which at the light of new evidence should be revised and updated. On the other hand, the presence of OIF/ß-NGF and its ovulatory effect in camelids confirm the notion that seminal plasma is not only a transport and survival medium for sperm but also, a signaling agent targeting female tissues after insemination, generating relevant physiological and reproductive consequences. The presence of this molecule, conserved among induced as well as spontaneous ovulating species, clearly suggests that the potential impacts of this reproductive feature extend beyond the camelid species and may have broad implications in mammalian fertility. The aim of the present review is to provide a brief summary of all research efforts undertaken to isolate and identify the ovulation inducing factor present in the seminal plasma of camelids. Also to give an update of the current understanding of the mechanism of action of seminal ß-NGF, at central and ovarian level; finally suggesting possible brain targets for this molecule.

Distribution of GnRH and Kisspeptin Immunoreactivity in the Female Llama Hypothalamus.

Llamas are induced non-reflex ovulators, which ovulate in response to the hormonal stimulus of the male protein beta-nerve growth factor (ß-NGF) that is present in the seminal plasma; this response is dependent on the preovulatory gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the hypothalamus. GnRH neurones are vital for reproduction, as these provide the input that controls the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. However, in spontaneous ovulators, the activity of GnRH cells is regulated by kisspeptin neurones that relay the oestrogen signal arising from the periphery. Here, we investigated the organisation of GnRH and kisspeptin systems in the hypothalamus of receptive adult female llamas. We found that GnRH cells exhibiting different shapes were distributed throughout the ventral forebrain and some of these were located in proximity to blood vessels; sections of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) displayed the highest number of cells. GnRH fibres were observed in both the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and median eminence (ME). We also detected abundant kisspeptin fibres in the MBH and ME; kisspeptin cells were found in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), but not in rostral areas of the hypothalamus. Quantitative analysis of GnRH and kisspeptin fibres in the ME revealed a higher innervation density of kisspeptin than of GnRH fibres. The physiological significance of the anatomical findings reported here for the ovulatory mechanism in llamas is still to be determined.

Evitando a pandemia da pobreza: possibilidades para o Programa Bolsa Família e para o Cadastro Único em resposta à Covid-19 / Nota Técnica n. 59 (Disoc) : Evitando a pandemia da pobreza : possibilidades para o Programa Bolsa Família e para o Cadastro Único em resposta à Covid-19

Em consequência da pandemia gerada pela Covid-19, o Ministério da Economia anunciou medidas para atenuar os prejuízos do desaquecimento econômico para grupos vulneráveis que incluem, entre outros, famílias de baixa renda registradas no Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais do Governo Federal (Cadastro Único). A partir desses anúncios, o Ministério da Economia solicitou ao Ipea a construção de cenários de intervenção para potencializar o uso do PBF e do Cadastro Único como mecanismos de redução dos prejuízos econômicos causados pela Covid-19 à população brasileira de baixa renda. É esse, portanto, o objetivo deste texto, que resume os resultados de 72 simulações com parâmetros distintos.

Estimativas de público elegível e custos do benefício emergencial criado pelo PL 9.236/2017 / Nota Técnica n. 60 (Disoc) : Estimativas de público elegível e custos do benefício emergencial criado pelo PL 9.236/2017.

O Projeto de Lei (PL) 9.236/2017 foi aprovado pela Câmara dos Deputados no dia 26 de março de 2020 e tudo indica que deve ser rapidamente ratificado pelo Senado Federal, seguindo então para sanção presidencial. Embora originalmente o PL se propusesse a fazer alterações relevantes nos critérios de concessão do Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC), a aprovação na Câmara chamou a atenção por instituir, no seu art. 2°, auxílio emergencial aos trabalhadores informais como parte da estratégia de resposta à epidemia da Covid-19. Essa medida é oportuna e necessária e vai ao encontro do que dezenas de países vêm adotando para mitigar os impactos econômicos e sociais da pandemia. O objetivo desta nota técnica é apresentar estimativas do custo deste novo benefício ao longo dos três meses previstos para sua duração. O auxílio tem o valor de R$ 600 por mês e, segundo os incisos que seguem o caput do art. 2°, será pago durante três meses (prorrogáveis) para trabalhadores que, cumulativamente, cumprirem condições específicas.

