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The current study describes a new species of nematode, Orientatractis matosi n. sp. (Atractidae), from the stomach and large intestine of Podocnemis unifilis Troschel, 1848 (Testudinidae), collected in the Tocantins and Xingu rivers in the Brazilian state of Pará. The new species was described using light and scanning electron microscopy and differs from its congeners mainly in the number and distribution of the male caudal papillae and by having a shorter right spicule. Orientatracits matosi n. sp. is the eleventh species of the genus Orientatractis Petter, 1966, the third reported from the Amazon, and the second described from P. unifilis.
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Peritoneal metastases (PM) occur when cancer cells spread inside the abdominal cavity and entail an advanced stage of colorectal cancer (CRC). Prognosis, which is poor, correlates highly with tumour burden, as measured by the peritoneal cancer index (PCI). Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) in specialized centres should be offered especially to patients with a low to moderate PCI when complete resection is expected. The presence of resectable metastatic disease in other organs is not a contraindication in well-selected patients. Although several retrospective and small prospective studies have suggested a survival benefit of adding hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) to CRS, the recently published phase III studies PRODIGE-7 in CRC patients with PM, and COLOPEC and PROPHYLOCHIP in resected CRC with high-risk of PM, failed to show any survival advantage of this strategy using oxaliplatin in a 30-min perfusion. Final results from ongoing randomized phase III trials testing CRS plus HIPEC based on mitomycin C (MMC) are awaited with interest. In this article, a group of experts selected by the Spanish Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumours (TTD) and the Spanish Group of Peritoneal Oncologic Surgery (GECOP), which is part of the Spanish Society of Surgical Oncology (SEOQ), reviewed the role of HIPEC plus CRS in CRC patients with PM. As a result, a series of recommendations to optimize the management of these patients is proposed.
Subject(s)
Colorectal Neoplasms , Hyperthermia, Induced , Peritoneal Neoplasms , Humans , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Peritoneal Neoplasms/secondary , Retrospective Studies , Prospective Studies , Combined Modality Therapy , Hyperthermia, Induced/methods , Survival RateABSTRACT
RESUMEN Fundamento: la inactividad física se ha identificado como uno de los principales factores para la mortalidad global y se encuentra en aumento en muchos países. Objetivo: elaborar una propuesta de estrategia de intervención educativa a Equipo Básico de Salud sobre la actividad física durante la gestación en el Policlínico Comunitario Universitario Cecilio Ruíz de Zarate del municipio Cienfuegos en el año 2021. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo: Investigación, desarrollo e innovación en la cual se asumió un diseño descriptivo. El universo estuvo constituido por 72 profesionales. La base de datos y el procesamiento de estos se realizó al utilizar el SPSS, Versión 25,0. Se utilizaron de la estadística descriptiva números absolutos y porcentaje y para la variabilidad de la variable la desviación estándar. Para variables cuantitativas la media aritmética y la desviación estándar. La validación de instrumentos del conocimiento se realizó mediante el método Moriyama. Resultados: el 44,5 % de los profesionales se encontraron en el grupo etáreo de 25 a 29 años, las féminas representaron el 89,0 %. Las enfermeras licenciadas representaron el 36,1 % y con más de 10 años de graduadas representó el 45,8 %. El 90,3 % no tiene antecedentes de capacitación previa. Solo el 26,3 % de los integrantes del Equipo Básico respondió correctamente los cuestionarios. Conclusiones: el Equipo Básico de Salud está integrado mayoritariamente por féminas con experiencia laboral de más de 10 años, pero sin capacitación previa. Existieron fallas en el conocimiento, de ahí la importancia de realizar intervenciones educativas y de sensibilización para elevar nivel de conocimientos, incorporar gestantes a la práctica de actividad física y mejorar la calidad de vida de estas.
