Diagnosis by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction of four cryptic species related to Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis (Diptera: Culicidae) from Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis was applied to samples from widespread populations of the poorly characterized Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis Lynch-Arribálzaga species complex, and 4 genetically differentiated species were distinguished. A screen of 65 random decamer oligonucleotide primers identified 12 primers, which produced 19 reproducible species-specific genetic markers and 4 markers common to 2 or more species. These markers were correlated in nearly all individuals of each species throughout the ranges sampled, including populations as far apart as 2,500 km. Each individual analyzed was from a different isofemale progeny brood, with associated morphological specimens. These specimens will facilitate studies to relate these species to previously reported chromosomal and enzymatic variation as well as to their feeding behavior and potential as malaria vectors. We hypothesize that 3 of the species have recognized valid names: An. (Nys.) albitarsis Lynch-Arribálzaga, An. (Nys.) marajoara Galvão and Damasceno, and An. (Nys.) deaneorum Rosa-Freitas, whereas the 4th is undescribed.

Spine injuries in combat troops--Panama, 1989.

Operation Just Cause was until recently the largest American combat operation since Vietnam, and remains the largest nighttime parachute operation since World War II. All 252 casualties were airlifted to San Antonio, Texas, for medical treatment. Greater than 80% sustained orthopedic injuries. Sixteen patients were admitted for injuries to the back or neck. Three of the four patients with significant fractures or fracture-dislocations were paraplegic. Two of the three patients with gunshot wounds to the back required extensive reconstruction for wound management. In addition to the 252 casualties, there were 23 fatalities, among whom 7 suffered major injuries to the spine. Spine injuries represented the most significant source of long-term morbidity among those soldiers wounded in combat in Panama, and were common among the fatalities. Noteworthy in these cases was the high percentage of severe neurologic injuries in patients with significant fractures (75%), particularly fractures associated with gunshot wounds. Also of interest were the cases of major soft tissue injury associated with high-velocity gunshot wounds (66%) and the extensive soft tissue surgery needed to treat these injuries.