Review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of invasive meningococcal disease in Vietnam.

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), caused by Neisseria meningitidis, is life-threatening with a high case fatality rate (CFR) and severe sequelae. We compiled and critically discussed the evidence on IMD epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and disease management in Vietnam, focusing on children. PubMed, Embase and gray literature searches for English, Vietnamese and French publications, with no date restrictions, retrieved 11 eligible studies. IMD incidence rate (/100,000 population) was 7.4 [95% confidence interval 3.6-15.3] in children under 5 years of age; driven by high rates in infants (e.g. 29.1 [8.0-106.0] in 7-11 month-olds). Serogroup B IMD was predominant. Neisseria meningitidis strains may have developed resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamides, ciprofloxacin, and possibly ceftriaxone. There was a lack of current data on diagnosis and treatment of IMD, which remain challenging. Healthcare professionals should be trained to rapidly recognize and treat IMD. Preventive measures, such as routine vaccination, could help address the medical need.

Obesity and diet contents of protein and fat are associated with underreport of energy at pregnancy / Obesidade e conteúdo de proteína e gordura na dieta estão associados ao sub-relato do consumo energético na gravidez

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association of pre-pregnancy and current body mass index and the density of dietary macronutrients on underreporting of energy intake at pregnancy. Methods: cross-sectional analysis of 327 postpartum women from the city of Mesquita, in Rio de Janeiro. A food frequency questionnaire was administered at maternity ward having the last six months of the pregnancy as the time frame. Energy balance was considered as the outcome, and it was calculated as the division of energy intake by basal metabolic rate (underreport <1.35). Multivariate logistic regression was applied to test the associations between body mass index (pre-gestational and postpartum) on energy balance (underreport or not). Dietary density of protein (4th quartile), carbohydrate (1st quartile) and fat intake (1st quartile) were tested. Results: mean energy intake was 2,894 kcal and near of 25% of the women were considered as underreported during pregnancy. Obese women had higher chance (OR=1.90; CI95%=1.09-3.33) of being underreported at pregnancy. Underreported women presented greater chance of report dietary intake with higher contents of protein (OR=2.37; CI95%=1.37-4.09) and lower density of fat (OR= .81; CI95%=1.04-3.15). Conclusion: underreported pregnant women had higher chance of report great and lower amounts of protein and fat dietary densities.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre o índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional e pós-parto e a densidade de macronutrientes da dieta com o sub-relato de energia da dieta na gestação. Métodos: análise transversal com 327 puérperas da cidade de Mesquita, no Rio de Janeiro. Aplicou-se o questionário de frequência alimentar na primeira semana após o parto tendo como base o consumo dos dois últimos trimestres gestacionais. O balanço energético foi calculado a partir da divisão da ingestão de energia pela taxa metabólica basal (sub-relato<1,35). Adotou-se a regressão logística multivariada para analisar as associações entre os índices de massa corporal e a densidade dos macronutrientes da dieta (proteína, carboidratos e lipídios) com o balanço energético (sub-relato ou não). Resultados: a ingestão média de energia foi de 2.894 kcal e 25% das mulheres foram classificadas com sub-relato. Mulheres obesas no pós-parto tiveram maiores chances (OR=1,90; IC95%=1,09-3,33) de sub-relato de energia na gravidez e gestantes com balanço energético <1,35 apresentaram dieta com maior densidade de proteína (OR=2,37; IC95%=1,37-4,09) e menor densidade de gordura (OR=1,81; IC95%=1,04-3,15). Conclusão: a obesidade no pós-parto foi associada ao sub-relato de energia na gravidez e o balanço energético associou-se a densidade dos macronutrientes da dieta