ABSTRACT Background: physical activity has been identified as one of the main factors for global mortality and is increasing in many countries. Objective: to develop a proposal for an educational intervention strategy for the Basic Health Team on physical activity during pregnancy. Methods: a type of research was carried out: Research, development and innovation in which a descriptive design is assumed. The universe consisted of 72 professionals. The database and the processing of these was done using SPSS, Version 25.0. Absolute numbers and percentage were used for descriptive statistics and standard deviation for variable variability. For quantitative variables, the arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The validation of knowledge instruments was carried out using the Moriyama method. Results: 44.5 % of the professionals were found in the age group of 25 to 29 years, females represented 89.0 %. Licensed nurses represented 36.1 % and with more than 10 years of graduation representing 45.8 %. 90.3 % do not have a history of previous training. Only 26.3 % of the core team members answered the questionnaires correctly. Conclusions: the Basic Health Team is mostly made up of women with work experience of more than 10 years, but without previous training. There were gaps in knowledge, hence the importance of carrying out educational and awareness interventions to raise the level of knowledge, incorporate pregnant women to practice physical activity and improve their quality of life.
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This article presents a 60 years wave hindcast from 1958 to 2017, covering the Colombian Caribbean basin. Each output consists on 6-hour field of significant wave height H s , mean wave period T m - 01 , T mm - 10 and mean direction θ m with a resolution of 11.8 km × 11.4 km. The simulation was performed using SWAN model forced with JRA-55 wind fields. Model data is validated against NOAA buoy 42058 located in the central Caribbean. The resolution and time spam of this database allows to perform either coastal engineering projects as well as to perform research in seasonal and interannual wave climate variability including large return periods to evaluate coastal vulnerability.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107153.].
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La problemática de la contaminación marina y su marcada influencia en la salud de los ecosistemas costeros, está estrechamente relacionada con el aumento creciente de las poblaciones que habitan estas zonas y, de igual manera, con el incremento de las actividades domésticas, agrícolas e industriales que, por el mal manejo e inadecuado control de los desechos sólidos y líquidos, afectan el medio marino con significativas implicaciones a nivel ecológico, socioeconómico y de salubridad (Marín et al., 2005). Cada vez más la contaminación en el planeta abarca un tema importante de tratar, esto se debe al agotamiento de los recursos naturales y al calentamiento global que afecta a toda la humanidad de diferentes maneras. Vargas (2016) aclara que la sostenibilidad juega un papel fundamental que busca no poner en peligro al medio ambiente ni los recursos naturales que existen en el lugar. Con el propósito de evaluar los efectos e impactos que ocasionan la contaminación, la susceptibilidad al deterioro de funciones ecológicas, servicicos ecosistemicos, y la capacidad de adaptación, se desarrollo un análisis integrado de amenazas y vulnerabilidad ante la contaminación orgánica y microbiológica en la población costera de Santa Elena-Ecuador, 2020. La presente investigación permitio evidenciar el estado de vulnerabilidad de la localidad situada en zona costera de Santa Elena, ante la contaminación orgánica y microbiológica. Asimismo puede ser utilizada como soporte en la generación de planes y programas que ofrezcan para el control y disminución de la contaminación en los hogares como en la zona marino-costera, en la medida en que se identifican puntos clave para el fortalecimiento de la comunidad tanto en términos de infraestructura como el caso de los servicios de acueducto y alcantarillado así como de capital social y dependencia del uso de agua en la comunidad en estudio(AU)
The problem of marine pollution and its marked influence on the health of coastal ecosystems, is closely related to the growing increase in the populations that inhabit these areas and, in the same way, with the increase in domestic, agricultural and industrial activities that, due to the mismanagement and inadequate control of solid and liquid waste, affect the marine environment with significant implications at an ecological, socioeconomic and health level (Marín et al., 2005). More and more pollution on the planet encompasses an important issue to deal with, this is due to the depletion of natural resources and global warming that affects all of humanity in different ways. Vargas (2016) clarifies that sustainability plays a fundamental role that seeks not to endanger the environment or the natural resources that exist in the place. In order to evaluate the effects and impacts caused by pollution, susceptibility to deterioration of ecological functions, ecosystem services, and adaptation capacity, an integrated analysis of threats and vulnerability to organic and microbiological contamination was developed in the coastal population of Santa Elena-Ecuador, 2020. The present investigation allowed showing the state of vulnerability of the locality located in the coastal zone of Santa Elena, in the face of organic and microbiological contamination. It can also be used as a support in the generation of plans and programs that offer for the control and reduction of pollution in homes and in the marine-coastal zone, to the extent that key points are identified for the strengthening of the community both in terms of infrastructure, such as the case of the aqueduct and sewerage services, as well as social capital and dependence on the use of water in the community under study(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sustainable TourismABSTRACT
