ABSTRACT
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents from public schools. This is a cross-sectional study that used a random sample of adolescents from five public schools located in a municipality in the central-west region of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Information on demographic, socioeconomic, and drug use was collected using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,460 students, 716 (49%) males, aged 10-19 years (13.19±2.04 years). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last month was 51% for analgesics; 48.8% for alcohol; 37.3% for tobacco; 30.8% for tranquilizers; 23.1% for marijuana; 22.6% for anabolic steroids; 21.6% for ecstasy; 15.3% for amphetamines/stimulants; 13.4% for phencyclidine; 12.9% for cocaine/crack; 12.6% for inhalants/solvents; 11.5% for opiates; 11.4% for hallucinogens; and 16.2% for other unclassified drugs. Elementary and middle school students were more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 2.306; 95%CI: 1.733-3.068; p < 0.001), and male students were more likely to consume any type of substance. We identified a high use of psychoactive substances among this study participants, with a higher prevalence among male students.
Subject(s)
Substance-Related Disorders , Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Prevalence , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , EthanolABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to verify the efficacy of using autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in female pattern alopecia (FPA). BACKGROUND: Androgenetic alopecia is the leading cause of hair loss in men andwomen and often impacts self-esteem and quality of life. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EMBASE up to May 2021. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: We identified all studies evaluating the effect of PRP in FPA. A narrative synthesis was performed from data on the efficacy of PRP treatment and adverse effects; quantitative results of PRP use compared to control treatment for female androgenetic alopecia (AGA) were synthesized. The outcomes analyzed were terminal density and hair thickness. RESULTS: Seven articles were selected for this review. Meta-analysis showed that PRP-based interventions were able to increase terminal hair density compared to control (standardized mean difference (SMD)=2.98, 95% confidence intervals (CIs)=1.10, 4.85), with no significant increase in hair thickness (SMD = 1.16, 95% CI= -0.96, 3.28). During and after treatment, no major side effects were reported by patients or researchers. CONCLUSIONS: The use of autologous PRP injections in female AGA seems to be promising, with more consistent results on terminal hair density. However, caution is recommended in the interpretation of these results until they can be replicated in larger and more representative samples. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021257154.
Subject(s)
Platelet-Rich Plasma , Quality of Life , Male , Humans , Female , Treatment Outcome , Alopecia/therapy , HairABSTRACT
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents from public schools. This is a cross-sectional study that used a random sample of adolescents from five public schools located in a municipality in the central-west region of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Information on demographic, socioeconomic, and drug use was collected using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,460 students, 716 (49%) males, aged 10-19 years (13.19±2.04 years). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last month was 51% for analgesics; 48.8% for alcohol; 37.3% for tobacco; 30.8% for tranquilizers; 23.1% for marijuana; 22.6% for anabolic steroids; 21.6% for ecstasy; 15.3% for amphetamines/stimulants; 13.4% for phencyclidine; 12.9% for cocaine/crack; 12.6% for inhalants/solvents; 11.5% for opiates; 11.4% for hallucinogens; and 16.2% for other unclassified drugs. Elementary and middle school students were more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 2.306; 95%CI: 1.733-3.068; p < 0.001), and male students were more likely to consume any type of substance. We identified a high use of psychoactive substances among this study participants, with a higher prevalence among male students.
O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes de escolas públicas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com uma amostra aleatória de adolescentes de cinco escolas públicas localizadas em um município da zona centro-oeste da Região Metropolitada de São Paulo, Brasil. Informações sobre as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de uso de drogas foram coletadas por meio de questionários autorreferidos. A amostra foi composta por 1.460 estudantes, sendo 716 (49%) meninos, com idade entre 10 e 19 anos (13,19±2,04 anos). A prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas no último mês foi de 51,0% para analgésicos; álcool 48,8%; tabaco 37,3%; tranquilizantes 30,8%; maconha 23,1%; esteroides anabolizantes 22,6%; ecstasy 21,6%; anfetaminas/estimulantes 15,3%; fenciclidina 13,4%; cocaína/crack 12,9%; inalantes/solventes 12,6%; opiáceos 11,5%; alucinógenos 11,4%; e outras drogas não classificadas 16,2%. Alunos do Ensino Fundamental foram mais propensos a consumir tabaco (OR = 2,306; IC95%: 1,733-3,068; p < 0,001), e os estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais propensos a consumir qualquer tipo de substância. Identificou-se um alto uso de substâncias psicoativas entre os participantes deste estudo, com maior prevalência entre os estudantes do sexo masculino.
