Elevated serum hepatic transaminases in apical periodontitis individuals.

AIM: Apical periodontitis (AP) is the chronic inflammation of the periradicular tissues in response to root canal infection. Whilst AP has been linked with systemic inflammation and noncommunicable diseases, its potential association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels as surrogate markers of hepatic injury, and the systemic inflammatory burden in otherwise healthy individuals with and without AP diagnosis. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study. Individuals with AP (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 29) were recruited. The number, mean diameter (mm) and periapical index of the apical lesions of endodontic origin (ALEO) were assessed. ALT and AST levels (pg/mL) were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17A and IL-22 were evaluated by Multiplex assay. Inferential analysis was performed using t-test or Mann-Whitney tests according to data distribution and linear regression models. Data were analysed with StataV16 (p < .05). RESULTS: ALT and AST levels were significantly higher in individuals with AP compared to controls (p < .05). Serum inflammatory biomarkers showed no significant differences between the study groups. Bivariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that AP diagnosis was independently associated with ALT and AST elevations (p < .05). Additionally, the number of ALEO positively influenced AST levels (p = .002). IL-22 on the other hand, was associated with reduced ALT levels (p = .043). CONCLUSION: AP is associated with higher serum hepatic transaminases ALT and AST, potentially contributing to NAFLD physiopathology in young adults.

Reduced C-reactive protein levels after root canal treatment in clinically healthy young apical periodontitis individuals at cardiovascular risk. A prospective study.

AIM: To determine the systemic inflammatory burden, including hsCRP and its monomeric forms, in patients with apical lesions of endodontic origin treated with root canal treatment (RCT). METHODOLOGY: Prospective pre-/post-study. Apical periodontitis (AP) individuals aged 16-40 were included (N = 29). Individuals received RCT and were followed at 1 and 6 months. Fasting blood samples were obtained. Apical lesions of endodontic origin (ALEO) diameter (mm), and periapical index (PAI), were recorded. The serum concentrations of total hsCRP were determined by turbidimetry. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, and soluble (s) E-selectin were assessed by Multiplex assay. Additionally, mCRP forms were determined in the serum of AP patients with a baseline moderate to high cardiovascular risk based on hsCRP stratification (hsCRP ≥1 mg/L) by immunowestern blot (n = 15). Also, CRP isoforms were explored in ALEOs from AP individuals (n = 4). Data were analysed with StataV16. RESULTS: Periapical index and ALEO sizes were reduced at both follow-up visits after RCT (p < .05). Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, and sE-selectin did not show significant differences. CRP was borderline reduced at 1 month (p = .04); however, in AP individuals at cardiovascular risk (hsCRP ≥ 1 mg/L), hsCRP and its monomeric isoform significantly decreased at 1 and 6 months (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: High-sensitivity CRP and mCRP are reduced after RCT in AP individuals at cardiovascular risk.

Vigilancia de la resistencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis a los fármacos en Paraguay, 2014 a 2017 / Surveillance of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Paraguay, 2014 to 2017

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la resistencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis a los fármacos en Paraguay, 2014 a 2017. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se utilizaron los datos del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis del Paraguay comprendidos entre los años 2014 a 2017. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de Tuberculosis que se realizaron un test de resistencia. Se extrajeron los datos en Excel y fueron analizados con Stata 17.0. Se incluyeron 3429 pacientes con tuberculosis que contaban con resultado de al menos una prueba de sensibilidad. La resistencia se encontró en 2.1% de los pacientes. La resistencia a la Rifampicina estuvo presente en el 0.3% de los casos mientras que a la Izionazida en el 0.6% de los casos. La prevalencia de resistencia fue más alta en hombres 3.4 (IC 95% 2.2 - 4.8) p=0.003, que residían en el chaco 6.0 (IC 95% 3.4 - 9.7) p=0.000, previamente tratados 2.7 (IC 95% 1.1 - 5.1) p=0.010. En el modelo se pudo observar que un paciente previamente tratado tiene mayores posibilidades de tener resistencia OR 2.62 (IC 95% 1.1 - 6.24). La prevalencia de resistencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis a fármacos estuvo relacionada con haber sido previamente tratado