atmosférica es responsable de 6.67 millones de muertes al año por accidentes cardiovasculares, enfermedades cardíacas, cáncer de pulmón y enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (HEI, 2020; OMS, 2021). La presente investigación determino la calidad del aire en la ciudad San Francisco de Milagro y su influencia en la salud poblacional. Los esultados expresan, que la concentración promedio de estos gases están dentro delos estándares establecidos por la OMS (2005), OMS (2018); para cada uno de ellos y por ende no son dañinos para la salud de la población en esudio. Sin embargo, actividades de desarrollo local como el caso de obras de construcción, estarían causando molestias en la población, debido a la falta de control y regulación ambiental, como lo demostró el estudio de percepciones(AU)
Environmental pollution is a global health problem with serious negative implications for humans. According to the WHO, air pollution is responsible for 6.67 million deaths per year from cardiovascular accidents, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic respiratory diseases (HEI, 2020; WHO, 2021). This research determined the air quality in the city of San Francisco de Milagro and its influence on population health. The results express that the average concentration of these gases are within the standards established by the WHO (2005), WHO (2018); for each of them and therefore are not harmful to the health of the population under study. However, local development activities such as construction works would be causing inconvenience to the population, due to the lack of environmental control and regulation, as the perceptions study showed(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Air Pollution , Cardiovascular Diseases , Environmental Health , Air PollutantsABSTRACT
Se realizó una investigación de tipo no experimental, transversal y descriptiva para establecer las características epidemiológicas de los accidentes en el hogar de 112 pacientes entre 2 a 13 años de edad que ingresaron a la Atención Médica Inmediata (AMI) del Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga entre diciembre 2018 y enero 2019. La mayoría de los pacientes son preescolares (46%), del sexo masculino (71%) y de procedencia urbana (59,8%). En cuanto a las madres, predominaron aquellas mayores de 30 años (39,2%), con grado de instrucción secundaria (44,6%) y amas de casa (69,6%). La mayoría de los padres son mayores de 30 años (54,5%), tienen educación primaria (37,5%) y trabajan fuera del hogar (90,1%). Con respecto a los cuidadores, predominaron los mayores de 30 años (67%) y en su mayoría son familiares del niño (93%). El día de mayor frecuencia de los accidentes en el hogar fueron los viernes (18,8%), en el horario de 1 a 6:59 pm (46%) y el lugar más frecuente fue en el patio (36,6%). El tipo de accidente predominante fueron las caídas (34,9%), seguida de las quemaduras (25%) e intoxicaciones (21,4%). Este estudio permitió conocer las características epidemiológicas de los accidentes en el hogar y aporta datos para la toma de decisiones y la elaboración de protocolos de prevención(AU)
A non-experimental, transversal, descriptive study was conducted to establish the epidemiological characteristics of accidents in the home of 112 patients between 2 and 13 years of age who attended the Atención Médica Inmediata (AMI) of the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga between December 2018 and January 2019. Most patients are preschoolers (46%), male sex (71%) and from urban areas (59.8%). In most cases, mothers were older than 30 years (39.2%), with secondary education (44.6%) and homemakers (69.6%). The majority of fathers were older than 30 years (54.5%), with primary education (37.5%) and worked outside the home (90.1%). Most caregivers were older than 30 years (67%) and relatives of the child (93%). Accidents occurred predominantly on Friday (18.8%), from 1 to 6:59 pm (46%) and in the yard (36.6%). Most frequent type of accident were falls (34.9%), followed by burns (25%) and poisoning (21.4%). This study allowed us to know the epidemiological characteristics of accidents in the home and provides data for decision-making and the development of prevention protocols(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Accidental Falls , Accidents, Home/statistics & numerical data , Epidemiologic Study Characteristics , Accidental Injuries , Pediatrics , Child Care , Hospitals, PediatricABSTRACT
