Gut Microbiota-Adversary or Ally? Its Role and Significance in Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis, Progression, and Treatment.

In 2022, colorectal cancer (CRC) was the third most prevalent malignancy worldwide. The therapeutic approach for CRC typically involves a multimodal regimen. The human gut microbiota comprises over 35,000 bacterial species. The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by dietary intake, which plays a crucial role in food absorption, nutrient extraction, and the development of low-grade inflammation. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota is a key driver of inflammation and is strongly associated with CRC development. While the gut microbiome influences CRC initiation and progression, emerging evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiome in modulating the efficacy and toxicity of cancer treatments. Therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiome, such as probiotics, hold promise as effective interventions in the modern therapeutical approach to CRC. For example, Microbiota Implementation to Reduce Anastomotic Colorectal Leaks (MIRACLe) implementation has resulted in improvements in clinical outcomes, including reduced incidence of anastomotic leakage (AL), surgical site infections (SSIs), reoperation, as well as shorter recovery times and hospital stays compared with the control group. Therefore, this review aims to describe the current state of knowledge regarding the involvement of the gut microbiota in CRC pathogenesis and its potential therapeutic implications to treat CRC.

Textbook Neoadjuvant Outcome-Novel Composite Measure of Oncological Outcomes among Gastric Cancer Patients Undergoing Multimodal Treatment.

The incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is expected to increase to 1.77 million cases by 2040. To improve treatment outcomes, GC patients are increasingly treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to curative-intent resection. Although NAC enhances locoregional control and comprehensive patient care, survival rates remain poor, and further investigations should establish outcomes assessment of current clinical pathways. Individually assessed parameters have served as benchmarks for treatment quality in the past decades. The Outcome4Medicine Consensus Conference underscores the inadequacy of isolated metrics, leading to increased recognition and adoption of composite measures. One of the most simple and comprehensive is the "All or None" method, which refers to an approach where a specific set of criteria must be fulfilled for an individual to achieve the overall measure. This narrative review aims to present the rationale for the implementation of a novel composite measure, Textbook Neoadjuvant Outcome (TNO). TNO integrates five objective and well-established components: Treatment Toxicity, Laboratory Tests, Imaging, Time to Surgery, and Nutrition. It represents a desired, multidisciplinary care and hospitalization of GC patients undergoing NAC to identify the treatment- and patient-related data required to establish high-quality oncological care further. A key strength of this narrative review is the clinical feasibility and research background supporting the implementation of the first and novel composite measure representing the "ideal" and holistic care among patients with locally advanced esophago-gastric junction (EGJ) and GC in the preoperative period after NAC. Further analysis will correlate clinical outcomes with the prognostic factors evaluated within the TNO framework.

Medicaid expansion and palliative care for advanced-stage liver cancer.

BACKGROUND: Medicaid expansion (ME) has contributed to transforming the United States healthcare system. However, its effect on palliative care of primary liver cancers remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the association between ME and the receipt of palliative treatment in advanced-stage liver cancer. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with stage IV hepatocellular carcinoma or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were identified from the National Cancer Database and divided into pre-expansion (2010-2013) and postexpansion (2015-2019) cohorts. Logistic regression identified predictors of palliative treatment. Difference-in-difference (DID) analysis assessed changes in palliative care use between patients living in ME states and patients living in non-ME states. RESULTS: Among 12,516 patients, 4582 (36.6%) were diagnosed before expansion, and 7934 (63.6%) were diagnosed after expansion. Overall, rates of palliative treatment increased after ME (18.1% [pre-expansion] vs 22.3% [postexpansion]; P < .001) and are more pronounced among ME states. Before expansion, only cancer type and education attainment were associated with the receipt of palliative treatment. Conversely, after expansion, race, insurance, location, cancer type, and ME status (odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06-1.44; P = .018) were all associated with palliative care. Interestingly, the odds were higher if treatment involved receipt of pain management (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.23-2.43; P = .006). Adjusted DID analysis confirmed increased rates of palliative treatment among patients living in ME states relative to non-ME states (DID, 4.4%; 95% CI, 1.2-7.7; P = .008); however, racial disparities persist (White, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.4-9.8; P = .009; minority, 2.6; 95% CI, -2.5 to 7.6; P = .333). CONCLUSION: The implementation of ME contributed to increased rates of palliative treatment for patients residing in ME states after expansion. However, racial disparities persist even after ME, resulting in inequitable access to palliative care.