Os efeitos do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a pobreza e a desigualdade: um balanço dos primeiros quinze anos

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a focalização do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) e seus impactos na redução da pobreza e da desigualdade. Para isso, faz-se uso dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) tradicional do período de 2001 a 2015 e da PNAD Contínua, de 2016 e 2017. Os resultados corroboram estudos anteriores. O PBF é, por uma larga margem, a mais progressiva transferência de renda feita pelo governo federal. Cerca de 70% dos seus recursos alcançam os 20% mais pobres (computados antes da transferência do programa). Sua excelente focalização explica por que, apesar do seu pequeno orçamento (0,5% do produto interno bruto ­ PIB) e da sua limitada participação na renda das famílias da PNAD (0,7%), o programa tem um impacto tão relevante na redução da pobreza: suas transferências reduzem a pobreza em 15% e a extrema pobreza em 25%. As decomposições dinâmicas do coeficiente de Gini sugerem que o programa foi responsável por 10% da redução da desigualdade entre 2001 e 2015. Entre 2001 e 2006 (período de sua maior expansão), o PBF explicou quase 17% da redução observada da desigualdade. As conclusões sugerem que a focalização do programa já é muito boa e que o principal limitador do seu impacto na pobreza não é o foco, mas o baixo valor das transferências.

The goal of the study is to evaluate the targeting of the Bolsa Família Programme and its impacts on the reduction of poverty and inequality. To that end, we have used data from the 2001-2015 standard National Household Sample Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios ­ PNAD) and from the 2016 and the 2017 longitudinal PNAD. The results support the findings of previous studies. Bolsa Família is by far the most progressive transfer ever enacted by the federal government. Its excellent targeting explains why, despite its small budget (0.5 per cent of GDP) and its limited representation in household income as reflected by PNAD (0.7 per cent), the programme has such a significant impact on poverty reduction: its transfers reduce poverty by 15 per cent and extreme poverty by 25 per cent. Dynamic decompositions of the Gini coefficient suggest that the programme was responsible for the 10 per cent of the reduction in inequality between 2001 and 2015. From 2001 to 2006 (the period during which the programme grew most significantly), Bolsa Família accounted for almost 17 per cent of the observed reduction in inequality. Findings suggest that the targeting of the Programme is already very good and that the main restraining factor of the Programme's impact on poverty is not targeting, but rather the low value of the transfers.

A Questão de gênero na idade para a aposentadoria no Brasil: elementos para debate

O objetivo deste texto para discussão é avaliar a proposta de unificação das idades de aposentadoria de mulheres e homens no Brasil. O argumento em favor da manutenção de idades de aposentadoria reduzidas para as mulheres é o de que ela faria parte da lógica distributiva da previdência social, compensando as mulheres pelo seu trabalho reprodutivo e pelo excedente de trabalho total, bem como pelas piores condições enfrentadas por elas no mercado de trabalho. Demonstramos, neste trabalho, que i) a previdência social brasileira possui componentes distributivos, mas não possui uma lógica distributiva; ii) as medidas do sobretrabalho feminino são muito sensíveis aos critérios utilizados para construí-las e à forma como os dados são coletados; iii) as aposentadorias antecipadas premiam as mulheres mais ricas (para as quais o sobretrabalho é, como regra, pequeno) e não alcançam as mais pobres (nas quais o sobretrabalho é, em geral, muito maior), em um claro desvio classista; iv) as diferenças existentes entre mulheres e homens no mercado de trabalho no Brasil têm magnitude similar às observadas nos países que já unificaram as idades de aposentadoria entre os sexos; v) as medidas de sobretrabalho não justificam a aposentadoria antecipada, já que não há evidências de que impliquem maiores riscos sociais cobertos pela previdência social - ou, ao menos, que impliquem riscos maiores para as mulheres, comparativamente aos homens, condição necessária para que regras diferenciadas se justificassem; e vi) as diferenças de idade de aposentadoria representam um custo de oportunidade significativo para a adoção de políticas de combate à pobreza (que alcançam famílias não cobertas pela previdência social) ou de serviços de creche e cuidados de idosos, com potencial para reduzir as desigualdades de gênero no país.

