Awareness of U = U among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru: Differences According to Self-reported HIV Status.

The slogan Undetectable equals Untransmittable (U = U) communicates that people living with HIV (PLHIV) who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) will not transmit HIV to their sexual partners. We describe awareness of U = U among sexual and gender minorities (SGM) living in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru by self-reported HIV status (PLHIV, negative, unknown) during 2021 using an online survey. We estimated two models using Poisson regression for each population group: Model A including socio-demographic factors (country, gender, age, race, education, and income), and then Model B including taking ART (for PLHIV) or risk behavior, ever-taking PrEP, and HIV risk perception (for HIV-negative or of unknown HIV status). A total of 21,590 respondents were included (Brazil: 61%, Mexico: 30%, Peru: 9%). Among HIV-negative (74%) and unknown status (12%), 13% ever used PrEP. Among PLHIV (13%), 93% reported current use of ART. Awareness of U = U was 89% in both Brazil and Mexico, which was higher than in Peru 64%. Awareness of U = U was higher among PLHIV (96%) than HIV-negative (88%) and HIV-unknown (70%). In multivariate models, PLHIV with lower education were less aware of U = U, while those taking ART were more aware. Among HIV-negative, non-cisgender, lower income, and those with lower education had lower awareness of U = U, while individuals ever using PrEP had higher awareness. In conclusion, awareness of U = U varied by HIV status, socio-demographic characteristics, and HIV risk behavior. The concept of U = U should be disseminated through educational strategies and include a focus on SGM to combat HIV stigma.

RESUMEN: Indetectable = Intransmisible (I = I) comunica que las personas que viven con VIH (PVVIH) y reciben tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) no transmitirán el VIH a sus parejas sexuales. En este estudio, describimos la concienciación sobre I = I entre las minorías sexuales y de género (MSG) de Brasil, México y Perú según el estado de VIH autoreportado (PVVIH, negativo, desconocido) durante 2021 utilizando una encuesta en línea. Se estimaron dos modelos mediante regresión de Poisson para cada grupo: Modelo A, que incluyó factores sociodemográficos (país, sexo, edad, raza, educación e ingresos) y Modelo B, que incluyó recibir TAR (para PVVIH) o comportamiento de riesgo, uso de PrEP y percepción de riesgo (para VIH negativo o desconocido). Se incluyó 21,590 encuestados (Brasil: 61%, México: 30%, Perú: 9%). Entre aquellos negativos para VIH (74%) y con estado desconocido (12%), el 13% utilizó alguna vez PrEP. Entre las PVVIH (13%), el 93% reportó recibir actualmente TAR. La concienciación de I = I fue del 89% tanto en Brasil como en México, superior al 64% de Perú. La concienciación de I = I fue mayor entre PVVIH (96%) que entre los VIH-negativos (88%) y los VIH-desconocidos (70%). En los modelos multivariados, las PVVIH con menor educación eran menos conscientes de I = I, mientras que los que tomaban TAR eran más conscientes. Entre los VIH-negativos, las personas no cisgéneros, con menores ingresos y con menor educación eran menos consciente de I = I, mientras que los que tenían experiencia usando PrEP eran más conscientes. En conclusión, la concienciación sobre I = I varió según el estado serológico de VIH, las características sociodemográficas y el comportamiento de riesgo. El concepto de I = I debe difundirse a través de estrategias educativas, incluyendo un enfoque en MSG para combatir el estigma del VIH.

Biological and chemical characterization in relation to the yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) nourished with humus from plant residues.

The increase in prices of fertilizers, energy and other materials necessary for the industry triggered a global economic crisis. Reason that was investigated on the biological and chemical characteristics in relation to the yield of radish nourished with humus from plant residue. The objective was to determine the appropriate dose of humus to obtain greater yield and its relationship with the chemical and biological characteristics of the radish. It is based on applied methodology with an experimental approach; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of humus and They applied 15 days after sowing. The physical characteristics of the radish were evaluated and processed using analysis of variance and Duncan. Concentration of elements in leaves and stomatal density were also analyzed. It was determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.95 cm, plant weight with 76.87 g, equatorial diameter with 4,404 cm and commercial yield with 20,296 t/ha. Nitrogen consumption in relation to yield with 247.44 kg/ha. Stomatal density 459 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 150% and nutrient concentration in leaves highlighted T4 with N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn. It concludes that T5 stood out with 20,296 t/ha, which differed by 26.04% in relation to the control (T1) with 15,011 t/ha. Therefore, this dose added nutrients to the soil that improved the availability for plant absorption and this influenced the concentration of nutrients in leaves such as N, P and Fe and stomatal density with 459 stomata/mm2, which had a response in good development, strengthening against environmental stress and therefore greater performance.