Rural characteristics associated with excess weight among adolescents / Características rurais associadas com excesso de peso entre adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to verify the association between rural characteristics and the nutritional status of adolescents from the rural area of Macaé, a municipality in Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil. Methods This is a cross-sectional study based on secondary anthropometric data, collected at the Macaé Municipal Department of Education between 2013 and 2014. The database refers to the total number of adolescents in the only high school in the rural area of the city. Poisson logistic regression was performed, having excess weight (overweight or obesity- Body Mass Index-for-age equal to or greater than one Z-score) as the dependent variable, used dichotomously. The independent variables were sex, socioeconomic status and three "yes or no" variables that express rural characteristics. Results The adolescents (total=109) were between 14 and 18 years old (mean=16.6 years), 64.2% were girls, 52.3% had vegetable gardens or orchards in their household, 19.4% had animal breeding for consumption purposes and 17.6% had parents/guardians working in the agricultural sector. The prevalence of excess weight was 18.0% in boys and 20.0% in girls. Having a garden/orchard implied a significantly higher chance of having excess weight, both in the bivariate analysis and in the sex-adjusted model (Prevalence Ratio=2.95; Confidence Interval=1.17-7.44). Conclusions Based on a significant association at the municipal level, the results highlight nutritional differences between local and large-scale studies, as well as variations within the same rural area. These findings point out the need to evaluate rural aspects in more detail in studies on underlying determinants of nutritional status.

RESUMO Objetivo Este trabalho visou verificar a associação entre as características rurais e o estado nutricional de adolescentes da zona rural do município de Macaé, RJ. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados antropométricos secundários, coletados no âmbito da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Macaé entre 2013 e 2014. A base de dados refere-se ao total de adolescentes da única escola de ensino médio do meio rural da cidade. Fez-se regressão logística de Poisson, tendo o excesso de peso (sobrepeso ou obesidade - Índice de massa-corporal-para-idade igual ou maior que um escore-Z) como variável resposta, usada de forma dicotômica. As variáveis independentes foram: sexo, situação socioeconômica e três variáveis "sim ou não", que expressam características rurais. Resultados Os adolescentes (total=109) tinham idade entre 14 e 18 anos (média=16,6 anos); 64,2% eram meninas, 52,3% apresentavam com horta ou pomar em seus domicílios, 19,4% possuíam criação de animais para fins de consumo e 17,6% tinham pais/responsáveis com ocupação agrícola. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi 18,0% nos meninos e 20,0% nas meninas. Ter horta/pomar implicou em significativa maior chance de excesso de peso, tanto na análise bivariada quanto no modelo ajustado por sexo (Razão de Prevalência=2,95; Intervalo de Confiança=1,17-7,44). Conclusão Com base em uma associação significativa em nível municipal, os resultados ressaltam diferenças nutricionais entre estudos locais e de maior âmbito, bem como variações dentro de uma mesma área rural. Estes achados apontam a necessidade de se avaliar mais detalhadamente aspectos rurais em estudos sobre determinantes causais do estado nutricional.

Atividade Física e Prevenção de Câncer: Evidências, Reflexões e Apontamentos para o Sistema Único de Saúde / Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention: Evidence, Reflections and Notes for the Unified Health System / Actividad Física y Prevención del Cáncer: Evidencia, Reflexiones y Notas para el Sistema Único de Salud

Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis estão entre as principais causas de morbimortalidade no mundo, especialmente o câncer. Para a sua prevenção, a atividade física figura como uma das estratégias. Objetivo: Apresentar e discutir evidências científicas recentes acerca da atividade física para a prevenção de câncer e expor reflexões e apontamentos sobre as complexidades e iniquidades relacionadas à atividade física no Sistema Único de Saúde. Método: Foram selecionadas referências atuais de instituições de vanguarda na pesquisa sobre atividade física, prevenção de câncer e temas correlatos: a) Sumário do III Relatório de Especialistas sobre Alimentação, Nutrição, Atividade Física e Câncer; b) Relatório Científico do Comitê Consultivo das Diretrizes de Atividade Física dos EUA; c) Mesa- -redonda do Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte. Sua relevância está na reunião de evidências sistematicamente revisadas por uma ampla comunidade científica de especialistas. Resultado: A atividade física é uma importante ação de saúde para a prevenção do câncer, contudo não foi possível identificar a quantidade específica, já que a comparação é entre níveis mais altos versus mais baixos de atividade física. Conclusão: Háfortes evidências para a relação entre atividade física e prevenção de câncer de mama, cólon, endométrio, esôfago, estômago, rim, bexiga, fígado. Para efetivá-las, é necessário reconhecer que a atividade física é relacionada a diferentes determinantes e condicionantes da saúde e que programas públicos no Sistema Único de Saúde têm grande potencial para a ampliação dessa prática pela população