Proximal gastric cancer-time for organ-sparing approach?

BACKGROUND: A steady increase in gastroesophageal junction and proximal gastric cancer (GC) incidence has been observed in the West. Given recent advances in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), we sought to characterize short- and long-term outcomes of patients with proximal GC who underwent total (TG) vs proximal gastrectomy (PG). METHODS: Patients with stage II/III proximal GC who underwent curative-intent treatment between 2009 and 2019 were identified using National Cancer Database. Multivariable analysis was used to identify oncologic outcomes after TG vs PG. RESULTS: Among 7616 patients with GC who underwent surgical resection, PG and TG were performed on 5246 (68.8%) and 2370 patients (31.2%), respectively. Patients who underwent PG were more likely to receive NAC (TG 52.3% vs PG 64.5%) (P < .001). On pathologic analysis, patients who underwent TG were more likely to have pT4 tumors (TG 11.7% vs PG 3.1%), metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) (TG 64.6% vs PG 60.4%), and >16 LNs evaluated (TG 64.1% vs PG 53.1%), yet a lower likelihood of negative resection margins (TG 86.6% vs PG 90.0%) (all P < .001). Although gastrectomy procedure type did not affect long-term survival, receipt of NAC was associated with overall survival (OS) among patients who underwent TG (5-year OS, NAC 43.5% vs no NAC 24.6%) and PG (5-year OS, NAC 43.1% vs no NAC 26.7%) (both P < .001). CONCLUSION: PG may be an alternative surgical approach to TG in well-selected patients with proximal GC after administration of preoperative systemic chemotherapy.

Current Status of Treatment among Patients with Appendiceal Tumors-Old Challenges and New Solutions?

The 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the digestive system distinguishes four categories of appendiceal tumors (ATs): serrated lesions and polyps, mucinous neoplasms, adenocarcinomas, and neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). The differential diagnosis of ATs can be challenging in medical practice, due to their rarity and lack of data from randomized controlled trials on a large, diverse group of patients. ATs are usually noted in specimens obtained during appendectomies due to clinical acute appendicitis. In the European population, most ATs (65%) occur over the age of 50 and among women (56.8%). According to histological type, 54.6% are neuroendocrine tumors (NETs); 26.8% cystic, mucinous, and serous neoplasms; and 18.6% adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS). On pathologic analysis, most AT findings are benign lesions or small NENs that do not require further therapeutic measures. The presence of appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (AMN) can lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). While the multimodal treatment for abdominal malignancies has evolved over the past several decades, the clinical workup and treatment of ATs remain a challenge. Therefore, this review aims to describe the diagnostic possibilities, molecular-based diagnosis, staging, differences in the treatment process, and prognostic factors associated with ATs.

Effect of Behavioral Health Disorders on Surgical Outcomes in Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral health disorders (BHDs) can often be exacerbated in the setting of cancer. We sought to define the prevalence of BHD among cancer patients and characterize the association of BHD with surgical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Patients diagnosed with lung, esophageal, gastric, liver, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer between 2018 and 2021 were identified within Medicare Standard Analytic Files. Data on BHD defined as substance abuse, eating disorder, or sleep disorder were obtained. Postoperative textbook outcomes (ie no complications, prolonged length of stay, 90-day readmission, or 90-day mortality), as well as in-hospital expenditures and overall survival were assessed. RESULTS: Among 694,836 cancer patients, 46,719 (6.7%) patients had at least 1 BHD. Patients with BHD were less likely to undergo resection (no BHD: 23.4% vs BHD: 20.3%; p < 0.001). Among surgical patients, individuals with BHD had higher odds of a complication (odds ratio [OR] 1.32 [1.26 to 1.39]), prolonged length of stay (OR 1.36 [1.29 to 1.43]), and 90-day readmission (OR 1.57 [1.50 to 1.65]) independent of social vulnerability or hospital-volume status resulting in lower odds to achieve a TO (OR 0.66 [0.63 to 0.69]). Surgical patients with BHD also had higher in-hospital expenditures (no BHD: $16,159 vs BHD: $17,432; p < 0.001). Of note, patients with BHD had worse long-term postoperative survival (median, no BHD: 46.6 [45.9 to 46.7] vs BHD: 37.1 [35.6 to 38.7] months) even after controlling for other clinical factors (hazard ratio 1.26 [1.22 to 1.31], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: BHD was associated with lower likelihood to achieve a postoperative textbook outcome, higher expenditures, as well as worse prognosis. Initiatives to target BHD are needed to improve outcomes of cancer patients undergoing surgery.