[Prevalence, knowledge and control of arterial hypertension in vulnerable neighborhoods of Argentina: A Cross-sectional Study]. / Estudio de prevalencia, conocimiento y control de la hipertensión arterial en barrios vulnerables de Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension (HTN) represents the primary individual risk factor, contributing significantly to the global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In our country, epidemiological research has highlighted substantial variations in the prevalence of these risk factors across different populations. However, there is a lack of epidemiological studies assessing exclusive cardiovascular risk factors within vulnerable neighborhoods characterized by extremely limited economic resources, sociocultural challenges, and inadequate healthcare access. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional observational study was conducted among individuals residing in economically deprived and marginalized communities, including informal settlements and underprivileged neighborhoods. Simple random sampling of households was employed. Blood pressure measurements, anthropometric assessments, and epidemiological, economic, and sociocultural questionnaires were administered. Results encompass prevalence rates, awareness levels, and blood pressure control across diverse regions. Logistic regression was utilized to identify independent variables influencing primary outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 989 participants were analyzed. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 48.2%. About 82% had a body mass index (BMI) >25. Approximately 45.3% had less than 6 years of formal education. Independent association was established between education levels below 6 years and higher hypertension prevalence. Among hypertensive individuals, 44% were unaware of their condition, with only 17.2% achieving control, correlated with having health insurance and a higher educational background. Merely 24% were receiving combined therapy. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertension within vulnerable neighborhoods is alarmingly high, surpassing rates in other social strata. Knowledge, treatment, and control levels of hypertension are suboptimal, comparable to other populations. Inadequate use of combination therapy was observed. This study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions addressing cardiovascular risk factors in poor areas to mitigate the burden of CVD.

Anionic nickel and nitrogen effects in the chiral antiferromagnetic antiperovskite Mn3NiN.

Magnetic antiperovskites, having chiral noncollinear antiferromagnetic ordering, have shown remarkable properties that range from negative thermal expansion to anomalous Hall effects. Nevertheless, details on the electronic structure, related to the oxidation states and the octahedral center's site effects, are still scarce. Here, we show a theoretical study, based on first-principles calculations in the framework of density-functional theory (DFT), on the electronic properties associated with the nitrogen site effects on the structural, electronic, magnetic, and topological degrees of freedom. Thus, we show that the nitrogen vacancy increases the value of the anomalous Hall conductivity and retains the chiral Γ4g antiferromagnetic ordering. Moreover, we reveal, based on the Bader charges and the electronic structure analysis, the negative and positive oxidation states of the Ni- and Mn-sites, respectively. This is in agreement with the expected A3α+Bß-Xδ- oxidation states to satisfy charge neutrality in antiperovskites, but the negative charge is rare for transition metals. Finally, we extrapolate our findings on the oxidation states to several Mn3BN compounds, showing that the antiperovskite structure is an ideal platform to encounter negative oxidation states for metals sitting at the corner B-sites.

Agave fructans enhance the effects of fermented milk products on obesity biomarkers: a randomised trial.

Dysbiosis has been implicated in childhood obesity. Oral intake of fermented milk containing Lacticaseibacillus casei strain Shirota preserves gut microbiota (GM) diversity in children and adults. This study was a double-blind trial involving 37 overweight or obese children aged 6-10 years. Children were followed over a 6-week intervention period in which they received different fermented milk products containing L. casei Shirota: 10 in the first group received just L. casei Shirota; 13 received L. casei Shirota with 3 g/day of inulin (L. casei+inulin); and 14 received L. casei Shirota with 3 g/day of fructans from Agave salmiana (L. casei+fructans). Principal component analysis showed the relationship between microbial abundance, GM metabolites, and other obesity-related markers. Supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics improved the HDL-cholesterol levels of overweight and obese children, although no changes in body composition were detected. We observed an increase in butyrate or propionate concentrations in the L. casei+fructans group compared to the end of the intervention (P<0.03). A diminished level of ANGPTL4 within the L. casei+fructans group (P=0.04) was also found, but no differences when lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was evaluated. The FFAR2+ cell frequency decreased between baseline and at the end of 6-week intervention in L. casei+inulin (P=0.02) and L. casei+fructans groups (P=0.04). In contrast, the percentage of CD14+FFAR3+ frequency increased in the same groups (P=0.04). The L. casei Shirota with inulin or fructans modulates GM, which improves the lipid profile and changes at a molecular level, such as expression of FFAR3 and FFAR2, ANGPTL4, propionate, and butyrate. It, therefore, could be considered an interesting therapeutic possibility for treating childhood overweight and obesity. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT05423015).