Introduction: Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially for cancer. For its prevention, physical activity appears as one of the strategies. Objective: To present and discuss recent scientific evidences about physical activity for the prevention of cancer and to expose reflections and notes on the complexities and inequities related to physical activity in the Unified Health System. Method: Current references from cutting edge institutions in research on physical activity, cancer prevention and related topics were selected: a) Summary of the III Expert Report on Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer; b) Scientific Report of the US Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee; c) Round Table of the American College of Sports Medicine. Its relevance lies in the gathering of evidence systematically reviewed by a wide scientific community of experts. Result: Physical activity is an important health action for cancer prevention, however it was not possible to identify the specific amount since the comparison is between higher versus lower levels of physical activity. Conclusion: There are strong evidences about the relationship between physical activity and cancer prevention for breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, stomach, kidney, bladder, liver. To carry them out, it is necessary to recognize that physical activity is related to different health determinants and conditions and that public programs in the Unified Health System have great potential for the expansion of this practice by the population

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles se encuentran entre las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo, especialmente el cáncer. Para su prevención, la actividad física aparece como una de las estrategias. Objetivo: Presentar y discutir evidencia científica reciente sobre la actividad física para la prevención del cáncer y exponer reflexiones y notas sobre las complejidades e inequidades relacionadas con la actividad física en el Sistema Único de Salud. Método: Referencias actuales de instituciones de vanguardia en la investigación sobre actividad física, prevención del cáncer y temas relacionados: a) Resumen del III Informe de Expertos en Alimentación, Nutrición, Actividad Física y Cáncer; b) Informe Científico del Comité Asesor de Pautas de Actividad Física de EEUU; c) Mesa-redonda del Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte. Su relevancia radica en la recopilación de evidencia revisada sistemáticamente por una amplia comunidad científica de expertos. Resultado: La actividad física es una acción de salud importante para la prevención del cáncer, sin embargo, no fue posible identificar la cantidad específica ya que la comparación es entre niveles más altos versus más bajos de actividad física. Conclusión: Existe una fuerte evidencia de la relación entre la actividad física y la prevención del cáncer de: mama, colon, endometrio, esófago, estómago, riñón, vejiga, hígado. Para llevarlos a cabo, es necesario reconocer que la actividad física está relacionada con diferentes determinantes y condiciones de salud y que los programas públicos en el Sistema Único de Salud tienen un gran potencial para la expansión de esta práctica por parte de la población

Early pregnancy body mass index modifies the association of pre-pregnancy dietary patterns with serum polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations throughout pregnancy in Brazilian women.

Dietary patterns (DPs) have been described as an important factor that may influence polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations and body mass index (BMI) during pregnancy. We aim to evaluate the association between pre-pregnancy DPs and serum PUFA percentages throughout pregnancy considering early pregnancy BMI as a possible effect modifier. A prospective cohort of 154 pregnant women was followed (5th-13th, 20th-26th, and 30th-36th gestational weeks). Serum PUFA concentrations (total n-3 and total n-6, eicosapentaenoic + docosahexaenoic acids) were measured in each trimester and expressed as percentages. The n-6/n-3 ratio was calculated. Longitudinal linear mixed-effects models including interaction terms between DPs and early pregnancy BMI were employed. Serum PUFA percentages declined, whereas the n-6/n-3 ratio, monounsaturated, and saturated percentages increased throughout pregnancy for all BMI categories. Three pre-pregnancy DPs were identified by principal component analysis (common Brazilian, healthy, and processed). Overweight women with higher adherence to the common-Brazilian and to the healthy DPs presented reduced n-3 PUFA percentage and increased n-6 percentages and n-6/n-3 ratio compared to under or normal weight women. Obese women with higher adherence to the processed DP presented a more pronounced decrease of total n-3 percentage compared to under or normal weight women. Early pregnancy BMI modified the effect of pre-pregnancy DPs on PUFA profile throughout gestation. Higher adherence to the healthy pattern was associated with increased n-3 percentage, except for overweight women. Only for processed DP was the behaviour of PUFA the same for all BMI categories, showing a worse evolution profile, that is, increased n-6 and reduced n-3 fractions.

