Fat-free mass and maturity status are determinants of physical fitness performance in schoolchildren and adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to verify whether (FFM), maturity status (MS) and chronological age (CA) are determinants of physical fitness performance, and to analyze FFM and physical performance aligned by CA and MS in children and adolescents. METHODS: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in 863 schoolchildren. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), FFM, fat mass (FM), MS (Age at peak height velocity, APHV) were calculated. The physical tests of velocity 20 m, agility 5 m x 10rep, and horizontal jump (HJ) were evaluated. RESULTS: The APHV was estimated in boys at 14.0 ± 0.36APHV and in girls at 11.96 ± 0.49APHV. The relationships between CA and APHV with FFM was r = 0.80 in boys and r = 0.44 to 0.45 in girls. The relationships between FFM and physical tests in boys were [HJ (r = 0.70), agility 5m x 10rep (r = -0.68), velocity (r = -0.61)] and in girls [HJ (r = 0.42), agility 5m x 10rep (r = -0.52), velocity (r = -0.20)]. The differences in FFM and physical fitness tests were more pronounced when aligned by APHV than by CA. CONCLUSION: It was verified that both FFM, CA, and APHV are determinants of physical fitness performance. In addition, the APHV should be introduced in physical education as a means of ranking physical performance among schoolchildren.

Predicción del porcentaje de grasa por medio antropometríaen niños y adolescentes de chile: propuesta de percentilespara su evaluación / Prediction of fat percentage by anthropometry in children and adolescents in Chile: proposal of percentiles for its evaluation

Introducción: El porcentaje de grasa es determinante enla evaluación de la atención primaria.Objetivo: Comparar ecuaciones antropométricas regio-nales que predicen el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC)con ecuaciones extranjeras y, proponer percentiles para va-lorar el % GC de niños y adolescentes de la región delMaule, Chile. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio transversal (correla-cional) en escolares de la región del Maule (Chile). Se estudióa 1,126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) con un rangode edad desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluó la edad,el peso, estatura, circunferencia del abdomen, dos plieguescutáneos (tricipital y subescapular). Se calculó el índice demasa corporal (IMC), Índice Ponderal (IP, Índice Cintura-Talla(ICT), %GC por dos ecuaciones regionales y tres ecuacionesextranjeras (Boileau, Slaughter y Deuremberg). Resultados: Las ecuaciones regionales de chile presentaronvalores de 26,2±7,1%GC (ecuación 1) y 26,2±7,05%GC (ecua-ción 2) en varones, mientras que en mujeres reflejaron 33,6±4,72%GC (ecuación 1) y 33,6±4,70%GC (ecuación 2).Las ecuaciones extranjeras reflejaron valores similares en varo-nes, por ejemplo, de 19,3%±6,9%GC (Boileau), 20,1±8,7%GC(Slaughter) y 20,6±5,3%GC (Deuremberg), mientras que, enlas mujeres fue de 25,9±6,1%GC (Boileau), 25,2±8,8%GC(Slaughter) y 25,0±5,3%GC (Deuremberg). Hubo diferenciassignificativas entre las ecuaciones regionales con las ecuacio-nes extranjeras en ambos sexos (p<0,05). Los percentiles cal-culados fueron: (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90,P95 y P97). Los valores de %GC en las mujeres a edades avan-zadas (próximas a la adultez) oscilan entre 32 a 34%, y en loshombres entre 19 a 20%. Conclusión: Se evidenció que las tres ecuaciones extran-jeras de Boileau, Slaughter y Deuremberg no son aplicables amuestra de escolares chilenos, además, se desarrolló percen-tiles utilizando ecuaciones antropométricas para estimar el%GC desde los 6 hasta los 17,9 años.(AU)