Mandibular dislocation after stroke: an uncommon sequelae / Luxação mandibular após acidente vascular cerebral: uma sequela incomum

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) recurrent dislocation is usually associated with jaw hypermobility or articular eminence anatomy. Patients who have stroke experience (CVA) can present joint and muscle tone changes, as laxity ligamentous and appearance of spastic muscle patterns in different parts of the body such as shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and face. This study reported two cases of patients with stroke sequelae who developed chronic dislocation of the jaw. It was concluded that these two clinical conditions appear to have some correlation, further studies with more patients needed to confirm this correlation.

A luxação recorrente da articulação temporo-mandibular ocorre quando o côndilo mandibular move-se para fora da cavidade glenóide e permanece travado anteriormente à eminência articular de forma repetitiva. Pacientes com histórico de acidente vascular cerebral podem apresentar alterações articulares e de tonicidade muscular. O presente estudo relatou dois casos clínicos de pacientes com seqüela de AVC, que desenvolveram luxação crônica da mandíbula. Concluiu-se que essas duas condições clinicas parecem apresentar alguma correlação clínica, sendo ainda necessário estudos com mais pacientes para confirmar tal correlação.

Utilização de mini-implantes em intrusão de molares na recuperação de espaço protético inferior para reabilitação com implantes dentários / Mini-implants for molars intrusion on lower prosthetic space recuperation for endosseous implants rehabilitation

Introdução: A perda dos molares inferiores frequentemente leva à extrusão dos dentes superiores antagonistas, o que pode resultar em interferência oclusal e espaço inadequado para restaurar o espaço protético mandibular. A intrusão dos molares superiores pode ser uma alternativa para restabelecer o espaço protético necessário. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso clinico, no qual foi realizada a intrusão dos dentes 16 e 26 por meio de dois mini-implantes como ancoragem ortodôntica associados a aparelho ortodôntico fixo. Tendo restabelecido o espaço protético adequado, foram instalados dois implantes dentários osseointegráveis na região dos dentes 36 e 46. Conclusão: O método utilizado de ancoragem ortodôntica por meio de mini--implantes apresentou bons resultados funcionais e estéticos.

Introduction: Loss of mandible molars often leads to the overeruption of the opposing maxillary molars, resulting in oclusal interference and inadequate room to restore the mandibular edentulous space. Objective: In this report, we present a treatment for superior molars intrusion with two mini-implants for orthodontic anchorage in conjuction with orthodontic appliances. After intrusion, two endosseous dental implants were done in space of 36 and 46, and the traditional orthodontic treatment was finished. Conclusion: Orthodontic anchorage using mini-implants showed good functional and aesthetic results.

Avaliação histológica de hidroxiapatita sintética associada a fosfato de cálcio (ß-TCP) utilizados em levantamento de assoalho de seio maxilar / Histological evaluation of biphasic hydroxyapatite associated to beta tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) used in maxillary sinus lift