Abstract Objective Since the present group had already described the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Brazilian infants under low social economic level, the aim of the present study was to analyze the microbial community structure changes in this group of infants during their early life due to external factors. Methods Fecal samples were collected from 11 infants monthly during the first year of life. The infants were followed regarding clinical and diet information and characterized according to breastfeeding practices. DNA was extracted from fecal samples of each child and subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction - Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Results The results revealed a pattern of similarity between the time points for those who were on exclusive breastfeeding or predominant breastfeeding. Although there were changes in intensity and fluctuation of some bands, the Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis patterns in the one-year microbial analysis were stable for breastfeeding children. There was uninterrupted ecological succession despite the influence of external factors, such as complementary feeding and antibiotic administration, suggesting microbiota resilience. This was not observed for those children who had mixed feeding and introduction of solid food before the 5th month of life. Conclusion These results suggested an intestinal microbiota pattern resilient to external forces, due to the probiotic and prebiotic effects of exclusive breastfeeding, reinforcing the importance of exclusive breastfeeding until the 6th month of life.
Resumo Objetivo Como nosso grupo já havia descrito a composição da microbiota intestinal de neonatos brasileiros em baixo nível socioeconômico, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar alterações estruturais da comunidade microbiana desse grupo de neonatos no início de sua vida devido a fatores externos. Métodos Amostras fecais foram coletadas mensalmente de 11 neonatos durante o primeiro ano de vida. Os neonatos foram acompanhados com relação a informações clínicas e nutricionais e caracterizados de acordo com práticas de amamentação. O DNA foi extraído das amostras fecais de cada criança e submetido a análise através da técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase - Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante. Resultados Os resultados revelaram um padrão de similaridade entre seus próprios pontos temporais em indivíduos em aleitamento materno exclusivo ou predominante. Apesar de variações na intensidade e flutuação de algumas bandas, o padrão Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante na análise microbiana de um ano foi estável em crianças em aleitamento materno. Houve sucessão ecológica ininterrupta apesar da influência de fatores externos, como alimentação complementar e administração de antibióticos, sugeriu resiliência da microbiota. Isso não foi observado nas crianças com alimentação heterogênea e introdução de alimentos sólidos antes do quinto mês de vida. Conclusão Nossos resultados sugerem um padrão de microbiota intestinal resiliente a forças externas, devido a efeitos probióticos e prebióticos do aleitamento materno exclusivo, reforçam a importância do aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês de vida.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Bacteria/immunology , Breast Feeding , Feces/microbiology , Intestines/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacteria/genetics , RNA, Bacterial/analysis , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Electrophoresis, Agar GelABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hispanic Americans consistently exhibit an intergenerational increase in the prevalence of many noncommunicable chronic physical and mental disorders. METHODS: We review and synthesize evidence suggesting that a constellation of prenatal and postnatal factors may play crucial roles in explaining this trend. We draw from relevant literature across several disciplines, including epidemiology, anthropology, psychology, medicine (obstetrics, neonatology), and developmental biology. RESULTS: Our resulting model is based on evidence that among women, the process of postmigration cultural adjustment (i.e., acculturation) is associated, during pregnancy and after delivery, with psychological and behavioral states that can affect offspring development in ways that may alter susceptibility to noncommunicable chronic disease risk in subsequent-generation Hispanic Americans. We propose one integrated process model that specifies the biological, behavioral, psychological, and sociocultural pathways by which maternal acculturation may influence the child's long-term health. We synthesize evidence from previous studies to describe how acculturation among Hispanic American mothers is associated with alterations to the same biobehavioral systems known to participate in the processes of prenatal and postnatal developmental programming of disease risk. In this manner, we focus on the concepts of biological and cultural mother-to-child transmission across the prenatal and postnatal life phases. We critique and draw from previous hypotheses that have sought to explain this phenomenon (of declining health across generations). We offer recommendations for examining the transgenerational effects of acculturation. CONCLUSION: A life course model with a greater focus on maternal health and well-being may be key to understanding transgenerational epidemiological trends in minority populations, and interventions that promote women's wellness may contribute to the elimination or reduction of health disparities.