The objective of the study was to identify the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to drugs in Paraguay, 2014 to 2017. A retrospective observational study was carried out. The data from the National Tuberculosis Program of Paraguay between the years 2014 to 2017 were used. All patients with a diagnosis of Tuberculosis who underwent a resistance test were included. Data were extracted in Excel and analyzed with Stata 17.0. 3429 tuberculosis patients who had a result of at least one sensitivity test were included. Resistance was found in 2.1% of patients. Resistance to Rifampicin was present in 0.3% of cases while to Izionazide in 0.6% of cases. The prevalence of resistance was higher in men 3.4 (95% CI 2.2 - 4.8) p = 0.003, who resided in the Chaco 6.0 (95% CI 3.4 - 9.7) p = 0.000, previously treated 2.7 (95% CI 1.1 - 5.1) p = 0.010. In the model, it was observed that a previously treated patient has a greater chance of having resistance OR 2.62 (95% CI 1.1 - 6.24). The prevalence of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to drugs was related to having been previously treated

Factores asociados a la mortalidad por tuberculosis en indígenas en Paraguay, 2014 a 2019 / Factors associated with tuberculosis mortality in indigenous people in Paraguay, 2014 to 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: La tasa de mortalidad estimada de tuberculosis (TBC) en Paraguay en 2019 fue de 3,9 por 100.000 habs. Las comunidades indígenas presentan un elevado riesgo de padecer TBC. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados a la mortalidad en personas de origen indígena con diagnóstico de TBC en Paraguay, 2014-2019. MÉTODOS : Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se utilizaron los datos del Programa Nacional de Control de la TBC del Paraguay comprendidos entre los años 2014 y 2019. Se registraron los datos sociodemográficos y factores de riesgo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 2.210 personas de origen indígena con diagnóstico de TBC, el 53,8% fue de sexo masculino, entre 20 y 39 años (32,3%) y 0 a 19 años de edad (30,2%), la localización de la TBC fue mayoritariamente pulmonar (92,3%). Durante el 2014 a 2019 se observaron 217 muertes (9,8%). Los factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con TBC fueron la edad (adOR = 13,95; CI: 7,07-27,55 mayor a 80 años), (adOR = 4,20; CI: 2,59-6,82 mayor a 60 años) y (adOR = 3,30; CI: 2,06-5,28 para 40 a 59 años), la co-infección VIH (adOR =), y la localización de la TBC (adOR = 3,60; CI: 1,88-6,90 para TBC diseminada). CONCLUSIÓN: La mayor edad, el diagnóstico de co-infección VIH y localización de la TBC diseminada, están asociados a un mayor riesgo de muerte en población indígena con TBC.

BACKGROUND: The estimated tuberculosis (TB) mortality rate in Paraguay in 2019 was 3.9 per 100,000 people. Indigenous communities are at high risk for TB. AIM: To determine the factors associated with mortality in indigenous people with a diagnosis of TB in Paraguay, 2014-2019. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was done. sociodemographic data and risk factors data from the National TB Program of Paraguay between the years 2014 to 2019 were used. RESULTS: A total of 2,210 indigenous people with a diagnosis of TB were included, 53,8% were male, between 20 to 39 (32.3%) and 0 to 19 years old (30.2%), the localization of TBC was majority pulmonary (92.3%). During 2014 to 2019 the were 217 deaths (9.8%). The factors associated to mortality in TB patients were the age (adOR = 13.95; CI: 7.07-27.55 older than 80 years), (adOR = 4.20; CI: 2.59-6.82 older than 60 years), and (adOR = 3.30; CI: 2.06 - 5.2840 to 59 years), HIV co-infection (adOR = 7.07; CI 3.74-13.87), and localization of TB (adOR = 3.60; CI: 1.88-6.90 for disseminated TB). CONCLUSION: Older age, HIV co-infection and disseminated localization of TBC are associated with a higher risk of death in indigenous people with TB.

Active MMP-8 Quantitative Test as an Adjunctive Tool for Early Diagnosis of Periodontitis.

Periodontitis is a host-mediated bacterial disease that affects the tooth attachment apparatus. Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), a validated biomarker, could aid in clinical diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of active (a) MMP-8 immunotest versus total (t) MMP-8 ELISA for quantitative real-time diagnosis and assessment of periodontitis severity at the site level. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was sampled from 30 healthy, 42 mild, and 59 severe periodontitis sites from thirty-one volunteers. MMP-8 concentrations were determined by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using the STATA package. Both active and total MMP-8-based methods discriminated among sites according to periodontal diagnosis and severity, with a positive correlation between the two tests (p < 0.001). (a) MMP-8 models showed the best performance in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to discriminate between healthy and periodontitis sites (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.89), while (t) MMP-8 demonstrated a high diagnostic precision in the detection of mild from severe periodontitis sites (AUC ≥ 0.80). The use of (a) MMP-8 and (t) MMP-8 could represent a useful adjunctive tool for periodontitis diagnosis and severity. These results support the applicability of new point-of-care methods in the monitoring of high-risk periodontal patients.

Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Women with Periodontal Diseases According to C-reactive Protein Levels.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are highly prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide. Periodontitis may act as a non-traditional cardiovascular risk (CVR) factor, linked by a low-grade systemic inflammation mediated by C-reactive protein (CRP). Patients with periodontitis reported higher serum CRP levels; however, a CRP systemic and periodontal correlation in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and its CVR impact have been barely studied. We aimed to assess the association between periodontal diseases and CVR in a group of adult women, based on serum high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) levels; and secondly, to determine the association between serum and GCF CRP levels. Gingival crevicular fluid and blood samples were obtained from women with periodontitis, gingivitis, and healthy controls. Serum and GCF CRP were determined by turbidimetric method and Luminex technology, respectively. Data were analyzed and adjusted by CVR factors. All women presented moderate CVR, without an evident association between serum hs-CRP levels and periodontal diseases. While serum hs-CRP concentrations did not significantly differ between groups, patients with gingivitis and periodontitis showed higher CRP levels in GCF, which positively correlated to CRP detection in serum.

Acceso a los servicios de salud en barrios vulnerados de la provincia de Mendoza en el contexto de pandemia por COVID-19: un análisis desde la acción - participación social durante 2020-2021 / Access to health services in vulnerable neighborhoods of the province of Mendoza in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis from action - social participation during 2020-2021

El presente estudio buscó evaluar el impacto de la pandemia por Covid19 en el acceso a los servicios de salud en poblaciones vulneradas, debido a la reorganización de los servicios de salud y su impacto en el acceso a la medicación y tratamiento de patologías crónicas y a programas básicos de APS en el período de Marzo 2020 a Marzo 2021; en 4 barrios de la Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. A su vez, también se propuso pensar junto con la comunidad estrategias y propuestas para abordar los problemas emergentes. La investigación tuvo un diseño mixto, cuanti-cualitativo, de nivel descriptivo-analítico y de corte transversal. La muestra fue no probabilística de carácter intencional, y estuvo compuesta por 78 personas. El paradigma utilizado fue el de la Investigación ­Acción Participativa. Como factores positivos se encontró que el programa nacional de inmunizaciones según calendario continuó sin cambios, a la par que se implementó correctamente la vacunación contra Covid19; la medicación fue prácticamente ininterrumpida e incluso facilitada por el uso de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones. También se rescató el rol de la enfermería, que se mantuvo como un pilar de la Atención Primaria de la Salud. Las principales propuestas de la comunidad para mejorar el acceso a la salud fueron que el efector también funcione en horario de tarde, que se refuerce la cantidad de personal de salud; que se trabaje en la co-gestión de salud junto con mesas barriales, y que se articulen los sistemas de salud provincial y municipal.

MMP-8, TRAP-5, and OPG Levels in GCF Diagnostic Potential to Discriminate between Healthy Patients', Mild and Severe Periodontitis Sites.

Biomarkers represent promising aids in periodontitis, host-mediate diseases of the tooth-supporting tissues. We assessed the diagnostic potential of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5 (TRAP-5), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) to discriminate between healthy patients', mild and severe periodontitis sites. Thirty-one otherwise healthy volunteers with and without periodontal disease were enrolled at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile. Periodontal parameters were examined and gingival crevicular fluid was sampled from mild periodontitis sites (M; n = 42), severe periodontitis sites (S; n = 59), and healthy volunteer sites (H; n = 30). TRAP-5 and OPG were determined by commercial multiplex assay and MMP-8 by the immunofluorometric (IFMA) method. STATA software was used. All biomarkers showed a good discrimination performance. MMP-8 had the overall best performance in regression models and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, with high discrimination of healthy from periodontitis sites (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.901). OPG showed a very high diagnostic precision (AUC ≥ 0.95) to identify severe periodontitis sites (S versus H + M), while TRAP-5 identified both healthy and severe sites. As conclusions, MMP-8, TRAP-5, and OPG present a high precision potential in the identification of periodontal disease destruction, with MMP-8 as the most accurate diagnostic biomarker.