Preferences for PrEP modalities among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men from Brazil, Mexico, and Peru: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) scale-up is urgent to reduce new HIV cases among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in Latin America. Different PrEP modalities may increase PrEP uptake and adherence, especially among young MSM. Objectives: To assess preferences for PrEP modalities among MSM from Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. Design: Cross-sectional web-based study (March-May 2018) targeting MSM through advertisements on Grindr, Hornet, and Facebook. We included MSM aged ⩾ 18 years and who reported HIV-negative status. Methods: We assessed preferences for PrEP modalities with the following question: 'Considering that all following PrEP modalities were available, which one would you prefer considering a scale from 1 to 3 (1 = most preferred): daily oral PrEP, event-driven PrEP (ED-PrEP), and long-acting injectable PrEP'. We assessed factors associated with each most preferred PrEP modality per country using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: A total of 19,457 MSM completed the questionnaire (Brazil: 58%; Mexico: 31%; Peru: 11%); median age was 28 years [interquartile range (IQR): 24-34]. Overall, injectable PrEP was the most preferred modality [42%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 41-43], followed by daily PrEP (35%; 95% CI: 34-35), and ED-PrEP (23%; 95% CI: 23-24). In multivariable models, preferring injectable PrEP was associated with PrEP awareness in all three countries, while PrEP eligibility only in Brazil. Preferring daily PrEP was associated with younger age and lower income in Brazil and Mexico, and lower education only in Brazil. The odds of preferring ED-PrEP were lower among MSM aware and eligible for PrEP in Brazil and Mexico. Conclusions: Long-acting injectable PrEP was the preferred PrEP modality among MSM in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru, especially those aware and eligible for PrEP. Public health interventions to increase PrEP modalities literacy and availability in Latin America are urgent especially among MSM of young age, lower income, and lower education.

Awareness, willingness and barriers to HIV Self-testing (HIVST) among Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru: A web-based cross-sectional study.

HIV self-testing (HIVST) is an essential tool within the combined HIV prevention package and has been available in Latin America since 2015. However, HIVST use among key populations remains low. This study describes awareness, willingness, and barriers to HIVST among MSM in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. A cross-sectional web-based survey was advertised in two geosocial networking apps (Grindr and Hornet) and Facebook in 2018. We included cisgender men ≥18 years old who self-reported HIV-negative status. We used multivariable Poisson regression models to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) to assess the factors associated with willingness to use HIVST for each country. A total of 18,916 completed the survey, 59% from Brazil, 30% from Mexico, and 11% from Peru. Overall, 20% of MSM had never tested for HIV. Awareness and willingness to use HIVST were higher in Brazil than in Peru and Mexico (p < .001). Across the countries, the patterns of association of willingness with HIVST barriers were similar. Most participants think post-test counseling is essential and that dealing with a positive result would be difficult (aPR 1.13 to 1.37, range of aPRs across the three countries). Having the knowledge to deal with a positive HIVST resulted in increased willingness to use HIVST (aPR range: 1.11 to 1.22), while a lack of trust in HIVST compared to HIV testing in clinics was inversely associated (aPR range: 0.80 to 0.90). In general, willingness to use HIVST was associated with higher income (aPR range: 1.49 to 1.97), higher education (aPR range: 1.13 to 1.42), and willingness to use PrEP (aPR range: 1.19 to 1.72). Efforts to increase HIVST knowledge and resolve perceived barriers are warranted, especially among MSM with lower income and education from Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. Personalized virtual counseling could be crucial among this population. In addition, those willing to use HIVST are also willing to use PrEP. It indicates that HIVST delivery could be incorporated into PrEP programs within the Brazilian Public Health System and eventually in Mexico and Peru.

Antimicrobial effect of Moringa oleifera seed powder against Vibrio cholerae isolated from the rearing water of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) postlarvae.