Subject(s)
Acculturation , Hispanic or Latino/psychology , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Intergenerational Relations , Mothers/psychology , Postnatal Care , Prenatal Care , Adult , Child , Child Health , Female , Humans , Maternal Behavior , Pregnancy , Puerto Rico , Socioeconomic Factors , United States , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Since the present group had already described the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Brazilian infants under low social economic level, the aim of the present study was to analyze the microbial community structure changes in this group of infants during their early life due to external factors. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from 11 infants monthly during the first year of life. The infants were followed regarding clinical and diet information and characterized according to breastfeeding practices. DNA was extracted from fecal samples of each child and subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction - Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. RESULTS: The results revealed a pattern of similarity between the time points for those who were on exclusive breastfeeding or predominant breastfeeding. Although there were changes in intensity and fluctuation of some bands, the Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis patterns in the one-year microbial analysis were stable for breastfeeding children. There was uninterrupted ecological succession despite the influence of external factors, such as complementary feeding and antibiotic administration, suggesting microbiota resilience. This was not observed for those children who had mixed feeding and introduction of solid food before the 5th month of life. CONCLUSION: These results suggested an intestinal microbiota pattern resilient to external forces, due to the probiotic and prebiotic effects of exclusive breastfeeding, reinforcing the importance of exclusive breastfeeding until the 6th month of life.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Bacteria/immunology , Breast Feeding , Feces/microbiology , Intestines/microbiology , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacteria/genetics , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Bacterial/analysis , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysisABSTRACT
Objetivo: Identificar o grau de conhecimento dos cuidadores e/ou familiares de pacientes com demência sobre a doença e as alterações de deglutição envolvidas por meio de questionário específico. Material e Métodos: Foram entrevistados 150 acompanhantes de pacientes com demência atendidos em um hospital público terciário. Foram realizadas questões acerca do conhecimento do cuidador sobre o diagnóstico de demência dos pacientes e da atuação fonoaudiológica nestes casos. Coletadas as informações,realizou-se a análise descritiva dos dados. Resultados: A demência de Alzheimer foi diagnosticada em 58,7% dos pacientes envolvidos na pesquisa. Os cuidadores eram, em98% dos casos, familiares dos pacientes, 82,7% do gênero feminino, e 48,7% filhos; 52,7% dos cuidadores descreveram perda de memória como manifestação do quadro clínico do paciente que cuidavam; 56% dos entrevistados relataram conhecer a existência do profissional fonoaudiólogo, e 79,3%não sabiam em que o fonoaudiólogo poderia auxiliar na assistência do paciente com demência. Na percepção das alterações fonoaudiológicas 36,6% observavam comprometimento da deglutição. Conclusão: Os conhecimentos dos cuidadores, acerca da demência e das alterações de deglutição, foram precários. É essencial que os cuidadores recebam orientações específicas para identificar os sinais de alterações de deglutição e favorecer uma alimentação segura para o paciente e evitar complicações futuras como pneumonias aspirativas.
