Enhancing drought stress tolerance and growth promotion in chiltepin pepper (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) through native Bacillus spp.

The drought can cause a decrease in food production and loss of biodiversity. In northern Mexico, an arid region, the chiltepin grows as a semi-domesticated crop that has been affected in its productivity and yield. An alternative to mitigate the effect of drought and aid in its conservation could be using Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB). The present study evaluated the capacity of native Bacillus spp., isolated from arid soils, as PGPBs and drought stress tolerance inducers in chiltepin under controlled conditions. Chiltepin seeds and seedlings were inoculated with native strains of Bacillus spp. isolated from arid soils, evaluating germination, vegetative, and drought stress tolerance parameters. The PGPBs improved vegetative parameters such as height, stem diameter, root length, and slenderness index in vitro. B. cereus (Bc25-7) improved in vitro survival of stressed seedlings by 68% at -1.02 MPa. Under greenhouse conditions, seedlings treated with PGPBs exhibited increases in root length (9.6%), stem diameter (13.68%), leaf fresh weight (69.87%), and chlorophyll content (38.15%). Bc25-7 alleviated severe water stress symptoms (7 days of water retention stress), and isolates B. thuringiensis (Bt24-4) and B. cereus (Bc25-7, and Bc30-2) increased Relative Water Content (RWC) by 51%. Additionally, the treated seeds showed improved germination parameters with a 46.42% increase in Germination Rate (GR). These findings suggest that using PGPBs could be an alternative to mitigate the effect of drought on chiltepin.

Ontogenetic changes in jaw leverage and skull shape in tufted and untufted capuchins.

The ontogeny of feeding is characterized by shifting functional demands concurrent with changes in craniofacial anatomy; relationships between these factors will look different in primates with disparate feeding behaviors during development. This study examines the ontogeny of skull morphology and jaw leverage in tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin monkeys. Unlike Cebus, Sapajus have a mechanically challenging diet and behavioral observations of juvenile Sapajus suggest these foods are exploited early in development. Landmarks were placed on three-dimensional surface models of an ontogenetic series of Sapajus and Cebus skulls (n = 53) and used to generate shape data and jaw-leverage estimates across the tooth row for three jaw-closing muscles (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid) as well as a weighted combined estimate. Using geometric morphometric methods, we found that skull shape diverges early and shape is significantly different between Sapajus and Cebus throughout ontogeny. Additionally, jaw leverage varies with age and position on the tooth row and is greater in Sapajus compared to Cebus when calculated at the permanent dentition. We used two-block partial least squares analyses to identify covariance between skull shape and each of our jaw muscle leverage estimates. Sapajus, but not Cebus, has significant covariance between all leverage estimates at the anterior dentition. Our findings show that Sapajus and Cebus exhibit distinct craniofacial morphologies early in ontogeny and strong covariance between leverage estimates and craniofacial shape in Sapajus. These results are consistent with prior behavioral and comparative work suggesting these differences are a function of selection for exploiting mechanically challenging foods in Sapajus, and further emphasize that these differences appear quite early in ontogeny. This research builds on prior work that has highlighted the importance of understanding ontogeny for interpreting adult morphology.

Immunohistochemistry and real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction: importance in the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis in a Peruvian population.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis is challenging even nowadays. This study aims to report the positivity rates of new diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in patients with intestinal tuberculosis, as well as describe the pathological and endoscopic features of intestinal tuberculosis in our population. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in patients diagnosed with intestinal tuberculosis, between 2010 to 2023 from the Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrion and a Private Pathology Center, both located in Peru. Clinical data was obtained, histologic features were independently re-evaluated by three pathologists; and immunohistochemistry and real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction evaluation were performed. The 33 patients with intestinal tuberculosis who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry was positive in 90.9% of cases, while real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction was positive in 38.7%. The ileocecal region was the most affected area (33.3%), and the most frequent endoscopic appearance was an ulcer (63.6%). Most of the granulomas were composed solely of epithelioid histiocytes (75.8%). Crypt architectural disarray was the second most frequent histologic finding (78.8%) after granulomas, but most of them were mild. CONCLUSION: Since immunohistochemistry does not require an intact cell wall, it demonstrates higher sensitivity compared to Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Therefore, it could be helpful for the diagnosis of paucibacillary tuberculosis.