El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por adolescentes de escuelas públicas brasileñas. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con una muestra aleatoria de adolescentes de cinco escuelas públicas, ubicadas en una ciudad de la región centro-oeste de la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. La información sobre las características demográficas, socioeconómicas y de consumo de drogas se recabó de cuestionarios autoinformados. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.460 estudiantes; 716 (49%) de los cuales eran varones, con edades entre 10 y 19 años (13,19±2,04 años). La prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en el último mes fue: para analgésicos 51%; alcohol 48,8%; tabaco 37,3%; tranquilizantes 30,8%; marihuana 23,1%; esteroides anabólicos 22,6%; éxtasis 21,6%; anfetaminas/estimulantes 15,3%; fenciclidina 13,4%; cocaína/crack 12,9%; inhalantes/disolventes 12,6%; opiáceos 11,5%; alucinógenos 11,4%; y otras drogas no clasificadas 16,2%. Los estudiantes de primaria fueron los más propensos a consumir tabaco (OR = 2,306; IC95%: 1,733-3,068; p < 0,001), y los varones los más propensos a consumir cualquier tipo de sustancia. Se identificó un alto consumo de sustancias psicoactivas entre los participantes, con mayor prevalencia entre los estudiantes del sexo masculino.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o custo-efetividade e o impacto orçamentário do cabozantinibe para o sistema de saúde suplementar no Brasil, no tratamento de carcinoma de células renais (RCC) avançado ou metastático, após falha de tratamento com inibidor do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), quando comparado ao atual tratamento aprovado: nivolumabe. Métodos: Foram utilizados custos referentes ao uso de recursos, tratamento médico, eventos adversos e qualidade de vida, calculados por estado de saúde. Foi considerado o tempo horizonte de 20 anos para análise de custo-efetividade e 5 anos para impacto orçamentário, e foi realizado um cenário alternativo comparando o cabozantinibe ao nivolumabe e axitinibe. Resultados: O cabozantinibe apresentou eficácia superior quando comparado ao nivolumabe e ao axitinibe e representa uma redução de custos comparado ao nivolumabe. Em relação aos eventos adversos, o cabozantinibe apresenta redução dos gastos quando comparado ao nivolumabe. Conclusão: Esses resultados mostram um potencial de economia ao sistema de saúde suplementar com a adoção do cabozantinibe no tratamento para RCC avançado ou metastático em segunda linha no Brasil.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness and budgetary impact of cabozantinib for the supplementary health system in Brazil, in the treatment of advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after treatment failure with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, when compared current approved treatment: nivolumab. Methods: Costs related to the use of resources, medical treatment, adverse events and quality of life were used, calculated by health status. The horizon time of 20 years was considered for cost-effectiveness analysis and 5 years for budgetary impact, and an alternative scenario was carried out comparing cabozantinib to nivolumab and axitinib. Results: Cabozantinib showed superior efficacy when compared to nivolumab and axitinib and represents a cost reduction compared to nivolumab. In relation to adverse events, cabozantinib shows a reduction in costs when compared to nivolumab. Conclusion: These results show a potential savings for the supplementary health system with the adoption of cabozantinib in the treatment for advanced or metastatic second-line RCC in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Supplemental Health , Analysis of the Budgetary Impact of Therapeutic AdvancesABSTRACT
Sex steroid hormones have been shown to regulate somatostatin (SRIF) gene expression in goldfish brain, which in turn influences the regulation of GH secretion. In this study, the influences of sex steroids on pituitary responsiveness to SRIF-14 and the pituitary expression of a type two SRIF receptor (sst(2)) were examined. Results from in vitro perifusion of pituitary fragments show that pituitaries from estradiol-primed sexually regressed female fish have significantly lower GH release responsiveness to pulse exposure to SRIF-14 than pituitaries from control or testosterone-treated sexually regressed females. Results from in vitro static culture show that pituitaries from sexually mature female fish have lower GH release responsiveness to SRIF-14 than those from sexually regressed females. In addition, the sst(2) receptor mRNA levels in pituitaries from mature and recrudescent female fish are significantly lower than in sexually regressed female fish. Our results indicate that estradiol acts at the level of the pituitary to regulate GH secretion by influencing the responsiveness to SRIF-14. The underlying mechanism includes, in part, reduction of the expression of sst(2) receptors, presumably leading to the lower number of the receptors available for SRIF binding.