Objective: To identify the degree of knowledge of caregivers and/or family members of patients with dementia about the disease and swallowing alterations. Materials and Methods:We interviewed 150 caregivers of patients with dementia treated in a tertiary health care public hospital. A specific questionnaire was used to collect information about the caregivers knowledge on diagnosis of dementia and on the role of speech language therapy in these cases. The data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Alzheimers dementiawas diagnosed in 58.7% of patients included in the research. Caregivers were family members in 98% of the cases; 82.7% were female; and 48.7% sons/daughters. A total of 52.7% of caregivers reported that memory loss was the clinical manifestation of the patient who they took care for; 56% reported knowing the existence of a professional speech language therapist, and 79.3% did not know how the speech language therapist could help in the care of the patient with dementia. With regard to the perception of speech language, 36.6% observed impaired swallowing. Conclusion: The knowledge of caregivers about dementia and swallowing disorders was found to be poor. It is essential that caregivers receive specific guidelines to identify signs of swallowing disorders and assist in the patients safe eating in order to prevent future complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Alzheimer Disease , Caregivers , Deglutition , Dementia , Speech, Language and Hearing SciencesABSTRACT
The global urban population is increasing rapidly, but patterns of urban expansion differ greatly among countries. Urban transition theory predicts that the shift from low to high urbanization depends on a country's history and level of economic development. This study describes urban expansion in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia between 1992 and 2009. Urban dynamics were analyzed by combining nighttime lights and census data from 4032 municipalities. High-lit areas (>52-63 pixel values) were correlated with urban populations across municipalities and years (R (2) > 0.90). Analyses showed that between 1992 and 2009 Bolivia and Ecuador had rapid population growth and rapidly increasing high-lit areas, while Peru and Colombia had lower rates of population growth and urbanization (i.e., expansion of high-lit areas). We demonstrate how nighttime lights can be a useful tool, providing a homogeneous platform for multi-scale analyses of urban growth.
Subject(s)
Urbanization , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , PeruABSTRACT
National immunization rates indicate high vaccine coverage in Mesoamerica, but there is growing evidence that the most vulnerable groups are not being reached by immunization programs. Therefore, there is likely low effective vaccine coverage in the region, leading to persistent and growing health inequity. The planning phase of this project was from June to December 2009. The project will be conducted in the target populations which includes children under five, pregnant women, and women of child-bearing age from the most vulnerable populations within countries of the Mesoamerican region, as indicated geographically by a low human development index (HDI) and/or high prevalence of poverty at the municipal level and through the use of participatory methods to define poverty and vulnerability in local contexts. We defined three lines of action for vaccine-preventable disease interventions: 1) pilot projects to fill gaps in knowledge; 2) strengthening immunization policy; and 3) implementation of evidence-based practices. Health system strengthening through health equity is the central regional objective of the immunization workgroup. We hope to have a transformational impact on health systems so as to improve effective coverage, including vaccine and other integrated primary healthcare services.
Subject(s)
Health Promotion/organization & administration , Immunization Programs/organization & administration , Public Health , Central America , Child , Child Mortality , Child, Preschool , Community Health Services/economics , Community Health Services/organization & administration , Developing Countries , Evidence-Based Medicine , Female , Goals , Health Policy , Health Promotion/economics , Health Services Needs and Demand , Humans , Immunization Programs/economics , Infant , Infant Mortality , International Cooperation , Mexico , Pilot Projects , Poverty , Pregnancy , Regional Health Planning , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable PopulationsABSTRACT
Las cifras nacionales de inmunización indican altas coberturas de vacunación en Mesoamérica, sin embargo, hay evidencia creciente de que los grupos más vulnerables no son alcanzados por los programas de vacunación. La planeación de este proyecto se llevó a cabo entre junio y diciembre de 2009. La ejecución del proyecto se llevará a cabo en la población objetivo seleccionada a partir de junio de 2011. Está integrada por niños menores de cinco años y mujeres en edad fértil de las poblaciones más vulnerables en los países de Mesoamérica, identificadas geográficamente por un bajo índice de desarrollo humano o por la alta prevalencia de pobreza en el ámbito municipal, o a través del uso de métodos participativos para definir pobreza y vulnerabilidad en contextos locales. El Grupo de Trabajo ha definido tres líneas de acción para las intervenciones de enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación, para lograr una mejor cobertura efectiva en poblaciones vulnerables: 1) estudios piloto de coberturas para vacíos de conocimiento, 2) fortalecimiento de las políticas de vacunación, 3) ejecución de prácticas basadas en evidencia. El fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud bajo la óptica de equidad en salud es el objetivo regional central del Grupo de Trabajo en inmunizaciones enfocado en un aumento de la cobertura efectiva.