Introduction: Fat percentage is determinant in primarycare evaluation. Objective: To compare regional anthropometric equationsthat predict body fat percentage (%BF) with foreign equa-tions and to propose percentiles to assess %BF in childrenand adolescents in the Maule region, Chile. Methodology: A cross-sectional (correlational) study wascarried out in schoolchildren from the Maule region (Chile). We studied 1,126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 fe-males) with an age range from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Age, weight,height, abdomen circumference, and two skinfolds (tricipitaland subscapular) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI),Ponderal Index (PI), Height-Waist Index (WHI), %GC werecalculated by two regional equations and three foreign equa-tions (Boileau, Slaughter and Deuremberg). Results: The Chilean regional equations presented valuesof 26.2±7.1% WC in males, while in females they reflected33.6±4.7% WC (p<0.05). The foreign equations reflectedsimilar values in males, i.e., 19.3%±6.9%GC (Boileau),20.1±8.7%GC (Slaughter) and 20.6±5.3%GC (Deuremberg),whereas, in females it was 25.9±6.1%GC (Boileau), 25.2±8.8%GC (Slaughter) and 25.0±5.3%GC (Deuremberg).There were significant differences between regional equa-tions with foreign equations in both sexes (p<0.05). The cal-culated percentiles were: (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75,P85, P90, P95 and P97). The %GC values in women at ad-vanced ages (close to adulthood) ranged from 32 to 34%,and in men from 19 to 20%. Conclusion: It was shown that the three foreign equationsof Boileau, Slaughter and Deuremberg are not applicable to asample of Chilean schoolchildren. In addition, percentileswere developed using anthropometric equations to estimate%BF from 6 to 17.9 years of age.(AU)

[Physical fitness in children and adolescents categorized by fat mass level]. / Aptitud física en niños y adolescentes categorizados por nivel de masa grasa.

Physical fitness is one of the important health markers as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mor bidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between fat mass with anthropome tric indicators and, secondly, to compare the performance of physical fitness among children and adolescents categorized with adequate and excess fat mass. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 863 schoolchildren aged 6 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. physical fitness [speed (20m), agility (10x5m), and ho rizontal jump] was evaluated. Fat mass was calculated by anthropometric equation, body mass index, ponderal index, and waist to height ratio. Data were grouped into 6 age groups. RESULTS: Children of both sexes categorized as having adequate levels of fat mass had lower values of body mass index, ponderal index, and waist to height ratio than children with high levels of fat mass. In physical fitness, children with adequate fat mass were better than the ones with elevated fat mass. In girls with adequate fat mass, better results were observed in horizontal jump and agility during adolescence. There were no differences in the speed test. CONCLUSION: Fat mass can be considered as a valuable tool for determining excess body fat and categorizing children and adolescents with adequate and excess fat mass. In addition, having acceptable levels of fat mass may contribute to better physical fitness in boys in horizontal jump, agility, and speed and, in girls, only in horizontal jump and agility.

Masa grasa por edad cronológica y biológica: Comparación de dos ecuaciones de regresión en niños y adolescentes / Fat mass by chronological and biological age: comparison of two regression equations in children and adolescents

Fundamentos: Durante la infancia y la adolescencia, es importante controlar el tejido adiposo intra-abdominal, ya que durante el crecimiento y desarrollo se producen cambios significativos en la composición corporal. Los objetivos del estudio fueron comparar la masa grasa (MG) entre dos ecuaciones, basada por edad cronológica y por estado de madurez y verificar los pliegues cutáneos que mejor predicen la Masa Grasa de ambas ecuaciones. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo correlacional en 346 niños y adolescentes de Talca (Chile). La selección dela muestra fue probabilística (estratificada). Se evaluó la edad, peso, estatura de pie, estatura sentada, circunferencia de la Cintura (CC) y cinco pliegues cutáneos (bicipital, tricipital, subescapular, suprailiaco y abdominal). Se calculó el estado de madurez por medio del pico de velocidad de crecimiento (APVC). Se calculó la MG por medio de dos ecuaciones (una basada en la edad cronológica EC y CC y la otra por estado de Madurez (APVC y CC) para ambos sexos. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas entre ambas ecuaciones cuando se calculó la MG en ambos sexos(p>0,05). Los pliegues cutáneos (bíceps, tricipital, subescapular, supra iliaco, abdominal, sumatoria de dos, tres y cinco pliegues) mostraron similares coeficientes de determinación, tanto por la ecuación por EC (R2 = 23 a 48%), como por la ecuación por APVC (R2 = 39 a 69%). Las prevalencias en las categorías de MG estimadas por ambas ecuaciones fueron similares en hombres (X2 = 1,01, GL: 2, p = 0,60) y en mujeres (X2 = 0,44, GL: 2, p = 0,80).Conclusiones: Ambas ecuaciones de regresión que estiman la MG, tanto por EC y estado de madurez (APVC) son útiles para niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren el uso y aplicación para evaluar la acumulación de tejido adiposo en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos. (AU)