Shrimp farming has experienced rising costs as a result of disease outbreaks associated with Vibrio spp. Suitable strategies for disease prevention and control are therefore urgently needed. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Moringa oleifera seed powder against Vibrio cholerae in the rearing water of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) postlarvae. In vitro assays included the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of M. oleifera seed powder against V. cholerae, whereas in vivo assays included the effect of M. oleifera seed powder on bacterial load and water quality parameters in the rearing tanks, as well as its effect on shrimp postlarvae survival. M. oleifera seed powder inhibited the growth of V. cholerae with MIC values of 62·5 µg ml-1 . Moreover, seawater pH of treated tanks (8·66) was significantly lower (P < 0·01) than pH of the control tanks (9·02), whereas the visibility of treated tanks (37·08 cm) was significantly higher (P < 0·01) as compared to control tanks (35·37 cm). Likewise, V. cholerae load was significantly reduced (P < 0·01) from 4·7 × 104 to 3·1 × 103  CFU per ml in tanks treated with M. oleifera seed powder. Altogether, this study demonstrates the antimicrobial activity of M. oleifera against V. cholerae in shrimp culture.

Low socioeconomic status is associated with self-reported HIV positive status among young MSM in Brazil and Peru.

BACKGROUND: Despite efforts to stop HIV epidemic in Latin America, new HIV cases continue to increase in the region especially among young MSM (YMSM). This study aims to assess if sociodemographic characteristics are associated with self-reported HIV positive status among YMSM from three Latin American countries. METHODS: Cross-sectional web-based survey advertised on dating apps (Grindr and Hornet) and Facebook in Brazil, Mexico and Peru. For this analysis, we included YMSM aged 18-24 years who self-reported their HIV status. We used multivariable logistic regression models for each country separately to verify if sociodemographic characteristics (race, education and income) were associated with HIV self-reported status after adjusting for behavior characteristics (sexual attraction and steady partner). RESULTS: Among 43,687 MSM who initiated the questionnaire, 27,318 (62.5%) reported their HIV status; 7001 (25.6%) of whom were YMSM. Most YMSM (83.4%) reported an HIV test in the past year, and 15.7% reported an HIV positive status in Peru, 8.4% in Mexico and 7.7% in Brazil. In adjusted models, low-income was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status in Brazil (aOR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.01-1.75) and Peru (aOR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.02-2.40), but not in Mexico. Lower education was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status only in Brazil (aOR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.05-1.75). CONCLUSIONS: In this large, cross-country study, self-reported HIV positive status among YMSM was high. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher odds of self-reported HIV positive status in Brazil and Peru. There is an urgent need for HIV prevention interventions targeting YMSM, and efforts to address low-income YMSM are especially needed in Peru and Brazil.

Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from lineages B.1.1.7 (Alpha), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.110 by heating and UV irradiation.

Currently, the rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 is related to G clade (including GH, GR, GRY and GV clades), which are associated with more than 98 % of sequenced viral isolates worldwide. The unprecedented velocity of spread of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak represents a critical need for prevention strategies. Vaccines are recently being available and antiviral drugs have shown limited efficacy in COVID-19 patients. Thus, it is needed to know how to reduce the infectivity of the virus by different physicochemical conditions in order to prevent exposure to contaminated material. This work describes heating and irradiating UV-C light procedures to reduce the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 belonging to different three lineages. Results of physicochemical treatment showed no differences among viral lineages. Analytical conditions for efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 were determined.

B regulatory cells associated with changes in biochemical and inflammatory parameters in normal-glycemic individuals, pre-diabetes and T2DM patients.

AIM: To determine the percentages of (CD19 + CD24 + CD38+, CD19 + CD24 + CD27+, CD19 + IL-10+)-Breg cells, IL-17 single and IL-17+/IFN-γ double producers T cells and IFN-γ+ T cells, in normal-glycemic individuals, prediabetes and T2DM patients, and to analyze the association of Breg cells with metabolic parameters of T2DM. METHODS: percentages of Breg cells, IL-17+ and IL-17 + IFN-γ+ T cells, IFN-γ+ T cells and IL-10 were determined by flow cytometry. IL-6 levels were evaluated by ELISA assay. RESULTS: increased IL-6 levels, IL-17+ and IL-17 + IFN-γ+ T cells and a diminution of IL-10 levels and CD19 + IL-10+ cells in T2DM patients were observed. We found that CD19 + CD24 + CD27+ cells and CD19 + CD24 + CD38+ cells were increased in T2DM patients. The percentages of CD19 + CD24 + CD38+ cells were associated with HOMA-B, TyG index, HDL and cholesterol values. In normal-glycemic individuals, CD19 + CD24 + CD27+ cells were inversely associated to triglycerides and TyG index. In prediabetes patients, CD19 + CD24 + CD38+ cells were inversely related with cholesterol and LDL. Finally, CD19 + CD24 + CD38+ cells were inversely related with HDL values in T2DM patients. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that increased percentages of IL-17 single and IL-17/IFN-γ double producers T cells in T2DM patients may be a consequence of the initial CD19 + IL-10+ cells reduction. Furthermore, dyslipidemia could play an important role in percentages and activity of B regulatory cells.