Improved guideline compliance and textbook oncologic outcomes among patients undergoing multimodal treatment and minimally invasive surgery for locally advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been identified to improve unfavorable survival outcomes among patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC), several randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated a difference in oncological outcomes/overall survival (OS) among patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus open gastrectomy. This study aimed to investigate National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline adherence and textbook oncological outcome (TOO) among patients undergoing MIS versus open surgery for LAGC. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patients with stage II/III LAGC (cT2-T4N0-3M0) who underwent curative-intent treatment between 2013 and 2019 were evaluated using the National Cancer Database. Multivariable analysis was performed to assess the association between surgical approach, NCCN guideline adherence, TOO, and OS. The study was registered on the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry (registration number: ISRCTN53410429) and conducted according to the Strengthening The Reporting Of Cohort Studies in Surgery and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. RESULTS: Among 13,885 patients, median age at diagnosis was 68 years (IQR, 59-76); most patients were male (n = 9887, 71.2%) and identified as White (n = 10,295, 74.1%). Patients who underwent MIS (n = 4692, 33.8%) had improved NCCN guideline adherence and TOO compared with patients who underwent open surgery (51.3% vs 43.5% and 36.7% vs 27.3%, respectively; both P < .001). Adherence to NCCN guidelines and likelihood to achieve TOO increased from 2013 to 2019 (35.6% vs 50.9% and 31.4% vs 46.4%, respectively; both P < .001). Moreover, improved median OS was observed among patients with NCCN guideline adherence and TOO undergoing MIS versus open surgery (57.3 vs 49.8 months [P = .041] and 68.4 vs 60.6 months [P = .025], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An overall increase in guideline-adherent treatment and achievement of TOO among patients with LAGC undergoing multimodal and curative-intent treatment in the United States was observed. Adoption of minimally invasive gastrectomy may result in improved short- and long-term outcomes.

Prognostic Value of Inflammatory Burden Index in Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients Undergoing Multimodal Treatment.

Since increasing evidence underlines the prominent role of systemic inflammation in carcinogenesis, the inflammation burden index (IBI) has emerged as a promising biomarker to estimate survival outcomes among cancer patients. The IBI has only been validated in Eastern gastric cancer (GC) patients; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the IBI as a prognostic biomarker in Central European GC patients undergoing multimodal treatment. Ninety-three patients with histologically confirmed GC who underwent multimodal treatment between 2013 and 2021 were included. Patient recruitment started with the standardization of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Blood samples were obtained one day prior to surgical treatment. The textbook outcome (TO) served as the measure of surgical quality, and tumor responses to NAC were evaluated according to Becker's system tumor regression grade (TRG). A high IBI was associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.13-7.72). In multivariate analysis, a high IBI (HR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.28-5.13) and a high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR, HR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.32-4.94) were associated with an increased risk of death, while NAC administration (HR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.18-0.90) and TO achievement (HR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.22-0.81) were associated with a lower risk of death. The IBI was associated with postoperative complications and mortality among GC patients undergoing multimodal treatment.

MalnutritiOn assessment with biOelectrical impedaNce analysis in gastRic cancer patIentS undergoing multimodaltrEatment (MOONRISE)-Study protocol for a single-arm multicenter cross-sectional longitudinal study.

European data suggests that over 30% of gastric cancer (GC) patients are diagnosed with sarcopenia before surgery, while unintentional weight loss occurs in approximately 30% of patients following gastrectomy. Preoperative sarcopenia significantly increases the risk of major postoperative complications, and preoperative body weight loss remains a superior predictor of outcome and an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in patients with GC. A standardized approach of nutritional risk screening of GC patients is yet to be established. Therefore, the MOONRISE study aims to prospectively analyze the changes in nutritional status and body composition at each stage of multimodal treatment among GC patients from five Western expert centers. Specifically, we seek to assess the association between nutritional status and body composition on tumor response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Secondary outcomes of the study are treatment toxicity, postoperative complications, quality of life (QoL), and OS. Patients with locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma scheduled for multimodal treatment will be included in the study. Four consecutive nutritional status assessments will be performed throughout the treatment. The following study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT05723718) and will be conducted in accordance with the STROBE statement. The anticipated duration of the study is 12-24 months, depending on the recruitment status. Results of this study will reveal whether nutritional status and body composition assessment based on BIA will become a validated and objective tool to support clinical decisions in GC patients undergoing multimodal treatment.

