À luz da constituição e produção do racismo: a psicologia hospitalar tem cor? / In the light of the constitution and production of racism: does hospital psychology have color? / A la luz de la constitución y la producción de racismo: ¿la psicología hospitalaria tiene color?

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho apresenta aspectos de uma observação participante em um Hospital Universitário do nível terciário da rede SUS localizado em Vitória, capital da região sudeste do Brasil, durante o primeiro semestre de 2023. Logo, o relato a seguir pretende provocar e incitar a discussão sobre os desafios enfrentados pela psicologia em contexto hospitalar, dentre eles o racismo estrutural impregnado nos corpos e nos gestos que se atualizam naquele estabelecimento. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um relato de experiência, de caráter qualitativo, vivido através do acompanhamento da dinâmica hospitalar da clínica cirúrgica e da clínica médica do referido Hospital. O percurso metodológico foi realizado por meio da análise institucional de linhagem francesa, calcada em discussões de orientações do estágio, onde os diários de campo, observações e participações no campo eram semanalmente discutidas. RESULTADOS: Destaca a produção e reafirmação do racismo estrutural no país, que se expressa tanto no trato com pacientes quanto com funcionários e estudantes. A escuta da equipe profissional do hospital é marcada, muitas vezes, por práticas assistencialistas e por processos de exclusão preconceituosos, fazendo-nos indagar: "A psicologia hospitalar tem cor?" CONCLUSÃO: O objetivo da pesquisa foi cumprido e, além disso, relatar essa experiência suscitou ao campo diversas questões como: de que forma colocar em funcionamento uma gestão hospitalar que propicie uma política de compartilhamento de atenção ao paciente entre os equipamentos da atenção?

OBJECTIVE: This work presents aspects of participant observation in a University Hospital at the tertiary level of the SUS network located in Vitória, capital of the southeast region of Brazil, during the first half of 2023. Therefore, the following report intends to provoke and incite discussion about the challenges faced by psychology in a hospital context, among them the structural racism permeated in the bodies and gestures that are updated in that establishment. METHOD: This is an experience report, of a qualitative nature, experienced through monitoring the hospital dynamics of the surgical clinic and the medical clinic of the aforementioned Hospital. The methodological path was carried out through institutional data analysis, based on discussions of internship guidelines, where field diaries, observations and participation in the internship were discussed weekly. RESULTS: Highlights the production and reaffirmation of structural racism in the country, which is expressed both in dealings with patients, employees and students. Listening to the hospital's professional team is often marked by welfare practices and prejudiced exclusion processes, making us ask: "Does hospital psychology have color?" CONCLUSION: The objective of the research was fulfilled and, in addition, reporting this experience raised several questions in the field, such as: how to put into operation hospital management that provides a policy of sharing patients between care equipment?

OBJETIVO: Este trabajo presenta aspectos de la observación participante en un Hospital Universitario del nivel terciario de la red SUS ubicado en Vitória, capital de la región sureste de Brasil durante el primer semestre de 2023. Por lo tanto, el siguiente informe pretende provocar e incitar a la discusión sobre los desafíos que enfrenta la psicología en el contexto hospitalario, entre ellos el racismo estructural permeado en los cuerpos y gestos que se actualizan en ese establecimiento. MÉTODO: Se trata de un relato de experiencia, de carácter cualitativo, vivida a través del seguimiento de la dinámica hospitalaria de la clínica quirúrgica y de la clínica médica del mencionado Hospital. El recorrido metodológico se realizó a través del análisis de datos institucionales, a partir de discusiones sobre lineamientos de pasantía, donde semanalmente se discutieron diarios de campo, observaciones y participación en la pasantía. RESULTADOS: Destaca la producción y reafirmación del racismo estructural en el país, que se expresa tanto en el trato con pacientes, empleados y estudiantes. La escucha del equipo profesional del hospital muchas veces está marcada por prácticas asistencialistas y procesos de exclusión prejuiciosos, lo que nos lleva a preguntarnos: "¿Tiene color la psicología hospitalaria?". CONCLUSIÓN: El objetivo de la investigación fue cumplido y, además, relatar esta experiencia generó varias preguntas en el campo, tales como: ¿cómo poner en funcionamiento una gestión hospitalaria que prevea una política de reparto de pacientes entre equipos de atención?