Characterization of Potential Virulence Factors of Vibrio mimicus Isolated from Fishery Products and Water.

Vibrio mimicus is a Gram-negative bacterium that is closely related to V. cholerae and causes gastroenteritis in humans due to contaminated fish consumption and seafood. This bacterium was isolated and identified from 238 analyzed samples of sea water, oysters, and fish. Twenty strains were identified as V. mimicus according to amplification of the vmhA gene, which is useful as a marker of identification of the species. The production of lipases, proteases, and nucleases was detected; 45% of the strains were able to produce thermonucleases and 40% were capable of producing hydroxamate-type siderophores, and the fragment of the iuT gene was amplified in all of the V. mimicus strains. Seventy-five percent of V. mimicus strains showed cytopathic effect on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and destruction of the monolayer, and 100% of the strains were adherent on the HEp-2 cell line with an aggregative adherence pattern. The presence of virulence factors in V. mimicus strains obtained from fishery products suggests that another member of the Vibrio genus could represent a risk to the consumer due to production of different metabolites that allows it to subsist in the host.

A simple method for SARS-CoV-2 detection by rRT-PCR without the use of a commercial RNA extraction kit.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a pandemic caused by a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. The growing demand for commercial kits used for automated extraction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, a key step before rRT-PCR diagnosis, could cause a shortage of stocks that hinders the rapid processing of samples. Although the recommendation is to use automated methods for nucleic acid extraction, alternatives are necessary to replace commercial kits. However, these alternatives should be as reliable as automated methods. This work describes a simple method to detect SARS-CoV-2 from specimens collected in different preservation media. Samples were previously inactivated by heating and precipitating with a PEG/NaCl solution before rRT-PCR assays for Orf1ab, N and S genes. The new method was compared with an automated protocol of nucleic acid extraction. Both procedures showed similar analytical results. Consequently, this simple and inexpensive method is a suitable procedure for laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Impacts on water quality by in situ induced ozone­oxygen oxidation in a polluted urban reservoir.

The results of the successful implementation of a treatment based on the injection of ozone (O3) and oxygen (O2) into a contaminated body of water are reported for the first time. Three decontaminating units (SCAVENGER™), which have the capacity to inject up to 120 g O3/h and 250 Kg O2/h in the form of microbubbles (90 ± 10 µm in diameter), were placed in the contaminated Valsequillo reservoir, Central Mexico. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, 20 physicochemical parameters, 18 organic compounds, 66 inorganic compounds and 11 biological indicators were measured before, during and after the treatment; all of them in several representative sites of the east side of the Valsequillo reservoir. After 5 months of operating the SCAVENGER™ units in the eastern part of the reservoir, the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) increased 68%. Likewise, the chemical reducing conditions of the reservoir reflected by the low oxidation-reduction potential (ORP; -237 ± 75 mV) became quasi-oxidant (10 ± 58 mV). The treatment was efficient in water disinfection, presenting an 80% reduction in Fecal Coliforms (FC). Some heavy metals also showed a decrease in their concentration, being as follows: Al (65%), Cr (35%), Pb (46%), Zn (60%), Mn (20%), Mo (40%), Fe (32%), As (58%) and Co (26%). Due to the selective reactivity of ozone towards aliphatic and aromatic unsaturated compounds, several organic compounds reduced in their concentration by up to two orders of magnitude. Based on the above, it is evident that the treatment with ozone and oxygen was effective in substantially improving the quality of water in the east side of the Valsequillo reservoir.

Authorship Correction: Factors Associated With Willingness to Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru: Web-Based Survey Among Men Who Have Sex With Men.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/13771.].

Factors Associated With Willingness to Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru: Web-Based Survey Among Men Who Have Sex With Men.