Prognostic value of nodal staging classification and number of examined lymph nodes among patients with ampullary cancer.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic disease in the regional lymph nodes (LNs) is a strong indicator of worse outcomes among patients after curative-intent resection of ampullary cancer (AC). This study aimed to ascertain the threshold number of examined LNs (ELNs) for AC to compare the prognosis accuracy of various nodal classification schemes relative to long-term prognosis. METHODS: Patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for AC (2004-2019) were identified using the National Cancer Database. Locally weighted regression scatter plot smoothing (LOWESS) curves were used to ascertain the optimal cut point for ELNs. The accuracy of the American Joint Committee on Cancer N classification, LN ratio, and log odds transformation (LODDS) ratio to stratify patients relative to survival was examined. RESULTS: Among 8127 patients with AC, 67% were male with a median age of 67 years (IQR, 59-74). Tumors were most frequently classified as T3 (34.9%), followed by T2 (30.6%); T1 (12.9%) and T4 (17.6%) were less common. LN metastasis was identified in 4606 patients (56.7%). Among patients with nodal disease, 37.0% and 19.7% had N1 and N2 disease, respectively. The LOWESS curves identified an inflection cutoff point in the hazard of survival at 20 ELNs. The survival benefit of 20 ELNs was more pronounced among patients without LN metastasis vs patients with N1 disease (median overall survival [OS]: 54.1 months [IQR, 45.9-62.1] in ≥20 ELNs vs 39.0 months [IQR, 35.8-42.2] in <20 ELNs; P < .001) or N2 disease (median OS: 22.5 months [IQR, 18.9-26.2] in ≥20 ELNs vs 25.4 months [IQR, 23.3-27.6] in <20 ELNs; P < .001). When comparing the 4 different N classification schemes, the LODDS classification scheme yielded the highest predictive ability. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of a minimum of 20 LNs was needed to stratify patients with AC relative to the prognosis and to minimize stage migration. The LODDS nodal classification scheme had the highest prognostic accuracy to differentiate survival among patients after PD for AC.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Improves Oncological Outcomes and Long-Term Survival Among Elderly Patients with Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: In the USA, approximately half of newly diagnosed patients with GC are 75 years or older. The objective of the current population-based study was to investigate the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on the outcomes of elderly patients with locally advanced GC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients aged > 75 years were identified from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). The primary outcome of the study was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes included lymph node (LN) harvest, surgical margin status, and 30-day mortality. To minimize the effect of selection bias on the assessed outcome between the two study groups (NAC versus no NAC), propensity score matching (PSM) was performed. RESULTS: After PSM, a total of 1958 patients were included in both groups. NAC utilization increased from 2013 to 2019 (21% versus 42.7%, ptrend < 0.001). On pathologic analysis, patients who received NAC were more likely to have ≥ 16 LNs evaluated (NAC 60.1% versus no NAC 55.5%, p = 0.044) and negative resection margins (NAC 88.6% versus no NAC 83%, p = 0.001). Patients who received NAC were also less likely to experience 30-day mortality following resection (NAC 4.1% versus no NAC 7.1%). Receipt of NAC was associated with improved 1-year (73.9% versus 68.3%), 3-year (48.2% versus 43.5%), and 5-year OS (36.9% versus 30.5%) compared with patients who underwent upfront surgery (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Receipt of NAC was associated with improved oncological outcomes among elderly patients undergoing resection for locally advanced GC.

Disparities in Breast Cancer Screening Rates Among Adults With and Without Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities may face barriers in accessing healthcare, including cancer screening and detection services. We sought to assess the association of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) with breast cancer screening rates. METHODS: Data from 2018 to 2020 was used to identify screening-eligible individuals from Medicare Standard Analytic Files. Adults aged 65-79 years who did not have a previous diagnosis of breast cancer were included. Multivariable regression was used to analyze the differences in breast cancer screening rates among individuals with and without IDD. RESULTS: Among 9,383,349 Medicare beneficiaries, 11,265 (0.1%) individuals met the criteria for IDD. Of note, individuals with IDD were more likely to be non-Hispanic White (90.5% vs. 87.3%), have a Charlson Comorbidity Index score ≤ 2 (66.2% vs. 85.5%), and reside in a low social vulnerability index neighborhood (35.7% vs. 34.4%). IDD was associated with reduced odds of undergoing breast cancer screening (odds ratio (OR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-0.80; p < 0.001). Breast cancer screening rates in individuals with IDD were further influenced by social vulnerability and belonging to a racial/ethnic minority. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with IDD may face additional barriers to breast cancer screening. The combination of IDD and social vulnerability placed patients at particularly high risk of not being screened for breast cancer.