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de mordeduras en personas mayores en la provincia de los Andes, región de Valparaíso, Chile / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of bites in the elderly in the Andes province, Valparaíso region, Chile

Introducción: las mordeduras constituyen un relevante problema de salud, con amplio espectro clínico, pudiendo causar la muerte. Existe escasa información del tema en personas mayores (PM). Método: análisis de base de datos realizada a partir de formularios de notificación de mordeduras de centros de salud y de Protocolos de Denuncia de Animal Mordedor en la provincia de Los Andes, Chile. Objetivo: caracterizar epidemiológicamente las mordeduras en personas mayores ocurridas en la provincia de Los Andes, V región,(2005-2007). Resultados: de los 2358 casos de mordeduras notificados, 234 casos ocurrieron en PM (9,92 por ciento del total de casos), con un promedio de edad de 70,09 ± 7,896 años (rango = 60-95 años). La tasa de mordeduras para PM fue de 657,1 por 100000 hbtes (2005), 745,8 por 100000 hbtes (2006) y 627,6 por 100000 hbtes (2007). De éstos, la mayoría se produjo en el sexo femenino (56,8 por ciento) (p 0,016). El animal mordedor más frecuente fue el perro (75,6 por ciento) en ambos sexos. La complicación más frecuente fue la herida (74,4 por ciento), seguida por enfermedad por arañazo de gato (2,1 por ciento) y fractura (1,3 por ciento). Hubo 1 caso de artritis y 1 de celulitis por mordedura de araña. Conclusiones: las mordeduras en personas mayores son causa de morbilidad importante. Es relevante mejorar los sistemas de registro y vigilancia, y las medidas de educación en la tenencia responsable de animales para lograr una disminución de casos. Se requieren más estudios para determinar otras complicaciones y consecuencias de mordeduras en PM no visualizadas en este estudio.(AU)

Introduction: bites are a relevant health problem, with a varied clinical spectrum, which can cause death. There is limited information about bites in old people (OP). Methods: database analysis made with bites notification forms by health centers and Animal Bites Reporting Protocols in the province of Los Andes, Chile. Objective: typify bites epidemiologically in old people in the province of Los Andes, V region (2005 to 2007). Objective: typify bites epidemiologically in elderly people in the province of Los Andes, V region (2005 to 2007). Results: 234 out of 2358 cases of reported bites occurred in OP (9.92 percent of all cases), with an average age of 70.09 ± 7.896 years (range = 60-95 years). The bite rate for OP was 657.1 per 100000 inhabitants (2005), 745.8 per 100000 inhabitants (2006) and 627.6 per 100000 inhabitants (2007). Of these, most of them occurred in females (56.8 percent) (p 0.016). The most frequent biting animal was the dog in both genders (75.6 percent). The most frequent complication was injury (74.4 percent), followed by cat scratch disease (2.1 percent) and fracture (1.3 percent). There was 1 case of arthritis and 1 case of cellulitis due to spider bite. The most frequent complication was the wound (74.4 percent), followed by cat's scratch disease (2.1 percent) and fracture (1.3 ). There was 1 case of arthritis and 1 case of cellulitis due to spider bite. Conclusions: bites in old people are a cause of relevant morbidity. It is relevant to improve the registration and surveillance systems, and the education measures in responsible animal tenure to achieve a reduction of of cases. More studies are required to determine other complications and consequences of bites in OP not visualized in this study.(AU)

Hiperplasia neuroendocrina en colitis linfocitica y colitis ulcerativa / Neuroendocrine hiperplasia in linfocitic and ulcerative colitis

Introducción: Algunos autores han demostrado incremento de células neuroendócrinas en colitis microscópica y colitis ulcerativa. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la presencia de células neuroendócrinas en colitis linfocítica, colitis colagenosa y colitis ulcerativa en comparación a controles. Materiales y métodos: Se usó inmunohistoquímica para identificar a las células neuroendócrinas a través del marcador cromogranina A. El estudio incluyó 10 casos de cada diagnóstico de colitis linfocítica, colitis colagenosa y colitis ulcerativa. Resultados: Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el conteo de células neuroendocrinas en colitis linfocítica (p=0,019104) y colitis ulcerativa en comparación con los controles (p=0,0077). En colitis colagenosa, se encontró un incremento de células neuroendocrinas pero no pudimos demostrar diferencias estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: Se demostró hiperplasia de células neuroendocrinas en colitis linfocítica y colitis ulcerativa, lo que confirma lo reportado por los pocos estudios anteriores realizados sobre el tema.

Introduction: Some authors have found increase of neuroendocrine cells in microscopic colitis and ulcerative colitis. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of neuroendocrine cells in ulcerative colitis and lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis. Materials and methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify neuroendocrine cells through marker chromogranin A (CgA). The study included 10 cases of each diagnosis of Lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis and ulcerative colitis. Results: There was statistically significant difference in the count of neuroendocrine cells, between lymphocytic colitis and control (p=0.019104), and between ulcerative colitis and controls (p=0.0077). In collagenous colitis there was an increase in neuroendocrine cells but we failed to find statistical differences. Conclusion: We could observe neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia in lymphocytic colitis and ulcerative colitis compared with controls, which confirm previous studies.