Serum docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is inversely associated with anxiety disorders in early pregnancy.

Little is known about the association between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and anxiety disorders during pregnancy. We evaluated this association at the first pregnancy trimester in 228 women. The study endpoint was the diagnosis of any anxiety disorder assessed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The independent variables were the serum concentrations of total n-3 and fractions (18:2, 20:5, 22:5, 22:6), total n-6 and fractions (18:2, 18:3, 20:2, 20:3, 20:4, 22:4, 22:5) and the n-6/n-3 ratio PUFAs. The prevalence of any anxiety disorders was 25%. The first tertile of the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) distribution represented 1.95 (95% CI: 1.00-3.77) higher chance of having an anxiety disorder diagnosis, compared to those in the second and third tertiles after adjusting the analyses for parity, family income, early pregnancy BMI and gestational age at the blood sampling. Serum concentrations of DHA were inversely associated with the occurrence of early pregnancy anxiety disorders.

HDL-cholesterol concentrations are inversely associated with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores during pregnancy: results from a Brazilian cohort study.

Serum lipids have been associated with depression in the adult population; however, this association during pregnancy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum lipids and depressive symptom scores during pregnancy. A prospective cohort of 238 pregnant women was followed at the 5th-13th, 20th-26th and 30th-36th weeks of gestation. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Serum concentrations (mg/dL) of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL-c; HDL-c) were the main exposures. Marital status (married/single), physical activity (active or very active/low or very low active), unplanned pregnancy (no/yes), pre-pregnancy BMI (<25/≥ 25 kg/m(2)), generalized anxiety disorder (no/yes) and current suicidal ideation (no/yes) were considered as potential confounders. Analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects models. The results showed that the EPDS mean score (95%CI) decreased with time during pregnancy trimesters [1st: 8.89 (95%CI = 8.28-9.51), 2nd: 7.32 (95%CI = 6.67-7.97) and 3rd: 7.08 (95%CI = 6.41-7.74)]. Suicidal ideation frequency at baseline was 18%. HDL-c concentrations were inversely associated with changes in EPDS score (ß = -0.080, 95%CI = -0.157 to -0.002), while low or very low active women (ß = 1.288, 95%CI = 0.630-1.946), with single marital status (ß = 1.348, 95%CI = 0.163-2.534), unplanned pregnancy (ß = 1.922, 95%CI = 0.714-3.131), generalized anxiety disorder (ß = 2.139, 95%CI = 0.410-3.868) and current suicidal ideation (ß = 1.927, 95%CI = 0.596-3.258) tended to have higher EPDS scores. No relationship was observed between other lipids and EPDS scores. HDL-c concentration was inversely associated with changes in depressive symptom scores during pregnancy after adjusting for socio-economic, demographic, behavioral, nutritional, biochemical and mental health disorders.

Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the first trimester of pregnancy and factors associated with current suicide risk.

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and to identify the factors associated with Current Suicide Risk (CSR) in the first trimester of pregnancy. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) was employed to diagnose mental disorders in 239 women enrolled in a prospective cohort in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Serum lipids, leptin and socio-economic status were the independent variables. CSR, the dependent variable, was entered as binary (yes/no) variable into crude and adjusted Poisson regression models with robust variances. CSR was found to be the main psychiatric syndrome (18.4%), followed by agoraphobia (17.2%), major depressive disorder (15.1%) and generalized anxiety disorder (10.5%). Women with CSR showed higher mean levels of cholesterol (169.2 vs. 159.2; p=0.017), high density lipoprotein (50.4 vs. 47.7; p=0.031) and low density lipoprotein (102.8 vs. 95.6; p=0.022) when compared to women without CSR. The adjusted regression model showed a higher prevalence ratio (PR) of CSR among pregnant women with generalized anxiety disorder (PR=2.70, 95% CI: 1.36-5.37), with ≥ two parturitions (PR=2.46, 95% CI: 1.22-4.93), and with major depressive disorder (PR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.08-4.12). We have shown that generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and higher parity are associated with CSR in the first trimester of pregnancy.