Association of surgeon-patient sex concordance with postoperative outcomes following complex cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sex concordance may impact the therapeutic relationship and provider-patient interactions. We sought to define the association of surgeon-patient sex concordance on postoperative patient outcomes following complex cancer surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for lung, breast, hepato-pancreato-biliary, or colorectal cancer between 2014 and 2020 were identified from the Medicare Standard Analytic Files. The impact of surgeon-patient sex concordance or discordance on achieving an optimal postoperative textbook outcome (TO) was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 495 628 patients, 241 938 (48.8%) patients were sex concordant with their surgeon while 253 690 (51.2%) patients were sex discordant. Sex discordance between surgeon and patient was associated with a decreased likelihood to achieve a postoperative TO (odds ratio [OR]: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93-0.97; p < 0.001). Sex discordance was associated with a higher risk of complications (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.07; p < 0.001) and 90-day mortality (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09; p = 0.011). Of note, male patients treated by female surgeons (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93-0.99; p = 0.017) had a similar lower likelihood to achieve a TO as female patients treated by male surgeons (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86-0.93; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sex discordance was associated with a reduced likelihood of achieving an "optimal" postoperative course following complex cancer surgery.

Association of County-Level Food Deserts and Food Swamps with Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition has been linked to the development of hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) cancer. We sought to examine the association between food swamps and food deserts on surgical outcomes of patients with HPB cancer. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for HPB cancer between 2014 and 2020 were identified from the Medicare Standard Analytic Files. Patient-level data were linked to the United States Department of Agriculture data on food swamps and deserts. Multivariable regression was performed to examine the association between the food environment and outcomes. RESULTS: Among 53,426 patients, patients from the worse food environment were more likely to be Black, have a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, and reside in areas with high social vulnerability. Following surgery, the overall incidence of textbook outcome (TO) was 41.6% (n = 22,220). Patients residing in the worse food environments less often achieved a TO versus individuals residing in the healthiest food environments (food swamp: 39.4% vs. 43.9%; food desert: 38.5% vs 42.2%; p < 0.05). On multivariable analysis, individuals residing in the poorest food environments were associated with lower odds of achieving TO compared with individuals living in healthiest food environments (food swamp: OR 0.83, 95%CI 0.75-0.92, food desert: OR 0.86, 95%CI 0.76-0.97; both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The surrounding food environment of patients may serve as a modifiable socio-demographic risk factor that contributes to disparities in surgical outcomes of HPB cancer.

Systemic inflammatory response markers for prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tumour development is greatly influenced by the systemic inflammatory response. Inflammatory factors, such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphcyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), mirror the balance between systemic inflammation and anti-tumour response. The current investigation examined the predictive and prognostic value of NLR, PLR, and LMR in advanced gastric cancer (GC) patients. METHODS: This study is a retrospective, observational analysis involving 105 GC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Thestudy population included patients who met the eligibility criteria.The relationship between NLR, PLR, LMR and demographic and clinical variables was assessed using theΧ2test. Survival data were analysed by Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: High NLR levels were associated with more advanced tumour stage.Higher risk of no tumour regression after NAC was observed if a high pretreatment level of NLR or PLR was found. All patients with an increase in NLR after NAC had a significantly higher risk of no tumor response.In groups high (no change), increase, decrease, and low (no change), NLR and PLR OS medians were: 33, 67, 78, and not reached-NR and 34, 29, 36, and NR, respectively. All patients had a significantly higher risk of death if NLR increased after NAC. An increase in post-NAC PLR level was associated with an increased risk of death only if the PLR baseline value was low. CONCLUSION: NLR and PLR are promising predictive and prognostic factors in advanced GC patients treated with NAC.