Validação de conteúdo e análise da adesão ao uso da cartilha "Orientações para a Manutenção da Qualidade de Vida ­ Espinha Bífida" em crianças e adolescentes deambuladores e não deambuladores com espinha bífida / Content validit and analysis of adherence to the use of the booklet "Orientações para a Manutenção da Qualidade de Vida ­ Espinha Bífida" in ambulator and non-ambulator children and adolescents with spina bifida

Objetivo: A partir da produção de uma cartilha de exercícios domiciliares "Orientações para a Manutenção da Qualidade de Vida Espinha Bífida", objetivou-se validar o conteúdo, realizar a avaliação do material (cartilha) pelos cuidadores, e analisar a adesão ao uso da cartilha. Métodos: Para validação do conteúdo, 8 juízes especialistas avaliaram a cartilha por meio de um questionário adaptado e foi estabelecido o índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC) para cada aspecto abordado. Na avaliação do material realizada pelos cuidadores e na análise da adesão ao uso da cartilha, participaram 10 crianças e adolescentes com espinha bífida e seus cuidadores. O pesquisador leu a cartilha e treinou os exercícios na presença do paciente e de seu cuidador, indicando como deveriam ser realizados em domicílio. Após a entrega foi marcado um retorno presencial, em 15 dias, para que os cuidadores pudessem relatar sobre a avaliação do material assim como, descrever sobre a adesão desses participantes ao uso da cartilha. Por fim, foi agendado um segundo encontro - follow-up ­ para analisar a adesão em longo prazo. Resultados: Dos 27 aspectos abordados na validação do conteúdo, 24 destes receberam pontuação acima do índice aceitável (IVC = 1,00). A maior parte dos cuidadores responderam "concordo" ou "concordo totalmente" para todos os itens analisados referente à avaliação do material. Em curto prazo foi observada uma taxa de adesão de 25% dos participantes e em longo prazo de 12,5%. Conclusão: A cartilha "Orientações para a Manutenção da Qualidade de Vida ­ Espinha Bífida" por apresentar clareza dos itens apresentados, facilidade de leitura e adequada compreensão, segundo a avaliação dos juízes especialistas e dos cuidadores, mostrou ser um ótimo recurso para incrementar o tratamento fisioterapêutico de criança e adolescentes com espinha bífida, porém evidenciou uma moderada/baixa adesão por parte dos participantes. [au]

Objective: From the production of a booklet of home exercises "Orientações para a Manutenção da Qualidade de Vida ­ Espinha Bífida", the aim was to validate the content, carry out the evaluation of the material (booklet) by caregivers, and analyze the adherence to the use of the booklet. Methods: For content validation, 8 expert judges evaluated the booklet through an adapted questionnaire, and the content validity index (CVI) was established for each aspect addressed. In the evaluation of the material carried out by the caregivers and in the analysis of adherence to the use of the booklet, 10 children and adolescents with spina bifida participated in this study. The booklet was read with the patients and their caregivers,who were trained to perform the exercises that are in the booklet at home. After delivery, a face-to-face return was scheduled, in 15 days, so that caregivers could report on the evaluation of the material as well as describe the adherence of these participants to the use of the booklet. Finally, a second meeting was scheduled - follow-up - to analyze long-term adherence. Results: Of the 27 aspects addressed in the content validation, 24 of these received scores above the acceptable index (CVI = 1.00). Most caregivers answered "agree" or "strongly agree" to all items analyzed regarding the evaluation of the booklet. In the short term, there was an adherence rate of 25% of the participants, and in the long term, 12.5%. Conclusion: The booklet "Orientações para a Manutenção da Qualidade de Vida ­ Espinha Bífida" proved to be a great resource to increase the physical therapy treatment of children and adolescents with spina bifida, according to the evaluation of expert judges and caregivers, for presenting adequate content, language and appearance, but showed moderate/low adherence by the participants. [au]

Microbiological contamination profile in soft drinks.

Soft drinks are food matrices propitious to the growth of acidophilic bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi due to their pH, water activity, and the presence of nutrients. Off-flavor, clouding, and package stuffing are the only parameters producers have to detect spoilage when it is often too late for the brand's reputation. In this work, microbiological analyses were performed on non-alcoholic beverages of Brazilian and Bolivian brands. As a result, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, yeast, and filamentous fungi were isolated. Zygosaccharomyces bisporus yeast was isolated from different flavored stuffed products, and Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens and Brevibacillus agri were isolated from packages without visible signs of deterioration. These microorganisms were identified by MALDI-TOF. For products with visible growth of filamentous fungi, microscopic identification keys identified Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum, Paecilomyces niveus, and Paecilomyces variotii. These work's findings reflect a failure to sanitize raw materials since the isolates' primary origin is the soil and the water, pointing to the lack of process control in soft drinks.

Prevalence study on self-declared work accidents in areas covered by family health strategies: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Occupational accidents are a complex phenomenon and a major public health problem. Occupational health surveillance actions are essential for prevention of injuries of this nature. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the prevalence of and the variables associated with occupational accidents in the city of Itajubá (MG). DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, based on a household survey with random sampling, was conducted in areas covered by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Itajubá (MG). METHODS: Questionnaires were applied to 292 people. The data were analyzed by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of occupational accidents was 8.6%. The underreporting rate was 60.0%. The scenario for these accidents, according to the model established through the regression analysis, was most likely to involve males who declared their skin color as white and who did not have a formal employment contract. CONCLUSION: This study makes a contribution towards unveiling the relationship between healthcare and work, and thus serve as support for the development of strategies to prevent underreporting. Lastly, the results provide the basis for future public health intervention actions and for future studies.