BACKGROUND: HIV disproportionally affects key populations including men who have sex with men (MSM). HIV prevalence among MSM varies from 17% in Brazil and Mexico to 13% in Peru, whereas it is below 0.5% for the general population in each country. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine/tenofovir is being implemented in the context of combination HIV prevention. Reports on willingness to use PrEP among MSM have started to emerge over the last few years. Previously reported factors associated with willingness to use PrEP include awareness, higher sexual risk behavior, and previous sexually transmitted infection. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with willingness to use daily oral PrEP among MSM in 3 Latin American, middle-income countries (Brazil, Mexico, and Peru). METHODS: This Web-based, cross-sectional survey was advertised in 2 gay social network apps (Grindr and Hornet) used by MSM to find sexual partners and on Facebook during 2 months in 2018. Inclusion criteria were being 18 years or older, cisgender men, and HIV-negative by self-report. Eligible individuals answered questions on demographics, behavior, and PrEP (awareness, willingness to use, barriers, and facilitators). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to assess the factors associated with willingness to use daily oral PrEP in each country. RESULTS: From a total sample of 43,687 individuals, 44.54% of MSM (19,457/43,687) were eligible and completed the Web-based survey-Brazil: 58.42% (11,367/19,457), Mexico: 30.50% (5934/19,457), and Peru: 11.08% (2156/19,457); median age was 28 years (interquartile range: 24-34), and almost half lived in large urban cities. Most participants were recruited on Grindr (69%, 13,349/19,457). Almost 20% (3862/19,352) had never tested for HIV, and condomless receptive anal sex was reported by 40% (7755/19,326) in the previous 6 months. Whereas 67.51% (13,110/19,376) would be eligible for PrEP, only 9.80% (1858/18,959) of participants had high HIV risk perception. PrEP awareness was reported by 64.92% (12,592/19,396); this was lower in Peru (46.60%, 1002/2156). Overall, willingness to use PrEP was reported by 64.23% (12,498/19,457); it was highest in Mexico (70%, 4158/5934) and lowest in Peru (58%, 1241/2156). In multivariate regression models adjusted for age, schooling, and income in each country, willingness to use PrEP was positively associated with PrEP awareness and PrEP facilitators (eg, free PrEP and HIV testing) and negatively associated with behavioral (eg, concerned by daily pill regimen) and belief barriers (eg, sexual partners may expect condomless sex). CONCLUSIONS: In this first cross-country, Web-based survey in Latin America, willingness to use PrEP was found to be high and directly related to PrEP awareness. Interventions to increase awareness and PrEP knowledge about safety and efficacy are crucial to increase PrEP demand. This study provides important information to support the implementation of PrEP in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru.

Práctica pedagógica en la formación para el cuidado de enfermería / Pedagogical practice in nursing care formation / Prática pedagógica na formação para o cuidado de enfermagem

Objetivo: Explorar la práctica pedagógica docente en la formación para el cuidado de enfermería en la Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas. Material y método: Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio, descriptivo: la muestra la conformaron 21 informantes. La recolección de información fue por medio de entrevista semi estructurada. El análisis siguió un proceso de codificación abierta, axial y selectiva hasta obtener categorías emergentes. Resultados: Se identificaron las siguientes categorías: I) Convivencia y relaciones de cuidado/descuido en la formación de enfermería; II) (Des)articulación teórico- práctica en la enseñanza/aprendizaje del cuidado de enfermería: hacia la integración docente-asistente; III) Complementariedad docente/estudiante para la construcción de conocimiento y estrategias didácticas. Conclusiones: La pedagogía para el cuidado de enfermería se evidencia en un espacio de cuidado/descuido, demandan integración docencia-asistencia y se motivan para el fortalecimiento de competencias pedagógico didácticas, a través del aprendizaje basado en problemas, casos hipotéticos, laboratorios vivenciales y sociodramas e incluir como ejes trasversales el cuidado y la investigación.

Objective: To explore the pedagogical practice in nursing care formation among teachers of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas. Method and materials: This is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study, with a sample of 21 informants. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews. The analysis followed an open, axial, and selective coding process, until emerging categories were identified. Results: The following categories emerged: I) Co-living and care/negligence relationships in nursing formation; II) (Lack of) theory-practice articulation in teaching/learning nursing care: towards the teacher-assistant integration; III) Teacher/student complementarity in the construction of knowledge and didactical strategies. Conclusions: Pedagogy in nursing care is evidenced within a care/negligence space, and thus, it is necessary to strengthen the integration among teaching and assistance improving the pedagogical competencies through methodologies such as learning based on problem solving, presentation of hypothetical cases, use of laboratories, including those for high-fidelity simulation, among others.

Objetivo: Explorar a prática pedagógica docente na formação para o cuidado de enfermagem na Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas. Material e método: Estudo qualitativo, exploratório, descritivo: a amostra a conformaram 21 informantes. A recolecção de informação foi por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. A análise seguiu um processo de codificação aberta, axial e seletiva até obter categorias emergentes. Resultados: Identificaram-se as seguintes categorias: I) Convivência e relações de cuidado/descuido na formação de enfermagem; II) (Des)articulação teórico -prática no ensino/aprendizagem do cuidado de enfermagem: para a integração docente- assistente; III) Complementaridade docente/estudante para a construção de conhecimento e estratégias didáticas. Conclusões: A pedagogia para o cuidado de enfermagem evidencia-se em um espaço de cuidado/descuido, demandam integração, docência-assistência e motivam-se para o fortalecimento de competências pedagógico didáticas, através da aprendizagem, baseada em problemas, casos hipotéticos, laboratórios vivenciais e sociodramas e incluir como eixos transversais o cuidado e a pesquisa.