Background: During childhood and adolescence, it is important to control intra-abdominal adipose tissue, since significant changes in body composition occur during growth and development. The objectives of the study were to compare fat mass (FM) between two equations, based on chronological age and maturity stage, and to verify the skin folds that best predict Fat Mass of both equations. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in 346 children and adolescents from Talca (Chile). The selection of the sample was probabilistic (stratified). Age, weight, standing height, sitting height, waist circumference(WC) and five skinfolds (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, suprailiac and abdominal) were evaluated. The state ofmaturity was calculated by means of the peak growth rate(APHV). MG was calculated using two equations (one based on chronological age CA and WC and the other based onAPHV and WC) for both sexes. Results: There were no significant differences between both equations when MG was calculated in both sexes (p>0.05). The skin folds (biceps, tricipital, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, sum of two, three and five folds) showed similar coefficients of determination, both by the CA equation (R2 = 23 to 48%), and by the equation by APHV(R2 = 39 to 69%). The prevalence’s in the FM categories estimated by both equations were similar in men (X2 = 1.01,GL: 2, p = 0.60) and in women (X2 = 0.44, GL: 2, p = 0, 80). Conclusions: Both regression equations that estimate FM, both by CA and maturity stage (APHV) are useful for Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use and application to evaluate the accumulation of adipose tissue in clinical and epidemiological contexts. (AU)

Validation of a Self-Perceived Adaptive Behaviors Scale in Older Chilean Women and Percentiles for Evaluation.

Healthy ageing means optimizing opportunities that allow older individuals to participate actively in society without discrimination. Learning adaptive behaviors (AB) may be extremely important for individuals for all stages of life. The goal of this study was: (a) to create a scale for self-perceived adaptive behavior, and (b) propose percentiles for evaluating AB in older adult women. A self-perception scale was created to measure adaptive behavior. Anthropometric and physical fitness variables for 192 older Chilean women (ages 60 to 88) were collected and evaluated. Content validity reflected agreement from 0.75 to 1.0. Construct validity carried out with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) resulted in 11 dimensions with 62 items in groups. Saturation oscillated between 0.62 and 0.85 with the explanation of variation as 46.27%. Cronbach's Alpha was r = 0.83. The results indicated that the scale developed was valid and reliable for the Chilean women studied. This scale may be used to measure self-perception of AB patterns in older women. Furthermore, the percentiles allow for classification of the AB by age and anthropometric indices.

Composición corporal en niños y adolescentes de Chile: revisión sistemática 2010-2017 / Body composition in children and adolescents in Chile: systematic review 2010-2017

FUNDAMENTOS: la contextualización y caracterización de las técnicas utilizadas para valorar la composición corporal (CC), brinda información sobre las regiones más investigadas en determinadas poblaciones específicas. Los objetivos fueron: a) contextualizar las investigaciones en niños y adolescentes chilenos según variables demográficas, b) verificar las técnicas de evaluación utilizadas para medir la CC y c) identificar las investigaciones efectuadas según región geográfica en Chile. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó una revisión sistemática sobre la CC en niños y adolescentes de Chile. Se consideraron estudios publicados la base de datos PubMed entre los años 2010-2017. Se utilizó una ficha de observación para registrar la información y para sistematizar el proceso de la revisión se utilizó el diagrama de flujo PRISMA. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció, entre los años 2010 y 2017, un total de 30 investigaciones, donde el tamaño de la muestra osciló desde 27 a 3.593 sujetos, desde los cero meses hasta los 18 años. La técnica de evaluación que más utilizada fue la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) (33%), seguido de la antropométrica de los pliegues cutáneos (28%), ecuaciones de regresión (15%) y dilución isotópica y bio-impedancia (12%). En la región metropolitana se efectuaron más estudios (67%), seguido de la región de la Araucanía (14%), Maule (10%), Valparaíso y Bio-Bio (3%) y un 3% no especifica la región. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que es necesario ampliar las investigaciones de CC en el norte y sur de Chile y poner mayor énfasis en las variables demográficas, puesto que hasta donde se sistematizó son muy limitados