Introdução: Quando a altura do osso alveolar residual é insuficiente na região posterior da maxila, a elevação do assoalho do seio maxilar visando a viabilizar a instalação de implantes dentários é um procedimento indicado. O enxerto autógeno (EA) de regiões intra ou extraorais é considerado o padrão ouro para esse procedimento. Novas opções de substitutos ósseos vêm surgindo, como o Straumann(r) BoneCeramic (BC) - 60% constituído de hidroxiapatita e 40% de ß tricálcio fosfato, 100% sintético -, sendo o material utilizado no presente trabalho. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar histologicamente o comportamento deste substituto ósseo com o enxerto ósseo autógeno. Material e método: Dez pacientes saudáveis e parcialmente desdentados na região posterior da maxila foram submetidos à elevação do assoalho do seio maxilar previamente à instalação de implantes dentários osseointegráveis, sendo, destes, cinco com EA e cinco com BC. Após seis meses do tempo de integração do enxerto ósseo, as amostras foram coletadas por uma trefina e coradas em hematoxilina e eosina para microscopia. Resultado: Todos os implantes osseointegráveis apresentaram boa estabilidade primária. A análise histológica demonstrou tecido ósseo neoformado viável em quatro das cinco amostras do BC, além de um íntimo contato do tecido ósseo mineralizado recém-formado com as partículas do BC. Em uma amostra do BC, não foi observada formação de osso viável. O tecido ósseo formado a partir do EA e do BC apresentou uma característica histológica similar. Conclusão: O BC se mostrou um material adequado para a elevação do assoalho do seio maxilar previamente à instalação ...

Introduction: Sinus lift to permit insertion of implants when alveolar residual bone height is insufficient may be considered an effective procedure. The use of autogenous bone from intraoral or extraoral sources is considered as the gold standard for this procedure. New options of bone substitutes have been emphasizing, such as Straumann(r) BoneCeramic (BC), consisting of 60% of hydroxyapatite and 40% of calcium phosphate, 100% synthetic material that was used in this work. Objective: This investigation was designed to evaluate and compare the behavior of a fully synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) 60% hydroxyapatite and 40% of ß-tricalcium phosphate (Straumann(r) Bone-Ceramic) to the autogenous bone graft (ABG) in maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure prior to installation dental implants. Material and method: Ten healthy patients who were partially edentulous in the posterior maxilla were included in this study and submitted to a unilateral maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure, with grafting using either ABG (control group; 5 patients) or BCP (test group; 5 patients). After 6 months of healing implant sites were created and biopsies taken for histological analyses. Result: A primary stability was achieved with all dental implants after the biopsies. Histological investigation showed a viable new bone tissue formed in 4 of 5 BCP specimens. Also, showed close contact between new bone and BCP particles, in 4 of 5 specimens. In 1 of 5 BCP specimens no viable bone tissue was found. Both ABG and BCP produced similar amounts of newly formed bone, with similar histologic appearance. Conclusion: The results indicate that BCP is a suitable material for sinus augmentation for the placement of dental implants. .

Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis by posterior border of mandibular ramus osteotomy.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis (TMJA) is an anatomic and functional alteration of the TMJ surfaces, caused by the fusion of these surfaces by either bone or fibrous tissue. Several techniques are used for the treatment of TMJA. The following case report describes a 5-year-old boy who was diagnosed with TMJA. The treatment of choice is reconstruction of the condyle by sliding the posterior border of the mandibular ramus. Temporomandibular joint ankylosis treatment with vertical ramus osteotomy and mandibular posterior border repositioning offers minimizing the reduction in height or shortening of the mandibular posterior border. The postoperative period requires a multidisciplinary approach with an aggressive physiotherapy.

Fratura mandibular durante remoção do terceiro molar: fatores de risco, medidas preventivas e métodos de tratamento / Mandibular fracture during third molar removal: risk factors, preventive measures and treatment methods

Fraturas mandibulares durante à extração do terceiro molar é uma complicação incomum, com consequências graves. Ocorrem quando a força de resistência do tecido ósseo e menor que as forças aplicadas durante o procedimento. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em apresentar um caso clínico de fratura mandibular durante a exodontia do terceiro molar e também discutir os riscos, medidas preventivas e métodos de tratamento.

Mandibular fracture during third molar removal is an uncommon complication, with serious consequences. This occurs when the forces applied during surgery exceeds the strength of bone. The objective of this work is present a clinical case of mandibular fracture during third molar removal and also, discuss the risks, preventive measures and treatment methods.