Estudio imagenológico del síndrome aórtico agudo / Imaging approach to acute aortic syndrome

Acute aortic syndromes include a spectrum of life-threatening aortic conditions. A review of the diagnostic aspects of the acute aortic syndrome was made, from the perspective of the imaging techniques available for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique and its diagnostic performance were evaluated. Emphasis was placed on the relevance of clinical information as a fundamental tool for suspecting this syndrome and appropriately choosing the imaging technique. Our main objective is to provide information about the diagnosis of this condition, especially in the context of emergency services.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre buenas prácticas de manufactura de manipuladores de alimentos en Caaguazú, Paraguay / Knowledge, attitudes and practices about good manufacturing practices of food manipulators of Caaguazú, Paraguay

Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas sobre buenas prácticas de manufactura de manipuladores de alimentos de tres distritos de Paraguay durante el año 2017. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. El tipo de muestreo fue probabilístico en manipuladores de alimentos de tres distritos (Coronel Oviedo, Caaguazú y J. Eulogio Estigarribia) del departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay durante el año 2017. Resultados: Participaron de la investigación 264 manipuladores de alimentos. El 100% tuvo conocimiento malo, respecto a los ítems que en mayor porcentaje de respuestas correctas tuvieron fueron: concepto de manipuladores de alimentos con el 51,52 % (136), el 80% de actitud positiva ante las siguientes afirmaciones: que el cumplimiento de las normas de higiene y manipulación de alimentos es su prioridad con el 95,79% (252), respecto el nivel de práctica que predominó fue el malo con el 79,92% (211) Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento global fue malo, las actitudes fueron en su mayoría positivas y las prácticas en su mayoría malas, es por ello que es necesario implementar programas de capacitación continua basadas en temas relacionados a la manipulación e higiene de alimentos, con el fin de concientizar y fomentar hábitos de higiene. Palabras clave: Manipulación de Alimentos; Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud; Alimentos.

Objective: To determine the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on good manufacturing practices of food handlers in three districts of Caaguazú, Paraguay during the year 2017. Material and Methods: Observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. The type of sampling was probabilistic sampling in food handlers of three districts (Coronel Oviedo, Caaguazú and J. Eulogio Estigarribia) of a department of Caaguazú, Paraguay during the year 2017. Results: 264 food handlers participated in the investigation. 100% had bad knowledge, regarding the items that had the highest percentage of correct answers were: concept of food handlers with 51.52% (136), 80% positive attitude towards the following statements: that compliance of hygiene standards and food handling is his priority with 95.79% (252), compared to the level of practice that predominated was the bad with 79.92% (211). Conclusion: The level of global knowledge was bad, the attitudes were mostly positive and the practices mostly bad, that is why it is necessary to implement ongoing training programs based on issues related to food handling and hygiene, with the to raise awareness, promote hygiene habits. Keywords: Food Handling; Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice in Health; Foods.

[Imaging approach to acute aortic syndrome]. / Estudio imagenológico del síndrome aórtico agudo.

Acute aortic syndromes include a spectrum of life-threatening aortic conditions. A review of the diagnostic aspects of the acute aortic syndrome was made, from the perspective of the imaging techniques available for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique and its diagnostic performance were evaluated. Emphasis was placed on the relevance of clinical information as a fundamental tool for suspecting this syndrome and appropriately choosing the imaging technique. Our main objective is to provide information about the diagnosis of this condition, especially in the context of emergency services.

Condiciones higiénico-sanitarias basadas en las cinco claves de la OMS de los servicios de alimentación de hospitales del departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay / Sanitary hygienic conditions based on the WHO five keys of hospitals food services of the department of Caaguazu, Paraguay

La prevención de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) en hospitales, se vincula a la higiene de los alimentos y buenas prácticas de manufactura (BPM). Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal cuyo objetivo fue evaluar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de los servicios de alimentación de los hospitales del departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay. Se incluyeron todos los hospitales (n=12) con servicios de alimentación con sus correspondientes manipuladores de alimentos (n=26). Se utilizaron cuestionarios elaborados en base a la Resolución 80/96 del Mercosur sobre BPM, las recomendaciones de las "Cinco Claves de la OMS" para la inocuidad de los alimentos, además de los datos socio-demográficos de los manipuladores. El 33,3% de los responsables de los servicios de alimentación reportó no seguir las recomendaciones sobre lavado de manos, se observó que el 41% de los basureros de la cocina estaban sucios (clave 1), 25% de los manipuladores utilizaban los mismos utensilios para alimentos crudos y cocinados, y 41,7% no aplicaba métodos apropiados en la degustación (clave 2). Todos reportaron cocción total de los alimentos, pero solo el 16,7% tenía registro de la temperatura interna de ellos (clave 3). Para alimentos con aliños, 83,3% no limita la exposición a temperatura peligrosa (clave 4). El 33% no utiliza el sistema FIFO para rotación de alimentos, y 25% de manipuladores reportó lavar frutas y verduras según indicaciones de inocuidad (clave 5). Se encontraron deficiencias higiénico-sanitarias en los servicios de alimentación probablemente a la escasa formación en BPM de los manipuladores y deficiencias en las regulaciones en los servicios(AU)