National immunization rates indicate high vaccine coverage in Mesoamerica, but there is growing evidence that the most vulnerable groups are not being reached by immunization programs. Therefore, there is likely low effective vaccine coverage in the region, leading to persistent and growing health inequity. The planning phase of this project was from June to December 2009. The project will be conducted in the target populations which includes children under five, pregnant women, and women of child-bearing age from the most vulnerable populations within countries of the Mesoamerican region, as indicated geographically by a low human development index (HDI) and/or high prevalence of poverty at the municipal level and through the use of participatory methods to define poverty and vulnerability in local contexts. We defined three lines of action for vaccine-preventable disease interventions: 1) pilot projects to fill gaps in knowledge; 2) strengthening immunization policy; and 3) implementation of evidence-based practices. Health system strengthening through health equity is the central regional objective of the immunization workgroup. We hope to have a transformational impact on health systems so as to improve effective coverage, including vaccine and other integrated primary healthcare services.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Pregnancy , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Immunization Programs/organization & administration , Public Health , Central America , Child Mortality , Community Health Services/economics , Community Health Services/organization & administration , Developing Countries , Evidence-Based Medicine , Goals , Health Policy , Health Promotion/economics , Health Services Needs and Demand , Immunization Programs/economics , Infant Mortality , International Cooperation , Mexico , Pilot Projects , Poverty , Regional Health Planning , Vaccination , Vulnerable PopulationsABSTRACT
El presente estudio "Nivel de conocimientos de los pacientes ambulatorios sobre los efectos secundarios de la quimioterapia 'en la Unidad de Oncología Médica del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza-¬2009", tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de conocimientos de los pacientes ambulatorios sobre los efectos secundarios de la quimioterapia e identificar el nivel de conocimientos de los pacientes sobre los efectos secundarios de la quimioterapia en la dimensión física y psicológica. Material y Método: El estudio es de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 40 pacientes ambulatorios. El instrumento utilizado fue un formulario tipo cuestionario. Resultados: del 100 por ciento (40), 62.5 por ciento (25) tuvieron conocimiento medio, 20 por ciento (8) alto y 17.5 por ciento (7) bajo. En la dimensión física, 77.5 por ciento (31) medio, 12.5 por ciento (5) alto y 10 por ciento (4) bajo. En la dimensión psicológica, 80 por ciento (32) medio, 15 por ciento (6) alto y 5 por ciento (2) bajo. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimiento de la mayoría de los pacientes ambulatorios sobre los efectos secundarios de la quimioterapia es medio con tendencia a bajo y un porcentaje considerable alto; de igual manera en la dimensión física y psicológica. Los aspectos que desconocen esta relacionado al dolor general en el cuerpo, caída del cabello, náuseas y vómitos, que su actividad se volverá lenta; están preocupados por no poder curarse rápido, tienen depresión, cambia su temperamento, y tienen temor a no poder disfrutar de la vida como antes
This study "Level of knowledge of outpatients on side effects of chemotherapy in Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital National Arzobispo Loayza-2009", was designedto determine the level of knowledge of outpatients on side effects chemotherapy and to identify the level of knowledge of patients about the side effects of chemotherapy on physical and psychological dimension. Material and Methods: The study of application level, quantitative, cross sectional method. The population consisted of 40 outpatients. The instrument used was a standard form questionnaire. Results: 100 per cent (40), 62.5 per cent (25) had average knowledge, 20 per cent (8) high and 17.5 per cent (7) below. In the physical dimension, 77.5 per cent (31) half, 12.5 per cent (5) high and 10 per cent (4) low. In the psychological dimension, 80 per cent (32) medium, 15 per cent (6) high and 5 per cent (2) low. Conclusions: The level of knowledge of most of outpatients on chemotherapy side effects is medium with a tendency to low and a considerable proportion, just as in the physical and psychological dimension. The unknown aspects is related to general body pain, hair loss, nausea and vomiting, their activity will be slow, they are worried about not being able to heal faster, have depression, changes his temperament, and are afraid of not being able to enjoy of life as before
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Oncology Nursing , Outpatients , Drug TherapyABSTRACT
Outbreaks of influenza A (H1N1) of avian- or swine-related origin have substantially impacted human populations. The most dramatic pandemic of influenza H1N1 occurred during 1918-1919 producing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the 20th century, two other major pandemics took place but they were the H2N2 and H3N2 reassorted influenza strains. In 1976, a small outbreak of swine-related H1N1 in the U.S. led to a national scare but without any significant public health impact. More recently, in April 2009, in Mexico, and subsequently worldwide, an influenza (H1N1) triple reassortant strain produced >200,000 laboratory-confirmed cases and resulted in >2000 deaths. In August 2009, WHO declared this outbreak as the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. It is critical to apply lessons learned during previous pandemics to mitigate the public health impact of the ongoing influenza pandemic in 2009. In particular, it is useful to compare the events in Mexico in 2009 to those during the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-1919.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Animals , Disease Outbreaks/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Influenza, Human/history , Influenza, Human/mortality , Influenza, Human/transmission , Influenza, Human/virology , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in water buffaloes is reported for the first time in South America. The prevalence of STEC ranged from 0 to 64% depending on the farm. STEC isolates exhibiting the genetic profiles stx(1)stx(2)ehxA iha saa and stx(2)ehxA iha saa predominated. Of the 20 distinct serotypes identified, more than 50% corresponded to serotypes associated with human diseases.