BACKGROUND: Contextualization and characterization in relation to the techniques most used to assess body composition (CC), provides information on the most researched regions in certain specific populations. The objectives were: a) contextualize the research carried out in Chilean children and adolescents according to demographic variables, b) verify the evaluation techniques that have been used to measure the CC, and c) identify the investigations that have been carried out according to geographical region in Chile. METHODS: A systematic review study on CC in children and adolescents in Chile was carried out. Studies published in the Pub Med database between the years 2010-2017 was considered. An observation sheet was used to record the information and to systematize the review process the PRISMA flow chart was used. RESULTS: A total of 30 investigations have been carried out between 2010 and 2017. The sample size varied from 27 to 3593 subjects, from zero months to 18 years. The most commonly used evaluation technique was double energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (33%), followed by the anthropometric of skin folds (28%), regression equations (15%) and isotopic dilution and Bio impedance (12%). More studies (67%) have been carried out in the metropolitan region, followed by the Araucanía region (14%), Maule (10%), Valparaíso and Bio-Bio (3%) and 3% do not specify the region where was carried out. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that it is necessary to expand CC research in the north and south of Chile and place greater emphasis on demographic variables, since as far as it was systematized they are very limited

Pruebas de aptitud física que realizan los escolares / Physical fitness tests in schoolchildren

The objective was to determine the types of studies that have been carried out according to year and region and to verify the physical tests used according to physical fitness dimensions from 2010 to 2018. A systematic review was carried out. Physical fitness (study types and physical tests) was studied in Chile. The PubMed database was used, considering the period from 2010 to 2018. The keywords used in Spanish were: aptitud física, niños y adolescentes, Chile, and in English: physical aptitude, children and adolescents. The information was recorded on an observation sheet and for the data, the PRISM flow chart was used. 18 studies were identified. 88.9% are descriptive (cross-sectional) studies, 11.1% quasi-experimental. 38.9% were made in the Metropolitan region, 33.3% in Maule, 11% in Araucanía, 5.6% for each region of Los Lagos, Ñuble, and other unspecified regions. In the muscular dimension, it was determined that 38.9% used the manual clamping force and 50% the horizontal leap. In the cardiorespiratory dimension, 27.8% applied the Course-Navette test, 16.7% the 6-minute walk test, and 11% the 100-meter speed test. A high number of descriptive (cross-sectional) investigations were identified and the most commonly used physical tests were horizontal leap, manual clamping force, Course-Navette test, and 6-minute walk test. These results suggest the need to develop experimental and longitudinal studies, as well as the inclusion of morphological and motor dimensions in their protocols

El objetivo fue determinar los tipos de estudio que se han efectuado según año y región, y verificar las pruebas físicas utilizadas según dimensiones de la aptitud física durante 2010 a 2018. Se efectuó una revisión sistemática. Se estudió la aptitud física (tipos de estudio y pruebas físicas) en Chile. Se utilizó la base de datos PubMed, considerando el período 2010 a 2018. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron, en español: aptitud física, niños y adolescentes, Chile, y en inglés: physical aptitude, children and adolescents. La información se registró en una ficha de observación y para la organización de datos se utilizó el diagrama de flujo PRISMA. Se identificaron 18 estudios. El 88.9% son de tipo descriptivo (transversales); el 11.1%, cuasiexperimentales. El 38.9% se efectuó en la región Metropolitana; el 33.3%, en El Maule; 11%, en la Araucanía; 5.6% para cada región de Los Lagos, Ñuble y no especificada. En la dimensión muscular, se determinó que el 38.9% utilizó la fuerza de prensión manual y el 50% el salto horizontal. En la dimensión cardiorrespiratoria, el 27.8% aplicó el test de Course Navette; el 16.7%, la caminata de 6 minutos, y el 11%, la prueba de velocidad de 100 metros. Se identificó un elevado número de investigaciones descriptivas (transversales) y las pruebas físicas más utilizadas fueron salto horizontal, fuerza de presión manual prueba de Course Navette y la caminata de 6 minutos. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de desarrollar estudios experimentales y longitudinales, así como la inclusión de dimensiones morfológicas y motoras en sus protocolos