Prevention of foodborne diseases (FBD) in hospitals is related to food hygiene and good manufacturing practices (GMP). The objective of this observational descriptive cross-sectional study was to evaluate the sanitary hygienic conditions of the food services of hospitals of the department of Caaguazú, Paraguay. All hospitals (n= 12) with food services and their food handlers (n= 26) were included. Questionnaires elaborated based on the Mercosur Resolution 80/96 on good manufacturing practices (GMP), WHO "Five Keys for the safety of food" in addition to socio-demographic data of the food handlers were used. The 33.3% of those responsible for the food services reported not following the recommendations on hand washing, 41% of the garbage dumps in the kitchen were dirty (key 1), 25% of the handlers used the same utensils to handle raw and cooked foods and 41.7% did not apply appropriate methods for tasting (key 2). All reported total cooking of the food, only 16.7% had records of the food internal temperature (key 3). For foods with dressings, 83.3% does not limit the exposure to dangerous temperature (key 4). The FIFO is not used in 33.3% of cases and 25% of handlers reported washing fruits and vegetables according to safety indications (key 5). Hygienic-sanitary deficiencies in the food services were found, probably attributed to the poor training in GPM of handlers, and poor regulations in the services(AU)

Sobrepeso, obesidad e ingesta de líquidos en niños y adolescentes en Capital, Central y Caaguazu, 2016

Introducción: En niños y adolescentes de países latinoamericanos la tendencia en el aumento de obesidad es alarmante, esta población tiene una alta probabilidad de padecer a edades más tempranas, enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad e ingesta de líquidos en niños y adolescentes de Capital, Central y Caaguazú durante el año 2016. Material y Métodos: Estudio Observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con muestreo probabilístico estratificado, en niños y adolescentes de Capital, Central y Caaguazu, durante el 2016. Se realizaron 3 recordatorios de ingesta de líquidos en las 24 horas anteriores a la entrevista y determinación de las medidas antropométricas en las instituciones educativas de los departamentos. Los datos se expresan en medidas de tendencia central (Media) y dispersión (Desvío Estándar). Resultados: Participaron del estudio 2279 niños y adolescentes de Capital, Central y Caaguazu, de los cuales el 51,2% (1166) fue del sexo femenino, y el 54,9% (1245) tenía una edad comprendida entre 10 a 14 años. El 18,6% y 26,8% presentaron obesidad y sobrepeso respectivamente. El sobrepeso en las edades de 7 a 9, 10 a 14 y 15 y más años fue de 25,3%, 19,1% y 5,8% respectivamente (p<0,05). El volumen de ingesta diaria de agua, infusiones, jugos naturales y líquidos carbonatados se incrementa con la edad (p<0,05), en cambio el volumen de ingesta diaria de leche disminuye con la edad (p<0,05). Conclusión: La proporción de niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad en de Capital, Central, y Caaguazu fue elevada, se ha visto una disminución en la proporción de sobrepeso a mayor edad, el incremento en el promedio del volumen diario ingerido de leche disminuye con la edad, en cambio se incrementa el de líquidos carbonatados.