Prevalence study on self-declared work accidents in areas covered by family health strategies: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Occupational accidents are a complex phenomenon and a major public health problem. Occupational health surveillance actions are essential for prevention of injuries of this nature. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the prevalence of and the variables associated with occupational accidents in the city of Itajubá (MG). DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, based on a household survey with random sampling, was conducted in areas covered by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Itajubá (MG). METHODS: Questionnaires were applied to 292 people. The data were analyzed by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of occupational accidents was 8.6%. The underreporting rate was 60.0%. The scenario for these accidents, according to the model established through the regression analysis, was most likely to involve males who declared their skin color as white and who did not have a formal employment contract. CONCLUSION: This study makes a contribution towards unveiling the relationship between healthcare and work, and thus serve as support for the development of strategies to prevent underreporting. Lastly, the results provide the basis for future public health intervention actions and for future studies.

Doação de órgãos em serviço hospitalar: principais motivos à negativa na autorização / Donación de órganos en el servicio hospitalario: principals razones para denegar la autorización / Organ donation in hospital servises: the principal reasons for authorization refusals

Objetivo: analisar os fatores limitadores à doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes de um serviço hospitalar. Método: estudo documental, realizado em um hospital do Paraná, Brasil. Analisou-se os "Relatórios de Óbitos e Monitoramento de Doações Mensais", compreendidos no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016, registrados pela Comissão Intra-Hospitalar de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos para Transplantes, por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: prevaleceram óbitos por parada cardiorrespiratória, tendo o doador contrário a doação em vida como motivo de não autorização. Dos 54 potenciais doadores, foi autorizada a doação de 27 (50%) indivíduos, que resultou na doação de 68 órgãos/tecidos, com destaque para córneas. Conclusão: a falta de conscientização da população que gerou a negativa na autorização da doação e o fato de que óbitos por parada cardiorrespiratória dificultaram a captação de múltiplos órgãos frente a isquemia imediata, constituíram os principais limitadores à doação de órgãos no serviço investigado.

Objective: To analyze the limiting factors for organ and tissue donation for transplantation in a hospital service. Method: documentary study, performed in a hospital in Paraná, Brazil. The "Reports of Deaths and Monthly Donation Monitoring", from January to December 2016, recorded by the Intra-Hospital Committee on Donation of Transplant Organs and Tissues, were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: deaths due to cardiopulmonary arrest prevailed, with the donor opposing the donation in life as a reason for non-authorization. Of the 54 potential donors, 27 (50%) individuals were authorized to donate, resulting in 68 organs / tissues, especially corneas. Conclusion: the lack of awareness of the population that led to the negative authorization of the donation and the fact that deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest made it difficult to capture multiple organs in the face of immediate ischemia were the main limitation of organ donation in the investigated service.

Objetivo: analizar los factores que limitan la donación de órganos y tejidos para trasplante. Método: estudio documental, realizado en un hospital de Paraná, Brasil. Los "Informes de defunciones y monitoreo mensual de donaciones", de enero a diciembre de 2016, registrados por el Comité intrahospitalario de donación de órganos y tejidos de trasplantes, se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: prevalecieron las muertes por paro cardiopulmonar, y el donante se opuso a la donación en la vida como motivo de no autorización. De los 54 posibles donantes, 27 (50%) individuos fueron autorizados a donar, lo que resultó en 68 órganos/tejidos, especialmente córneas. Conclusión: la falta de conciencia de la población que condujo a la autorización negativa de la donación y el hecho de que las muertes por paro cardiopulmonar dificultaron la captura de múltiples órganos ante la isquemia inmediata fueron la principal limitación de la donación de órganos en el servicio investigado.

Growth Parameters and Survivability of Saccharomyces boulardii for Probiotic Alcoholic Beverages Development.

The aim of this research was to optimize the growth parameters (pH, ethanol tolerance, initial cell concentration and temperature) for Saccharomyces boulardii and its tolerance to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions for probiotic alcoholic beverage development. Placket-Burman screening was used to select only statistically significant variables, and the polynomial mathematical model for yeast growth was obtained by central composite rotatable design. Confirmation experiments to determine the kinetic parameters for yeast growth were carried out by controlling the temperature and pH. Soon after, the survivability of yeast was tested under in vitro conditions mimicking the human upper gastrointestinal transit. S. boulardii had suitable resistance to alcohol and gastrointestinal conditions for probiotic alcoholic beverage development.

Virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi from vector and reservoir in in natura açaí pulp resulting in food-borne acute Chagas disease at Pará State, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades some outbreaks of food-borne acute Chagas disease (ACD) in humans were identified by clinical and epidemiological characterization after association through the ingestion of açaí pulp probably contaminated with Trypanosoma cruzi. Whereas Belém and Abaetetuba stood out as important risk regions for disease transmission, the importance of Rhodnius pictipes, and Philander opossum for the biological cycle of T. cruzi, and data from agribusiness market of açaí, to study T. cruzi from vector and reservoir of the Brazilian Amazon region is critical for this context. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify the infective capacity and the virulence of T. cruzi in açaí pulp from vector and reservoir at Pará State experimentally. METHODS: 105T. cruzi I in in natura açaí pulp from Belém at Pará State, at room temperature, after forced sieving, by intraperitoneal, gavage or oral route of inoculation in B6.129S7Rag1-/-tmMom/J Unib allowed food-borne ACD analysis using common light microscopy. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: T. cruzi in in natura açaí pulp from R. pictipes (Val-De-Cans Forest, Belém, and Ajuaí River, Abaetetuba, Pará), and P. opossum (Combu Island, Belém, Pará) caused ACD and death between 17 and 52 days after experimental infections in murine immunodeficient hosts. CONCLUSIONS: T. cruzi from different sources and locations at Pará State in in natura açaí pulp retained its infective capacity and virulence, and can cause new outbreaks of ACD by oral transmission. Additionally, quality basic education will facilitate efficient hygiene practices throughout the açaí productive chain can eradicate food-borne ACD in the coming decades.

Perspectivas para a organização da atenção primária à saúde no estado do Rio de Janeiro frente a nova política nacional de atenção básica / Organizational prospects for primary healthcare in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in respect of the new national policy which outlines the requirements for basic attention

A organização da atenção básica expressa desafios relacionados às características municipais, à configuração prévia do sistema de saúde local e ao caráter da implantação da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Com a nova Política Nacional de Atenção Básica (2017) houve uma revisão de diretrizes para a organização da atenção básica e a proposição de mudanças, como por exemplo, em relação os tipos de equipes existentes e suas configurações. Essas mudanças expressam mais desafios à atenção básica, e nesse estudo, pretendeu-se suscitar reflexões em torno das perspectivas para a organização da atenção primária à saúde no estado do Rio de Janeiro em relação aos tipos de equipe abordados na nova Política Nacional de Atenção Básica, com foco nos aspectos estruturais e organizacionais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória documental comparativa não exaustiva, com base na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica (PNAB) de 2011 e de 2017. Para análise dessas mudanças propostas foi feita uma comparação da PNAB de 2017 com a de 2011. Após as leituras, a busca de dados secundários e análise das duas PNAB, os resultados foram apresentados em dois grupos: a atenção básica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, no âmbito do SUS; tipos de equipes, aspectos estruturais e organizacionais. Os resultados apresentados basearam a discussão sobre as perspectivas para a organização da atenção básica no estado do Rio de Janeiro em relação aos tipos de equipes. Além de equipes de saúde da família, equipe de saúde bucal, equipe de consultório na rua, equipe de agentes comunitários de saúde, existem outras equipes propostas pela Política Nacional de Atenção Básica (2017) e que compõem estratégias de organização e fortalecimento da atenção primária à saúde, como: equipe de Atenção Básica, o atualmente chamado núcleo ampliado de saúde da família e atenção básica e equipe de atenção básica prisional. As mudanças propostas para a organização da atenção básica, nos aspectos citados, trazem impactos e demandam novos esforços para adequação. Entretanto, é fundamental mostrar a importância que o fortalecimento e a reorganização da atenção básica adquirem no contexto da política setorial. Nesse sentido, a principal conclusão deste estudo é que as mudanças propostas na nova política e os resultados a serem alcançados têm que ser avaliados dentro do contexto de mudanças mais gerais que decorrem do papel indutor da esfera federal e da capacidade de resposta dos municípios na gestão relacionada a este nível de atenção

The organization for basic attention, has expressed issues related to the social procedures within districts in the previous local health administration and the approach of the Family Health Strategy, when carrying out these protocols. As a result of the new National Policy of Basic Attention (2017) the guidelines for the organization of basic attention were revised and a proposal for changes suggested. One example being the types of existing teams and their administrations. These changes express further issues in the area of basic attention and this study aims for its audience to reflect on the objectives of the organization of primary health care in the state of Rio de Janeiro in relation to the types of teams outlined in the new National Policy of Basic Attention. It will be focusing on the structural aspects as well as the organizations. An exploratory non-extensive documentary of research was conducted, based on the National Policy of Basic Attention (PNAB) of 2011 and 2017. For the analysis of these changes, a comparation was made between the PNAB of 2017, with that of 2011. After the readings, the results for secondary data and analysis of the two PNAB, were presented in two groups: basic health care in the state of Rio de Janeiro, under SUS; types of teams and structural and organizational aspects. The results were presented as a discussion of the objectives of the organization for primary care in the state of Rio de Janeiro in relation to the types of teams. In addition to family health teams, oral health team, the street office team, the community health agents, there are other teams proposed by the National Policy of Basic Attention (2017) which comprise strategies on organization and strengthening of primary health care, such as: basic attention team, the now-called expanded nuclear family health and basic care and the staff of prison basic attention. The proposed changes to the organization of basic attention, in the aforementioned mentioned citings, aim to make an impact by outlining higher standards and new targets of adequacy. However, it is fundamental to show the importance of the strengthening and re-organization of basic attention in the context of sectoral policy. For this reason, the main conclusion of this study is that the changes proposed in the new policy and the results to be achieved have to be within the context of more general changes that derive from the sphere's inductive role and the responsiveness of district management related to this standard for basic attention