La evaluación psicológica infantil: metodología y aplicación de las técnicas proyectivas y psicométricas / Child psychological evaluation: methodology and application of projective and psychometric techniques

Teniendo en cuenta el valor del proceso evaluativo y diagnóstico en la infancia, con el presente escrito se pretendió conocer las definiciones, relaciones, diferencias y ventajas en la evaluación infantil dentro de los modelos psicoanalíticos y psicométricos. Para este fin se describe la relevancia de las pruebas, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad y su uso en la infancia. Se determinó que al ser la niñez un proceso de desarrollo constante, tanto biológico, psicológico como social, los procesos de evaluación proyectivos y psicométricos deben utilizarse de acuerdo a la necesidad de evaluación, los modelos teóricos de constructo y las necesidades del infante. Para esto se realiza un recorrido por el proceso de desarrollo infantil, describiendo los principales procesos de evaluación. Se concluye la importancia de la utilización de ambos modelos para un adecuado proceso diagnóstico, teniendo en cuenta que cada una de las técnicas proporciona ventajas y desventajas de acuerdo con el modelo, por lo que los procesos evaluativos y de valoración deben ser complementarios.

Actually the value of the evaluation process and diagnosis in childhood has been increasing, and this is why the present review aims to introduce the definitions, relationships, differences and advantages in child evaluation within psychoanalytic and psychometric models. For this purpose, the article show the relevance of both tests, considering the need and use in Childhood. In concordance with the child development that is considered a biological, psychological and social process, the evaluation projective and psychometric evaluation should be used according to the need for evaluation, construct, theoretical models and the needs of the infant. In this way the article shows the importance through the process of child development, describing the main processes of evaluation, and the importance of using both models for a proper diagnosis process. As conclusión, each of the techniques provides advantages and disadvantages according to the model, so that the evaluation and assessment processes must be complementary.

Genetic and serologic surveillance of rotavirus with P[8] and P[4] genotypes in feces from children in the city of Chihuahua, northern Mexico

Rotavirus vaccine was developed using the most prominent G and P genotypes circulating in children population. Therefore, severe gastroenteritis has been reduced around the world. This study investigated the G and P rotavirus genotypes circulating in children from two hospitals in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico. Additionally, polyclonal antibodies against Rotavirus Wa strain were used to determine their homotypic and heterotypic reactivity to both P[8] and P[4] genotypes. G1, G2, and G3 VP7 genotypes and P[8] and P[4] VP4 genotypes were detected in common and uncommon combinations as well as mixed infectious. The predominant combination was G1P[8]. Phylogenetic analysis of VP4 gene revealed the presence of P[8]-1 and P[8]-3 lineages of P[8] genotype and P[4]-5 lineage of P[4] genotype. All but five G1P[8] rotavirus were detected by polyclonal anti-Rotavirus Wa strain. Mutation analysis revealed differences in three of the four neutralizing epitopes previously reported to VP8* subunit of VP4 protein. Results of this study offer insights over genetic variants of field rotavirus that could be detected in a homotypic and heterotypic way by antibodies elicited to rotavirus with P[8] genotype (AU)

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El tratamiento del suicidio en la prensa española: ¿efecto werther o efecto papageno? / The treatment of suicide in the spanish press: ¿werther effect or papageno effect?

Introducción: El suicidio causa un millón de muertes cada año en todo el mundo. En España fallecieron 3180 personas en 2011 por este motivo. Los medios de comunicación ejercen gran influencia sobre las actitudes, creencias y comportamientos de la comunidad. Entre los medios de comunicación, la prensa es calificada como el medio de mayor influencia. Una considerable cantidad de literatura sugiere que los medios de comunicación podrían inducir a actos de imitación del suicidio, este fenómeno se conoce como efecto Werther. Por el contrario, el contenido de las noticias también puede constituir un efecto preventivo, denominado efecto Papageno. La O.M.S. ha elaborado unas recomendaciones dirigidas a los medios de comunicación como parte del programa de prevención del suicidio (SUPRE). Objetivo: En el presente estudio se analiza si la prensa tiene en cuenta las recomendaciones de la OMS para la publicación de las noticias sobre el suicidio. Metodología: Se recogen las noticias relacionadas con el suicidio aparecidas en la edición digital de cinco diarios españoles, (El País, El Mundo del Siglo Veintiuno, ABC, El Comercio de Asturias y La Nueva España), desde el 01/09/2011 hasta el 30/10/2012. Resultados: En la mayor parte de las noticias se dan detalles sobre el método; no se tienen en cuenta los antecedentes en salud mental; no se informa sobre ayudas y recursos comunitarios; se informa acerca del suicidio como algo inexplicable o simplista. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las noticias recogidas no tienen en cuenta las directrices de la OMS (AU)