Concordancia de ecuaciones que predicen el porcentaje de grasa en jóvenes futbolistas / Concordance of equations that predict the percentage of fat in young players

Introducción: la evaluación de la composición corporal puede ser relevante en el monitoreo de efectos potenciales de los programas de entrenamiento y salud de los jóvenes atletas. Objetivo: Analizar la concordancia de una ecuación de % de grasa corporal específica con ecuaciones genéricas que fueron desarrolladas para jóvenes no-deportistas y deportistas adultos. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio de tipo descriptivo-comparativo. Fueron evaluados 109 jóvenes futbolistas de un club del fútbol profesional de Chile. Las edades oscilan entre 12.9 a 20.4. Se evaluó el peso, estatura de pie, estatura sentada, cinco pliegues cutáneos (bicipital, subscapular, supra-iliaca, abdominal). Se calculó la maduración somática por medio de los años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento (APVC). Se calculó el porcentaje de grasa (%G) a través de una ecuación específica para futbolistas y cinco ecuaciones generales. Resultados: La edad cronológica fue de 16.1±1.8 años y la edad biológica se presentó a los 14.8±0.9APVC. Los valores de %G oscilaron entre 8.8 a14.3% en las seis ecuaciones. El coeficiente de concordancia (CC) y los valores de precisión (P) y exactitud (Euros) entre la ecuación de Gómez-Boileau (CC= 0.34, P=0,60, E=0,42), Gómez-Slaugther (CC= 0.30, P=0,60, P=0,36, Gómez-Lohman (CC= 0.53, P=0,70, E= 0.61), Gómez-Cossio-Bolaños (CC= 0.62, P=0.80, E= 0,68), y Gómez-Faulkner (CC= 0,48, P= 0,80, E= 0,52). Conclusión: Las ecuaciones de Lohman y Cossio-Bolaños propuestas para adultos pueden ser utilizados para predecir el porcentaje de grasa corporal en jóvenes futbolistas entre 12 a 20 años, puesto que mostraron concordancia y elevados valores de precisión y exactitud en sus predicciones

Background: The evaluation of body composition may be relevant in monitoring the potential effects of the training and health programs of young athletes. Objective: To analyze the concordance of a specific body fat% equation with generic equations that were developed for non-athletes and adult athletes. Methodology: A descriptive-comparative study was carried out. 109 young footballers from a professional soccer club in Chile were evaluated. The ages range from 12.9 to 20.4. The weight, standing height, sitting height, five skin folds (bicipital, subscapular, supra-iliac, abdominal) were evaluated. Somatic maturation was calculated by means of the years of peak growth rate (APVC). The percentage of fat (% G) was calculated through a specific equation for footballers and five general equations. Results: The chronological age was 16.1 ± 1.8 years and the biological age was presented at 14.8 ± 0.9APVC. The values of% G ranged from 8.8 to 14.3% in the six equations. The concordance coefficient (CC) and the values of precision (P) and accuracy Euros between the Gómez-Boileau equation (CC = 0.34, P = 0.60, E = 0.42), Gómez-Slaugther (CC = 0.30), P = 0.60, P = 0.36, Gómez-Lohman (CC = 0.53, P = 0.70, E = 0.61), Gómez-Cossio-Bolaños (CC = 0.62, P = 0.80, E = 0, 68), and Gómez-Faulkner (CC = 0.48, P = 0.80, E = 0.52). Conclusion: The Lohman and Cossio-Bolaños equations proposed for adults can be used to predict the percentage of body fat in young players between 12 to 20 years, since they showed concordance and high values of precision and accuracy in their predictions