Qualidade microbiológica de açaí industrializado / Microbiological quality of industrialized açai

Amostras de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) tipo fino congeladas e sem adição de quaisquer outros ingredientes foram adquiridas no comércio varejista da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas microbiologicamente 54 amostras, pertencentes a 6 diferentes marcas (A, B, C, D, E e F). Todas as amostras analisadas encontravam-se dentro do prazo de validade estabelecido pelo fabricante e as empresas eram registradas no MAPA. Os micro-organismos analisados foram: Salmonella, Escherichia coli, fungos filamentosos e leveduras, de acordo com o preconizado pela legislação brasileira vigente. Considerando-se o limite máximo possível estabelecido pela lei, 2 lotes de cada marca B, E e F e 1 lote de cada marca C e D apresentaram contagens acima do permitido para fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Apenas 2 amostras apresentaram contagens de Escherichia coli, ambas estando fora do máximo estabelecido pela legislação vigente. Constatou- -se ausência de Salmonella em todas as amostras analisadas. A presença de fungos filamentosos, leveduras e Escherichia coli pode ser um indicativo de práticas inadequadas durante a fabricação do açaí. Assim, é importante ressaltar a necessidade de um controle rigoroso da cadeia do frio, uma vez que esses micro-organismos podem ser responsáveis pela deterioração do produto.

Qualidade microbiológica de açaí industrializado

Amostras de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) tipo fino congeladas e sem adição de quaisquer outros ingredientes foram adquiridas no comércio varejista da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas microbiologicamente 54 amostras, pertencentes a 6 diferentes marcas (A, B, C, D, E e F). Todas as amostras analisadas encontravam-se dentro do prazo de validade estabelecido pelo fabricante e as empresas eram registradas no MAPA. Os micro-organismos analisados foram: Salmonella, Escherichia coli, fungos filamentosos e leveduras, de acordo com o preconizado pela legislação brasileira vigente. Considerando-se o limite máximo possível estabelecido pela lei, 2 lotes de cada marca B, E e F e 1 lote de cada marca C e D apresentaram contagens acima do permitido para fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Apenas 2 amostras apresentaram contagens de Escherichia coli, ambas estando fora do máximo estabelecido pela legislação vigente. Constatou-se ausência de Salmonella em todas as amostras analisadas. A presença de fungos filamentosos, leveduras e Escherichia coli pode ser um indicativo de práticas inadequadas durante a fabricação do açaí. Assim, é importante ressaltar a necessidade de um controle rigoroso da cadeia do frio, uma vez que esses micro-organismos podem ser responsáveis pela deterioração do produto.(AU)

Samples of frozen thin type acai berries (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) were purchased in Rio de Janeiro. Samples from 6 different brands (A, B, C, D, E and F) (9 samples from each brand) were analyzed microbiologically. All samples were within the expiration date established by the manufacturer and the companies were registered in MAPA. The samples were analyzed for Salmonella, Escherichia coli, yeast and mold (YM), according to the criteria of the current Brazilian law: Considering the maximum possible limit established by law, 2 batches of each brand B, E and F and 1 batch of each C and D brands presented counts above the allowed for YM Only two samples had counts of Escherichia coli off limits established by law. It was not found Salmonella in any of the samples. The presence of YM and Escherichia coli may be indicative of inadequate practices during manufacturing of assai. Thus, it is important to emphasize the need for strict control of the cold chain, since these microorganisms may be responsible for the deterioration of the product.(AU)

Pesquisa-ação sobre sexualidade humana: uma abordagem freiriana em enfermagem / Action research about human sexuality: a freirian approach in nursing / Investigación-acción sobre sexualidad humana: un abordaje freiriano en enfermería

Objetivou-se descrever o percurso de uma ação educativa contextualizada, participativa e dialógica na temática sexualidade. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo do tipo pesquisa-ação crítica, delineado seguindo o referencial teórico-metodológico de Freire, tendo como público alvo 151 alunos matriculados no curso de graduação em enfermagem de uma universidade pública do Noroeste do Estado do Paraná, durante o mês de março de 2014. Destes, participaram 20 acadêmicos na fase de investigação temática e nove nos Círculos de Cultura. Seguiu todos os preceitos éticos. Pautado em situações-limites, desenvolveram-se Círculos de Cultura abordando os seguintes temas: "Conceito de Sexualidade", "Dimensão Psicológica e Social da Sexualidade" e "Assistência Integral em Sexualidade". Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento da ação educativa dialógica, pautada em situações-problemas reais, apresentou-se como um caminho viável para a reflexão da temática e para a construção de novos conhecimentos às práticas de cuidado que envolvem a sexualidade humana (AU).

