ABSTRACT
The expansion of the human population and the escalating use of chemical products pose a considerable threat to aquatic biodiversity. Consequently, there is an imperative need for the implementation of non-lethal, cost-effective, and easily deployable biomonitoring tools. In this context, fish and their behavior as biomarkers have gained prominence in monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the state of art in the use of behavioral biomarkers in ecotoxicology, emphasizing their role as informative tools for global environmental monitoring. Through a systematic literature search, ninety-two articles focusing on the evaluation of behavioral changes in freshwater fish in response to pollution were identified. The most prevalent keywords were "behavior" (7%) and "zebrafish" (6%). Experiments were conducted in countries with expansive territories, such as the United States (18%) and Brazil (17%). Exotic species were primarily employed (58%), with Danio rerio (26%) being the most frequently studied species. Among pollutants, pesticides (32%) and medicines (25%) were the most frequently studied, while locomotion (38%) and social behaviors (18%) were the most frequently evaluated behaviors. Across these studies, authors consistently reported significant changes in the behavior of fish exposed to contaminants, including decreased swimming speed and compromised feeding efficiency. The review findings affirm that evaluating behavioral biomarkers in freshwater fish offers an informative, non-lethal, cost-effective, and easily implementable approach to understanding pollution impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Although few studies on behavioral biomarkers were available to date, the number has rapidly increased in recent years. Furthermore, a variety of novel approaches and study models are being included. Research into behavioral biomarkers is crucial for understanding and managing environmental risks in freshwater ecosystems. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to enhance our understanding of behavioral toxicity indicators, considering factors such as life stage, sex, and breeding season in the tested species.
Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal , Biomarkers , Environmental Monitoring , Fishes , Fresh Water , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Fresh Water/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Environmental Monitoring/methods , EcosystemABSTRACT
La diversificación en la oferta de la piscicultura, ha llevado a la hibridación de especies de alto valor comercial, como los grandes bagres de la familia Pimelodidae, en busca del mejoramiento de características relevantes. Sin embargo, uno de los principales problemas de ésta práctica, es que morfológicamente los híbridos son similares a los parentales o con formas intermedias difíciles de diferenciar. Las nuevas herramientas morfométricas como la geometría han logrado evaluar cuantitativamente los cambios morfológicos, coadyuvando a esclarecer problemas de diferenciación morfológica. Con el fin de evaluar las relaciones morfométricas y establecer si, las características analizadas son intermedias en el híbrido con respecto a los parentales, se realizó la caracterización morfométrica de 20 ejemplares adultos de Pseudoplatystoma metaense, 21 de Leiarius marmoratus y 12 del híbrido Pseudoplatystoma metaense x Leiarius marmoratus, para un total de 53 individuos evaluados. Se realizaron análisis de morfometría lineal, utilizando medidas corporales y craneales, sustentadas en los análisis de componentes principales y discriminantes, como una forma de evaluar el contorno de los ejemplares. Para el análisis osteológico, se utilizó el neurocráneo, obtenido mediante el protocolo de maceración; con fotografías, éstos fueron analizados mediante morfometría geométrica con los programas de la serie IMP. De esta forma, se encontró que las similitudes observadas a simple vista en el híbrido respecto a sus parentales, no son representativas y por lo tanto, estadísticamente se evidenciaron tres grupos morfológicos definidos que separan a las especies parentales y el híbrido, obteniendo así, una herramienta de fácil identificación. En el análisis osteológico, se encontraron similitudes entre los neurocráneos del híbrido y de Pseudoplatystoma metaense, lo que plantea un patrón de herencia en el que se pueden evaluar posibles convergencias y divergencias como consecuencia de la hibridación.
Diversification in the supply of fish farming has led to the hybridization of high commercial value species, such as the large catfish of the Pimelodidae family, in search of the improvement of relevant characteristics. However, one of the main problems of this practice is that morphologically the hybrids are similar to the parental lines or with intermediate forms difficult to differentiate. The new morphometric tools as geometry have managed to quantitatively evaluate the morphological changes, contributing to clarify problems of morphological differentiation. In order to evaluate the morphometric relationships and establish whether, the analyzed characteristics are intermediate in the hybrid with respect to the parental lines, the morphometric characterization of 20 adult specimens of Pseudoplatystoma metaense, was performed 21 of Leiarius marmoratus and 12 of the hybrid Pseudoplatystoma metaense x Leiarius marmoratus, for a total of 53 individuals evaluated. Linear morphometry analyses were performed, using body and cranial measurements, sustained in the analysis of principal and discriminating components, as a way of evaluating the contour of the specimens. For the osteological analysis, the neurocranium was used, obtained by means of the maceration protocol; with photographs; these were analyzed using geometric morphometry with the programs of the IMP series. Thus, it was found that the similarities observed at first sight in the hybrid with respect to their parentals, are not representative and therefore, statistically, three defined morphological groups that separate the parental species and the hybrid, thus obtaining an easy-to-identify tool. In the osteological analysis, similarities were found between the neurocraniums of the hybrid and Pseudoplatystoma metaense, which raises a pattern of inheritance in which possible convergences and divergences can be evaluated, as a result of hybridization.