Survival Benefit Relative to Treatment Modalities Among Patients with Very Early Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: an Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) has been considered a potential curative treatment for patients with very early intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and cirrhosis, yet the survival benefit of LT has not been well defined. This study aimed to compare the long-term survival outcomes of patients who underwent LT with that of individuals who received resection and non-curative intent treatment (non-CIT). METHODS: Patients who underwent LT, hepatectomy, and non-CIT between 2004 and 2018 were included in the National Cancer Database. Survival benefits of LT over resection and non-CIT were analyzed relative to overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Among 863 patients, 54 (6.3%) underwent LT, while 342 (39.6%) underwent surgical resection, and 467 (54.1%) received non-CIT, respectively. While the rates of non-CIT increased over time, the percentages of LT remained consistent during the study period. LT patients had similar 5-year OS to individuals who underwent resection (referent, resection: LT, HR 0.95, 95%CI 0.84-1.58, p=0.84). In contrast, 5-year OS was better among patients who underwent LT versus individuals who had non-CIT after controlling other variables using propensity score overlapping weighting (5-year OS, LT 57.1% vs. LR 25.8%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of very early ICC patients who underwent LT were similar to individuals who underwent hepatectomy, but better than patients treated with non-CIT. LT should be may be a consideration as a treatment option for patients with early stage ICC who are unsuitable candidates for resection.

Disparities in Liver Transplantation Rates and Outcomes Among Adults with and without Mental Illnesses.

BACKGROUND: Patients with mental illnesses face unique disparities in access to liver transplantation. We sought to compare rates of evaluation, transplantation, and post-transplant outcomes among patients with and without mental illnesses. METHODS: Patients aged 18-75 with decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma were identified from the Medicare Standard Analytic Files from 2014-2020. Regression analyses were used to examine the association between mental illness and evaluation by a transplant surgeon, receipt of transplant, and post-transplant outcomes. RESULTS: Among 274,252 liver transplant candidates, 34,269 (12.5%) patients had depression and/or anxiety disorders and 8,184 (3.0%) had severe mental illnesses. The proportion of patients evaluated by a transplant surgeon was lower among patients with severe mental illnesses (14.1%), as well as individuals with depression and/or anxiety disorders (16.0%) versus the general population (18.5%) (p < 0.001). Similarly, utilization of transplantation rates was lower among patients with severe mental illness (1.1%) compared with depression and/or anxiety disorders (2.0%), as well as individuals without mental illnesses (3.8%) (p < 0.001). On multivariable regression analyses, mental illness remained independently associated with lower odds of evaluation and transplantation among patients with mental illnesses. In contrast, on adjusted analyses there were no differences in postoperative outcomes including perioperative complications, biliary complications, graft rejection, graft failure, and overall survival. CONCLUSION: Despite lower rates of evaluation and transplant, patients with mental illnesses did not experience differences in most postoperative outcomes compared with patients without a mental illness.

Techniques of staging laparoscopy and peritoneal fluid assessment in gastric cancer: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer is recommended to assess the tumor's locoregional extension and exclude peritoneal disease. As there is no consensus on optimizing the procedure's diagnostic accuracy, we aimed to systematically review the literature on operative techniques, followed by peritoneal lavage fluid assessment in gastric cancer patients. Specifically, we sought to indicate the most common characteristics of the procedure and cytological evaluation. METHODS: This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The protocol for this systematic review was registered on PROSPERO database (CRD: 42022306746). On September 2022, a search was carried out using Embase, Medline ALL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science Core Collection. RESULTS: The search identified 1632 studies on staging laparoscopy and 2190 studies on peritoneal fluid assessment. Some 212 studies were included. Open Hasson was the method of choice in accessing the peritoneal cavity in 65% of the studies, followed by establishing a pneumoperitoneum at 10-12 mmHg in 52% of reports. Most frequently, the patient was positioned supine (70%), while a 30° scope and three ports were used to assess the peritoneal cavity clockwise (72%, 77%, and 85%, respectively). Right and left upper abdomen quadrants were the predominant area of laparoscopic exploration (both 65%), followed by the primary tumor region (54%), liver and pelvis (both 30%), and small bowel and spleen (19% and 17%, respectively). Regions of peritoneal lavage and aspiration were limited to the pelvis (50%), followed by right and left upper abdomen quadrants (37.5% and 50%, respectively). No studies compared different methods of operative techniques or analysis of ascites/fluid. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates a high heterogeneity in the technique of staging laparoscopy and peritoneal fluid assessment in gastric cancer patients. Further research and initiatives to reach a consensus on the standardization of the procedure are warranted.