The objective of this study was to describe the trajectory of a contextualized, participatory and dialogical educational action about sexuality. It was a qualitative study using critical action research, in accordance with the theoretical and methodological framework of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire. This investigation included 151 undergraduate nursing students in a public university in the northwest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, and occurred in March 2014. Of this population, twenty students participated in the thematic investigation phase and nine in the culture circles. All ethical precepts were followed. Based on limit situations, the culture circles addressed the following themes: "The Concept of Sexuality", "Psychological and Social Dimensions of Sexuality", and "Comprehensive Care in Sexuality". The development of dialogical educational action, based on real-life problem situations was presented as a viable path for reflecting on the theme and building new knowledge for care practices involving human sexuality (AU).

Se objetivó describir el itinerario de una acción educativa contextualizada, participativa y dialógica en la temática sexualidad. Estudio cualitativo, tipo investigación-acción crítica, delineado siguiendo el referencial teórico-metodológico de Freire, con un público objetivo de 151 alumnos matriculados en curso de grado en enfermería de universidad pública del Noroeste del Estado de Paraná, durante marzo de 2014. De ellos, participaron 20 estudiantes en la fase de investigación temática, y nueve en los Círculos de Cultura. Se respetaron todos los preceptos éticos. Pautado en situaciones límite, se desarrollaron Círculos de Cultura, abordando los temas: "Concepto de Sexualidad"; "Dimensión Psicológica y Social de la Sexualidad"; y "Atención Integral en Sexualidad". Se concluyó en que el desarrollo de la acción educativa dialógica, pautada en situaciones-problemas reales, se mostró como un camino viable para la reflexión de la temática y para construir nuevos conocimientos a las prácticas de cuidado que involucran la sexualidad humana (AU).

Identification and molecular phylogeny of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from Minas Frescal cheese in southeastern Brazil: Superantigenic toxin production and antibiotic resistance.

Minas Frescal is a typical Brazilian fresh cheese and one of the most popular dairy products in the country. This white soft, semiskimmed, nonripened cheese with high moisture content is obtained by enzymatic coagulation of cow milk using calf rennet or coagulants, usually in industrial dairy plants, but is also manufactured in small farms. Contamination of Minas Frescal by several staphylococci has been frequently reported. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains are maybe the most harmful, as they are able to produce heat-stable enterotoxins with super antigenic activities in food matrices, especially in dairy products such as soft cheeses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of CNS strains in Minas Frescal marketed in southeastern Brazil concerning the risk of staphylococci food poisoning by the consumption of improperly manufactured cheese and the possibility of these food matrices being a reservoir of staphylococcal resistance to antimicrobials. Ten distinct CNS strains were found in 6 cheeses from distinct brands. The most frequent species were Staphylococcus saprophyticus (40%), Staphylococcus xylosus (30%), Staphylococcus sciuri (20%), and Staphylococcus piscifermentans (10%). Three strains were identified to the Staphylococcus genera. Three major species groups composed of 3 refined clusters were grouped by phylogenetic analyses with similarities over to 90%. All CNS strains carried multiple enterotoxin genes, with high incidence of sea and seb (90 and 70%, respectively), followed by sec/see, seh/sei, and sed with intermediate incidence (60, 50, and 40%, respectively), and, finally, seg/selk/selq/selr and selu with the lowest incidence (20 and 10%, respectively). Real-time reverse transcription PCR and ELISA assays confirmed the enteroxigenic character of the CNS strains, which expressed and produced the enterotoxins in vitro. The CNS strains showed multiresistance to antimicrobial agents such as ß-lactams, vancomycin, and linezolid, which have therapeutic importance in both human and veterinarian medicines. The risk of staphylococci food poisoning by the consumption of improperly manufactured Minas Frescal was emphasized, in addition to the possibility of these food matrices being a reservoir for antibiotic resistance. More effective control measures concerning the presence and typing of staphylococci in raw milk and dairy derivatives should be included to prevent the spread of pathogenic strains.

Virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi in Açai ( Euterpe oleraceae Martius) Pulp following Mild Heat Treatment.