Implantación de condrocitos autólogos versus microfracturas para el tratamiento de lesiones del cartílago en la rodilla / Autologous chondrocytes implantation versus microfracture for the treatment of knee cartilage lesions

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia clínica y la seguridad de la terapia de microfracturas (MF) versus implantación de condrocitos autólogos en membrana (MACI) en el manejo de lesiones condrales de rodilla ≥ 3 cm2 y el seguimiento a 12 meses postratamiento. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, de Enero de 2016 a Diciembre de 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes con una o varias lesiones condrales en rodilla ≥ 3 cm2 para comparar la terapia MF versus MACI para la reparación de lesión condral. Se realizaron valoraciones clínicas y funcionales previas al tratamiento quirúrgico y 12 meses posteriores, con medición de los arcos de movimiento, escala EVA, Oxford e índice de Lequesne. Resultados: Se incluyeron 12 pacientes en MF y 12 pacientes en MACI. La lesión más frecuente se localizó en la patela en ocho pacientes (67%). Se demostró incremento en los arcos de movimiento, así como mejoría en la comparación entre el nivel basal y en el seguimiento a 12 meses: en EVA, MF mostró 48.4% y MACI 57.5% (p ≤ 0.05); escala de Oxford: MF 32.65% y MACI 51.04% (p ≤ 0.05); índice de Lequesne: MF 40.12% y MACI 50%. Se presentaron dos casos de derrame articular en MACI, que se resolvieron con la realización de artrotomías. Conclusión: En este estudio se demostró mejoría significativa en MACI con alivio del dolor, funcionalidad y arcos de movimiento en comparación con el tratamiento de MF en lesiones ≥ 3 cm2 del cartílago articular de rodilla después de un año de seguimiento.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of microfracture therapy (MF) versus implantation of autologous chondrocytes (MACI) in the management of chondral lesions of the knee ≥ 3 cm2 and follow up to 12 months post treatment. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2016 to December 2017. Patients with one or more chondral lesions in knee ≥ 3 cm2 were included to compare MF versus MACI therapy for the repair of chondral lesion. Clinical and functional evaluations were carried out prior to the surgical treatment and 12 months later, with measurement of the range of motion, EVA, Oxford scale and Lequesne index. Results: Twelve patients were included in MF and 12 patients in MACI. The most frequent lesion was located in the Patella in eight patients (67%). It showed an increase in the arcs of motion, as well as improvement in the comparison between baseline and follow-up at 12 months: in EVA, MF demonstrated 48.4% and MACI 57.5% (p ≤ 0.05); Oxford scale: MF 32.65% and MACI 51.04% (p ≤ 0.05); index of Lequesne: MF 40.12% and MACI 50%. Two cases of joint effusion were presented in MACI, which were resolved with the realization of arthrotomies. Conclusion: In this study, significant improvement was demonstrated in MACI with pain relief, functionality, and range of motion compared to the treatment of MF in lesions ≥ 3 cm2 of the articular cartilage of the knee after one year of follow-up.

Trasplante de menisco: experiencia con seguimiento clínico y funcional a un año / Meniscal transplant: clinical and functional experience at one year follow-up

Resumen: Introducción: En México se realizó el primer trasplante de menisco en 2002. El objetivo fue describir la evolución clínica de pacientes con dolor asociado al síndrome postmeniscectomía que fueron sometidos a trasplante de menisco alogénico (MAT), con bloques óseos vía artroscópica con seguimiento a un año. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva con seguimiento a un año; se incluyeron pacientes con dolor en interlínea articular secundario a meniscectomía parcial o total, entre 15 y 55 años de edad, de ambos sexos, que fueron sometidos a MAT. La evolución clínica se evaluó con EVA, SF-36 y escala de Lysholm; los resultados se describen en frecuencias, porcentajes y valor de p significativa < 0.05. Resultados: Se incluyeron nueve pacientes; ocho hombres y una mujer con edad de 31.3 años (16-52), el seguimiento fue de 16.6 meses (12-23). La EVA prequirúrgica fue de 8.5 (6-10) y al año de seguimiento el promedio de esta escala fue de 1.25 (0-5) (p < 0.001). En el seguimiento a un año posterior al MAT, la escala de Lysholm fue en promedio de 91 (68-100) y la SF-36 fue en promedio de 79.17 (65-92.92); tres pacientes regresaron a su práctica deportiva previa a la lesión. Conclusión: Éste es el primer reporte en México del seguimiento a un año del MAT; se demostró mejoría clínica significativa (p < 0.001) con remisión del dolor en la rodilla con meniscectomía previa y en algunos casos el retorno a la práctica deportiva.