Background: Suicide is the cause of death of one million per year. In Spain , 3180 people has been died for this reason in 2011. People are unaware of the risk factors associated with suicide. The media have a great influence on the attitudes , beliefs and behaviors in society. Among the media, the press is considered the most influential. A considerable amount of literature suggest that the media could lead to acts to imitation suicide. This kind of phenomenon is known as 'Werther effect' or 'Copycat'. On the other hand, the content of the news could have a preventive effect called 'Papageno effect'. The WHO (World Health Organization) has developed a series of recommendations to the media as part of the program 'suicide prevention' (SUPRE). Aim: This current study analyse whether the press has considered the recommendations of the WHO to publish news about suicide. Methodology: News about suicide of five spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo del Siglo Veintiuno, ABC, El Comercio de Asturias y La Nueva España) were collected during a year. From 01/09/2011 to 30/10/2012. Results: Most news give details about of used method; background in mental health are not taken into account; there are no reports on aid and community resources; sometimes they consider suicide something unexplainable. Conclusions: Most part of the newspaper don’t have into account the WHO recommendations for publish news abut suicide (AU)

Estudio preliminar sobre los niveles de exposición a PBDES en sangre y leche materna en México / Exposure levels of PBDES in blood and breast milk in Mexico, a preliminary study

Los retardantes de flama bromados han sido muy usados en las últimas décadas en muchos productos de consumo. Su producción, uso, lipofilicidad y persistencia, los han vuelto contaminantes ambientales ubicuos. Han sido detectados en el ser humano en varios países y poco se conoce sobre susefectos tóxicos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar de manera preliminar los niveles de exposición a difeniléteres polibromados (PBDEs) en la población mexicana. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a 5 mujeres de una zona urbana y muestras de leche materna a 7 de una zona rural. Los niveles de PBDEs en las mujeres de la zona urbana fueron de 21.5-37.5 ng/glípido y los de las mujeres rurales fueron 0.8-5.4 ng/g lípido.

The brominated flame retardants have been used in the last decades inmany products. Their production, use, lipofilicity and persistence, make them ubiquituos in the environment. They have been detected in humans in several countries and little is known about their toxics effects. The aim of this pilot study was to determine exposure levels of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in the Mexican population, blood samples were taken from five women living in an urban area, whereas breast milk samples were collected from seven rural women. The levels of PBDEs in theurban area were 21.5-37.5 ng/g lipid; whereas milk concentrations in rural women were 0.8-5.4 ng/glipid.

Efectividad del lavado quirurgico de manos en salas de cirugia del Hospital San Ignacio / Effectiveness of the surgical handwash in the operating room from Hospital San Ignacio

Estudio descriptivo evaluativo de corte transversal para medir la efectividad del lavado quirurgico de manos realizado por el personal de los quirofanos. Inicialmente, se observo la tecnica usada por 20 cirujanos, 10 instrumentadoras y 5 estudiantes de enfermeria sin informar al sujeto de estudio; los datos se registraron en una guia previamente elaborada, puesto que no se contaba con un protocolo. Posteriormente, se hicieron cultivos de la palma y las unas de las manos antes del lavado, inmediatamente despues y al finalizar la operacion, encontrandose que el 68.57 por ciento de las personas tenian algun tipo de microorganismos en las palmas antes del lavado y de estos el 37.5 por ciento eran patogenos. En el 88.57 por ciento se encontraron germenes en las unas, de los cuales el 32.26 por ciento fueron patogenos despues del lavado de manos. El 50 por ciento utilizo isodine y el otro 50 por ciento clorhexidina como jabon quirurgico. La tecnica de lavado de manos fue eficaz, para las palmas en el 79.16 por ciento , mientras que en quienes usaban unas largas no fue util el lavado de manos porque el 84.6 por ciento continuaba con microorganismos en contraste con quienes usaban unas cortas, en quienes solo se encontro flora en 31.8 por ciento . De las que entraron a cirugia con las manos libres de microorganismos, 86.66 por ciento despues de cirugia continuaron con cultivos negativos aun despues de 210 mia de cirugia sin que hubiese relacion con el tipo de herida quirurgica, aun cuando si la hubo con el tipo de personal. Se propone establecer un protocolo que incluya las tecnicas, los antisepticos empleados por las personas que presentaron cultivos negativos..