Outbreaks of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in northern Brazil can be caused by the ingestion of unprocessed açai pulp contaminated with Trypanosoma cruzi . The aim of this study was to determine the minimum thermal process required to inactivate T. cruzi in açai pulp. Trypomastigotes (100,000) of T. cruzi Y strain were added to 0.15 M NaCl or açai pulp and continuously mixed while being heat treated at 37 to 49°C for up to 1 h. When necessary, parasites were separated from açai pulp by forced sieving. Inocula were administrated intraperitoneally in inbred immunodeficient C.B-17-Prkdcscid/Pas Unib mice, and the recipients were monitored for parasitemia and mortality. Mice received prophylactic antibiotic therapy by using cephalexin to prevent bacterial infection from the açai pulp. T. cruzi retained its virulence in 0.15 M NaCl and açai pulp at 44 ± 0.1°C for 10 min and at 43 ± 0.1°C for 20 min, respectively, causing ACD and death in mice up to 24 days after infection. Incubation of açai pulp inoculum above 43°C for 20 min neutralized T. cruzi virulence, thereby preventing ACD and death in murine recipients. The heating of açai pulp above 43°C for 20 min is a practical and effective measure to prevent foodborne ACD caused by T. cruzi .

Niveles de plomo en sangre, malondialdehido y vitaminas antioxidantes en escolares / Blood lead levels, malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamins in schoolchildren

El Plomo (Pb) es un metal altamente tóxico que afecta diversos órganos y tejidos. Aún no se ha descrito un mecanismo único para su toxicidad, pero se ha evidenciado que el estrés oxidativo cumple un rol fundamental. El objetivo fue relacionar niveles de plomo en sangre (PbS), malondialdehido (MDA) y vitaminas antioxidantes (A, E y C) en escolares del Municipio Naguanagua, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Fue un estudio descriptivo y correlacional, en el cual participaron 147 niños. Se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa para determinar PbS, MDA y vitaminas antioxidantes. El 89,8% de los niños presentaron niveles de PbS (9,85 ± 5,31 μg/dL) estadísticamente superiores (P<0,05) al límite permisible (<5 μg/dL), establecido por el Centro para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC). El 49,6% de los escolares vivían cerca de un taller mecánico, 34,1% de un taller de latonería y pintura, 38,3 % de una parada de autobús, 49,6% de una avenida o calle muy transitada y 39,0% manifestó hábito mano-boca. Los niveles de MDA fueron significativamente superiores (P<0,05) en los niños que presentaron niveles de PbS por encima del límite permisible. Se observó correlación negativa (P<0,05) entre vitamina C y PbS y correlación positiva (P<0,05) entre MDA y PbS. Los hallazgos sugieren que el Pb puede ser capaz de producir peroxidación lipídica y que la Vitamina C parece actuar como un protector ante tal proceso. Se debe mejorar el aporte dietético de vitaminas A y E para garantizar protección antioxidante sinérgica ante la exposición al plomo.

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic metal that affects various organs and tissues. Not yet described a unique mechanism for its toxicity, but has been demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a fundamental role. The objective was to relate blood lead levels (PbS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant vitamins (A, E and C) in school children Naguanagua, Carabobo State, Venezuela. It was a descriptive and correlational study in which 147 children participated. Venous blood samples were taken to determine PbS, MDA and antioxidant vitamins. 89.8% of children had BPb levels (9.85 ± 5.31 mg / dL) statistically higher (P<0.05) than the permissible limit (<5 μg/dL), established by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 49.6% of the school children lived near a garage, 34.1% of an autobody and painting workshop, 38.3% of a bus stop, 49.6% of a busy street or avenue and 39.0% said hand-mouth habit. MDA levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in children who had BPb levels above the allowable limit. Negative correlation (P<0.05) between vitamin C and PbS and positive correlation (P<0.05) between PbS and MDA were observed. The findings suggest that Pb may be able to produce lipid peroxidation and that vitamin C appears to act as a protector against such a process. An improvement in the dietary intake of vitamins A and E will ensure synergistic antioxidant protection from exposure to lead.

Benzene as a Chemical Hazard in Processed Foods.

This paper presents a literature review on benzene in foods, including toxicological aspects, occurrence, formation mechanisms, and mitigation measures and analyzes data reporting benzene levels in foods. Benzene is recognized by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as carcinogenic to humans, and its presence in foods has been attributed to various potential sources: packaging, storage environment, contaminated drinking water, cooking processes, irradiation processes, and degradation of food preservatives such as benzoates. Since there are no specific limits for benzene levels in beverages and food in general studies have adopted references for drinking water in a range from 1-10 ppb. The presence of benzene has been reported in various food/beverage substances with soft drinks often reported in the literature. Although the analyses reported low levels of benzene in most of the samples studied, some exceeded permissible limits. The available data on dietary exposure to benzene is minimal from the viewpoint of public health. Often benzene levels were low as to be considered negligible and not a consumer health risk, but there is still a need of more studies for a better understanding of their effects on human health through the ingestion of contaminated food.