Abstract: Introduction: In Mexico, the first meniscus transplant was performed in 2002. The objective was to describe the clinical evolution of patients with pain associated with postmenisectomy syndrome, who underwent meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT), with bony blocks via arthroscopy, with follow-up to one year. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study with a one-year follow-up was conducted. We included patients with joint interlining pain secondary to partial or total menisectomy, between 15 and 55 years of age, of both sexes, who underwent MAT. The clinical evolution was evaluated with visual analogue scale (VAS), SF-36 and Lysholm scale; the results are described in frequencies, percentages and p value was significant at < 0.05. Results: We included nine patients; eight men and one woman with an age of 31.3 years (16-52), the follow-up was 16.6 months (12-23). The preoperative VAS was 8.5 (6-10) and, at one year of follow-up, the average of this scale was 1.25 (0-5) (p < 0.001). In the follow-up one year after the MAT, the Lysholm scale was on average 91 (68-100) and the SF-36 was on average 79.17 (65-92.92); three patients returned to their sports practice prior to the injury. Conclusion: This is the first report in Mexico that describes the one year follow-up of the MAT; significant clinical improvement was demonstrated (p < 0.001) with remission of pain in the knee with previous menisectomy and in some cases the return to sports practice.

[Autologous chondrocytes implantation versus microfracture for the treatment of knee cartilage lesions]. / Implantación de condrocitos autólogos versus microfracturas para el tratamiento de lesiones del cartílago en la rodilla.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of microfracture therapy (MF) versus implantation of autologous chondrocytes (MACI) in the management of chondral lesions of the knee 3 cm2 and follow up to 12 months post treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2016 to December 2017. Patients with one or more chondral lesions in knee 3 cm2 were included to compare MF versus MACI therapy for the repair of chondral lesion. Clinical and functional evaluations were carried out prior to the surgical treatment and 12 months later, with measurement of the range of motion, EVA, Oxford scale and Lequesne index. RESULTS: Twelve patients were included in MF and 12 patients in MACI. The most frequent lesion was located in the Patella in eight patients (67%). It showed an increase in the arcs of motion, as well as improvement in the comparison between baseline and follow-up at 12 months: in EVA, MF demonstrated 48.4% and MACI 57.5% (p 0.05); Oxford scale: MF 32.65% and MACI 51.04% (p 0.05); index of Lequesne: MF 40.12% and MACI 50%. Two cases of joint effusion were presented in MACI, which were resolved with the realization of arthrotomies. CONCLUSION: In this study, significant improvement was demonstrated in MACI with pain relief, functionality, and range of motion compared to the treatment of MF in lesions 3 cm2 of the articular cartilage of the knee after one year of follow-up.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la eficacia clínica y la seguridad de la terapia de microfracturas (MF) versus implantación de condrocitos autólogos en membrana (MACI) en el manejo de lesiones condrales de rodilla 3 cm2 y el seguimiento a 12 meses postratamiento. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, de Enero de 2016 a Diciembre de 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes con una o varias lesiones condrales en rodilla 3 cm2 para comparar la terapia MF versus MACI para la reparación de lesión condral. Se realizaron valoraciones clínicas y funcionales previas al tratamiento quirúrgico y 12 meses posteriores, con medición de los arcos de movimiento, escala EVA, Oxford e índice de Lequesne. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 12 pacientes en MF y 12 pacientes en MACI. La lesión más frecuente se localizó en la patela en ocho pacientes (67%). Se demostró incremento en los arcos de movimiento, así como mejoría en la comparación entre el nivel basal y en el seguimiento a 12 meses: en EVA, MF mostró 48.4% y MACI 57.5% (p 0.05); escala de Oxford: MF 32.65% y MACI 51.04% (p 0.05); índice de Lequesne: MF 40.12% y MACI 50%. Se presentaron dos casos de derrame articular en MACI, que se resolvieron con la realización de artrotomías. CONCLUSIÓN: En este estudio se demostró mejoría significativa en MACI con alivio del dolor, funcionalidad y arcos de movimiento en comparación con el tratamiento de MF en lesiones 3 cm2 del cartílago articular de rodilla después de un año de seguimiento.