Subject(s)
Escherichia coli Proteins , Escherichia coli/immunology , Escherichia coli/pathogenicity , Shiga Toxins/biosynthesis , Virulence/genetics , Animals , Brazil , Buffaloes , Cattle/microbiology , Disease Reservoirs , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Serotyping , Shiga Toxins/geneticsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Los recién nacidos presentan las tasas más elevadas de infección nosocomial (IN) y estas infecciones son una causa importante de morbi-mortalidad, especialmente en las áreas de cuidados intensivos. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia, el sitio y los principales microorganismos causales de infecciones nosocomiales en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCIN). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 1994 a 1998, en el cual se analizaron las infecciones nosocomiales en la UCIN del Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez". Los datos se recabaron del sistema de vigilancia del Departamento de Epidemiología. Resultados: Se revisaron en total 484 episodios de infección nosocomial ocurridos en cinco años. La tasa promedio fue de 35.8 infecciones por cada 100 egresos (IC 95 por ciento 33.3-38.5 por ciento). Los sitios de infección más frecuentes fueron las bacteremias primarias (27.9 por ciento), las neumonías (20.9 por ciento), la sepsis (16.5 por ciento) y las infecciones de vías urinarias (8.9 por ciento). Se aisló un microorganismo en el 61 por ciento de todas las infecciones reportadas (296/484). Los principales agentes aislados fueron Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa (SCoN) (29.7 por ciento) y Klebsiella spp. (18.6 por ciento). Respecto al tiempo de adquisición de la IN, su frecuencia es máxima entre el 7§ y 9§ día de estancia hospitalaria. La mortalidad en neonatos con infección nosocomial fue del 15.5 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 12.4 - 19.0 por ciento). Conclusiones: La prevención de las infecciones nosocomiales en recién nacidos es uno de los programas prioritarios en el control de infecciones en pediatría, ya que afectan a más de un tercio de los neonatos en estado crítico. Los programas dirigidos a la prevención de IN en estos pacientes se deben enfocar a mejorar los procesos de atención.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant Mortality/trends , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Infection Control , Intensive Care, NeonatalABSTRACT
Con el fin de conocer la incidencia de trastornos visuales en los preescolares que asistían a la Escuela "Simón Bolívar" del Barrio Cerritos Blancos en la ciudad de Barquisimeto, se determinó la agudeza visual en 370 preescolares con edades comprendidas entre los 4 y los 7 años, 196 del sexo femenino y 174 del sexo masculino. Se utilizaron las cartas de Snellen siguiendo la técnica usual para la determinación de la agudeza visual. Se encontraron alteraciones en el 32,4 por ciento de los pacientes estudiados. No se encontraron diferencias en la frecuencia de alteraciones de acuerdo a la edad o al sexo. Se concluye que es importante realizar rutinariamente la determinación de la agudeza visual en preescolares, para detectar tempranamente la presencia de alguna alteración