Sobrevivência e infectividade do Trypanosoma cruzi na polpa de açaí: estudo in vitro e in vivo / Survival and infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi in açaí pulp: in vitro and in vivo study

Objetivo: estudar a sobrevivência e a infectividade de Trypanosoma cruzi na polpa de açaí. Métodos: foram realizados experimentos in vitro e in vivo. Alíquotas de polpa provenientes da cidade de Belém (capital do estado do Pará, região Norte do Brasil) foram misturadas a 105 tripomastigotas e mantidas às temperaturas ambiente, 4°C e -20°C, com diferentes períodos de incubação; posteriormente, os parasitos foram isolados e inoculados em camundongos imunodeficientes C.B-17-Prkdcscid/PasUnib pelas vias intraperitoneal, oral ou gavagem. Resultados: todas as vias foram eficientes. Houve retardo de 5 dias no início da parasitemia na infecção oral. À temperatura ambiente por 48 horas, a polpa preservou a virulência do parasito. Refrigeração a 4°C por 144 horas e congelamento a -20°C por 26 horas não eliminaram o parasito. Conclusão: os testes sugerem a possibilidade de os surtos de doença de Chagas aguda no Norte do Brasil estarem relacionados ao consumo de polpa de açaí.

Objective: to evaluate infectivity by Trypanosoma cruzi and its survival in açaí pulp. Methods: experiments were performed in vitro and in vivo; aliquots of pulp from Belém City (capital of the state of Pará, Northern Region of Brazil) were mixed with 105 trypomastigotes, and maintained at room temperature, and at temperatures of 4°C and -20 °C, within different incubation periods; following that, the parasites were isolated and inoculated into immunodeficient mice CB-17-Prkdcscid/PasUnib, by intraperitoneal, oral, orgavage routes. Results: all routes showed effectiveness. There was a delay of 5 days in the beginning of the parasitemia by oral infection; the pulp at room temperature for 48h kept the parasite virulence preserved. Keeping the samples cooled at 4ºC during 144h and the freezing at -20°C for 26h did not kill the parasite. Conclusion: tests suggest that açaí pulp consumption may be related to outbreaks of acute Chagas' disease in Northern Brazil.

Survival in vitro and virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi in açaí pulp in experimental acute Chagas disease.

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection with high socioeconomic impact throughout Latin America. Although this severe, incurable disease can be transmitted by several routes, oral transmission is currently the most important route in the Amazon Basin. Açaí pulp has nutritional properties and is popular throughout Brazil and abroad. However, this pulp has been associated with microepidemics of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in northern Brazil, where açaí fruit is the main food supplement. In this study, we examined the in vitro survival and in vivo virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain in açaí pulp. Aliquots of in natura açaí pulp produced in Belém city in the northern Brazilian state of Pará were mixed with 105 trypomastigotes. The samples were incubated at room temperature or at 4 or -20°C for various periods, and the parasites were isolated by forced sieving. The resulting eluates were examined by microscopy, and the trypomastigotes were administered intraperitoneally, orally, or by gavage to immunodeficient mice (C.B-17-Prkdc(scid)/PasUnib) that had been pretreated with antibiotics. Parasitemia was quantified by the Brener method, and mortality was recorded daily. All routes of administration resulted in ACD. A 5-day delay in the onset of parasitemia occurred with oral administration. The survival and virulence of the parasites were unaffected by prior incubation at room temperature for 24 h, at 4°C for 144 h, and at -20°C for 26 h. These results indicate that T. cruzi can survive and retain its virulence in açaí pulp under various conditions and that cooling and freezing are not suitable methods for preventing foodborne ACD.

Transmission of toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) by foods.

Protozoan foodborne diseases are generally underrecognized. Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, one of the most prevalent parasitic infections to humans and domestic animals. The most likely source of T. gondii occurring through food is the consumption of raw or undercooked meat contaminated with tissue cysts. Sporulated T. gondii oocysts, from the feces of infected cats, present in the environment are a potential source of infection. The ingestion of water contaminated with oocysts and the eating of unwashed raw vegetables or fruits were identified as an important risk factor in most epidemiological studies. This review presents information and data to show the importance of T. gondii transmission by foods.

Transmission of chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) by food.

In April 2009, the centenary of the discovery of the American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, was celebrated. A hundred years after the discovery, little has been invested in diagnostics and treatment because the disease affects mainly poor people in developing countries. However, some changes in the epidemiology of the disease are of great importance today. Chagas disease transmitted through food is a public health concern in all areas where there is a reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi in wild animals (e.g., mammals and marsupials) and/or where infected triatomine bugs are in contact with human food source items (especially fruits and vegetables). Recently, several outbreaks of illness related to the ingestion of food contaminated with T. cruzi have been recorded in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela.