Impact of the 2008 economic crisis on the burden of hepatitis B and C diseases in Southern European countries.

BACKGROUND: The economic crisis that began in 2008 has severely affected Southern (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain) Western European (SWE) countries of Western Europe (WE) and may have affected ongoing efforts to eliminate viral hepatitis. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of the economic crisis on the burden of HBV and HCV disease. METHODS: Global Burden of Diseases 2019 data were used to analyse the rates of epidemiological metrics of HBV and HCV acute and chronic infections in SWE and WE. Time series modelling was performed to quantify the impact of healthcare expenditure on the time trend of HBV and HCV disease burden in 2000-2019. RESULTS: Declining trends in incidence and prevalence rates of acute HBV (aHBV) and chronic HBV were observed in SWE and WE, with the pace of decline being slower in the post-austerity period (2010-2019) and mortality due to HBV stabilised in SWE. Acute HCV (aHCV) metrics and chronic HCV incidence and mortality showed a stable trend in SWE and WE, whereas the prevalence of chronic HCV showed an oscillating trend, decreasing in WE in 2010-2019 (p < 0.001). Liver cancer due to both hepatitis infections showed a stagnant burden over time. An inverse association was observed between health expenditure and metrics of both acute and chronic HBV and HCV. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological metrics for HBV and HCV showed a slower pace of decline in the post-austerity period with better improvement for HBV, a stabilisation of mortality and a stagnant burden for liver cancer due to both hepatitis infections. The economic crisis of 2008 had a negative impact on the burden of hepatitis B and C. Elimination of HBV and HCV by 2030 will be a major challenge in the SWE countries.

HIV-1 drug resistance and genetic diversity in people with HIV-1 in Cape Verde.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the genetic diversity and drug resistance profiles of people with HIV-1 failing ART in Cape Verde (CV). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study conducted between January 2019 and December 2021 in 24 health centres on the islands of Santiago and São Vicente. METHODS: The HIV-1 pol gene was sequenced in individuals with a detectable viral load. HIV-1 genetic diversity was determined by phylogenetic analysis. Drug resistance mutation patterns and resistance phenotypes were estimated using the Stanford algorithm. RESULTS: Viral load was detected in 73 of 252 (29%) enrolled participants and sequencing data were produced for 58 (79%) participants. CRF02 AG strains predominated (46.5%), followed by subtype G (22.4%). Most patients (80%) had mutations conferring resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (67%), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (55%), integrase inhibitors (10%) and/or protease inhibitors (7%) used in Cape Verde, a significant increase compared with a study conducted in 2010-2011. The most common mutations were M184V/I (43%), K103N/S (36%) and G190A/S (19%). NNRTI resistance was associated with younger age and exposure to two or more drug regimens. CONCLUSION: The HIV-1 epidemic in Cape Verde is mainly driven by CRF02_AG and subtype G. Resistance to NNRTIs and/or NRTIs is highly prevalent and resistance to LPV/r and DTG is emerging. Our results support the use of DTG-based first-line ART and protease inhibitor-based regimens for patients with virological failure, but emerging resistance to LPV/r and DTG is a concern. Continued monitoring of drug resistance is essential to ensure adequate healthcare for PWH in Cape Verde.

Frecuencia de sustituciones relevantes asociadas a resistencia en la región NS5A a elbasvir en el virus de la hepatitis C en pacientes con genotipo 1a en España / Prevalence of relevant NS5A resistance-associated substitutions to elbasvir in genotype 1a hepatitis C virus patients in Spain

Las sustituciones asociadas a resistencia (RAS) a elbasvir, el nuevo inhibidor de la NS5A del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), pueden presentar relevancia al limitar su eficacia y conducir al fracaso virológico en pacientes infectados por VHC genotipo 1a (GT1a) a diferencia de lo observado en GT1b y GT4. No existen datos fuera de ensayos clínicos que evalúen la prevalencia y el impacto de grazoprevir/elbasvir en pacientes infectados con GT1a en España. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal multicéntrico en 632 pacientes iniciales, en 13 de los cuales no se consiguió amplificar la muestra o no fue válida para alcanzar una secuencia consenso mediante secuenciación de Sanger. Finalmente, se analizaron 617 individuos infectados con VHC-GT1a atendidos en 84 hospitales distribuidos por las 17 comunidades autónomas más las 2 ciudades autónomas que conforman el territorio español. La población de VHC secuenciada se ha usado para identificar RAS a elbasvir, mientras que el patrón mutacional y la sensibilidad farmacológica se confirmaron mediante geno2pheno[HCV]. Los virus portadores de RAS a elbasvir se observaron en el 6,2% de los pacientes infectados con el VHC-G1a. Las RAS más comunes fueron Y93C/H/N y Q30E/H/R (2,4 y 2,3%, respectivamente). Solo el 3,4% de las RAS a elbasvir identificadas confirieron susceptibilidad reducida al fármaco mediante geno2pheno[HCV] que identificó exclusivamente como principales RAS a elbasvir las posiciones Q30H/R (n = 7) y Y93C/H/N (n = 8) como mutaciones simples y Q30H+Y93H (n = 4) y Q30R+Y93H (n = 2) como mutaciones dobles. En nuestra cohorte española con VHCG1a se observó una menor prevalencia de RAS a elbasvir que la reportada previamente en ensayos clínicos realizados en pacientes norteamericanos. Esta información puede ser esencial para el manejo de los pacientes infectados con G1a y guiar la implementación de grazoprevir/elbasvir en España

Resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) to the new HCV NS5A inhibitor elbasvir may limit its efficacy and lead to virological failure in HCV-GT1a-infected patients. There are no data outside clinical trials evaluating their prevalence and impact in grazoprevir/elbasvir in GT1a-infected patients in Spain. A multicentre cross-sectional study of 632 initial patients was conducted. In 13 of these patients, the sample could not be amplified or a consensus sequence by Sanger sequencing could not be performed. Ultimately, 617 HCV-G1a-infected individuals treated at 84 Spanish hospitals from the 17 autonomous communities plus the 2 autonomous cities of Spain were analysed. HCV population sequencing was used to identify RAS to elbasvir and the mutational pattern and drug sensitivity were confirmed by geno2pheno[HCV]. Viruses bearing RASs to elbasvir were present in 6.2% of HCV-G1a infected patients. The most common RASs were the Y93C/H/N and Q30E/H/R (2.4% and 2.3%, respectively). Only 3.4% of the identified RASs to elbasvir conferred reduced susceptibility to elbasvir by geno2pheno[HCV], which exclusively identified the positions Q30H/R (n = 7) and Y93C/H/N (n = 8) as single mutations and Q30H+Y93H (n = 4) and Q30R+Y93H (n = 2) as double mutations as the major RASs to elbasvir. A lower prevalence of RASs to elbasvir was observed in our HCV-G1a Spanish cohort than reported previously in clinical trials evaluating patients from the USA. This information may be essential to guide the implementation of grazoprevir/elbasvir in Spain and to manage G1a-infected patients

Envenenamiento por escorpión en la Argentina / Scorpion envenomation in Argentina

El escorpionismo en la Argentina es producido mayormente por la picadura de Tityus trivitattus, arácnido que se distribuye principalmente por el centro y norte del país. El cuadro clínicovaría desde dolor y parestesias locales hasta falla multisistémica seguida de muerte. El diagnóstico se realiza con el cuadroclínico y se refuerza si existe el antecedente de la picadura con identificación del escorpión.Presenta alta morbilidad y mortalidad. El tratamiento específico es con suero antiescorpión. Recomendamos fuertemente las medidas de prevención de la picadura. Actualmente se ha descripto otro tipo de escorpión asociado a cuadros fatales: Tityus confluens.

Envenenamiento por escorpión en la Argentina / Scorpion envenomation in Argentina

El escorpionismo en la Argentina es producido mayormente por la picadura de Tityus trivitattus, arácnido que se distribuye principalmente por el centro y norte del país. El cuadro clínicovaría desde dolor y parestesias locales hasta falla multisistémica seguida de muerte. El diagnóstico se realiza con el cuadroclínico y se refuerza si existe el antecedente de la picadura con identificación del escorpión.Presenta alta morbilidad y mortalidad. El tratamiento específico es con suero antiescorpión. Recomendamos fuertemente las medidas de prevención de la picadura. Actualmente se ha descripto otro tipo de escorpión asociado a cuadros fatales: Tityus confluens.(AU)