Introduction: In Latin American children and adolescents the increasing tendencies in obesity rates are alarming. This population has a high probability of suffering from noncommunicable diseases at an earlier age. Objective: To determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and fluid intake in children and adolescents in the Capital, Central and Caaguazu in 2016. Material and Methods: This was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with stratified probabilistic sampling in children and adolescents of the Capital, Central and Caaguazu, during 2016. We sent participants 3 reminders to intake fluid during the 24 hours prior to the interview and we performed determination of anthropometric measures at the Departments' educational institutions. The data are expressed in measures of central tendency (Median) and dispersion (Standard deviation). Results: 2279 children and adolescents from the Capital, Central and Caaguazu participated in the study, of which 51.2% (1166) were female, and 54.9% (1245) were between 10 and 14 years old. 18.6% and 26.8% were obese and overweight, respectively. Overweight rates at ages 7 to 9, 10 to 14 and 15 and over were 25.3%, 19.1% and 5.8% respectively (p <0.05). The volume of daily intake of water, infusions, natural juices and carbonated beverages increased with age (p <0.05), while the volume of daily milk intake decreased with age (p <0.05). Conclusion: The proportion of children and adolescents who are overweight and obese the Capital, Central and Caaguazu was high. There has been a decrease in the proportion of overweight at older ages, the expected increase in the average daily volume of ingested milk decreases with age while that of carbonated beverages increases.

Distribution of biopsied non plaque-induced gingival lesions in a Chilean population according to the classification of periodontal diseases.

BACKGROUND: Many gingival lesions are not induced by plaque. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of biopsied non-plaque-induced gingival lesions (NPIGL) in a Chilean population. METHODS: One thousand twelve cases of biopsied gingival lesions with confirmed anatomopathologic diagnosis were included, from the records of the Oral Pathology Referral Institute (OPRI), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, between years 1990 and 2009. RESULTS: The most frequent non plaque-induced gingival lesions categories from biopsied cases included hyperplastic lesions, malignancies and benign neoplasms. The most frequent diagnoses in each category were fibrous hyperplasia (35.47%), squamous cell carcinoma (3.85%) and giant cell fibroma (2.08%), respectively. From all lesions, only 8.3% fitted in the specified categories of the current classification of periodontal diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent biopsied NPIGL were hyperplastic lesions and neoplasms. These categories represent relevant lesions to be included in a future periodontal classification system to improve the care needs of the patients, as well as early diagnosis and treatment.

[Epidemiological characteristics of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Peru: Results of the PEruvian Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (PERSTEMI)]. / Características epidemiológicas del infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Perú: resultados del PEruvian Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (PERSTEMI).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological characteristics, treatment, reperfusion strategies and in-hospital adverse events of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction in Peru. METHODS: Observational, prospective multicentre study in patients over 18 years admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction. RESULTS: A total of 396 patients were enrolled in the registry during February 2016 to February 2017. The mean age was 64.9±12 years, and 21% were women. In the first 12h of onset 38% of patients were fibrinolysed, 29% underwent primary PCI, and 33% did not receive any reperfusion. Pharmaco-invasive strategy was used in 12.9% of cases. The fibrinolysis was successful in 65% of patients, and primary PCI success was 82%. The hospital stay was 6 days (IQR 5-10). In-hospital mortality was 10.1%, with the first cause of death being due to cardiogenic shock. The rate of in-hospital re-infarction was 2.2%, and the rate of acute heart failure was 25%. Age>75 years, large infarct size, left ventricular ejection fraction<40%, and absence of negative T waves on post-reperfusion electrocardiogram were independently related to higher in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In Peru, ST elevation myocardial infarction most frequently affects men between 60-70 years. The most frequent initial reperfusion treatment is fibrinolysis, followed by primary angioplasty, and pharmaco-invasive strategy. The main reason for the lack of administration of reperfusion treatment was the delay from symptoms onset to first medical contact. The most common cause of in-hospital death was cardiogenic shock.

Características epidemiológicas del infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Perú: resultados del PEruvian Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (PERSTEMI) / Epidemiological characteristics of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Peru: Results of the PEruvian Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (PERSTEMI)

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas, el tratamiento, las estrategias de reperfusión y los eventos adversos intrahospitalarios de pacientes con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Perú. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, multicéntrico a nivel nacional, en pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados con diagnóstico de infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Resultados: Desde febrero de 2016 a febrero de 2017, 396 pacientes fueron enrolados; la edad promedio fue de 64.9 ± 12 años y el 21% eran mujeres. En las primeras 12 h de evolución un 38% fueron fibrinolisados, en un 29% se realizó PCI primaria y un 33% no recibieron reperfusión. En el 12.9% se usó estrategia farmacoinvasiva. La tasa de éxito de la fibrinólisis fue de un 65% y la de la PCI primaria fue de un 82%. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 6 días (RIQ 5-10). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria llegó a un 10.1%, siendo la principal causa de muerte el choque cardiogénico. La tasa de reinfarto intrahospitalario fue de 2.2% y de falla cardiaca postinfarto, de 25%. La edad > 75 años, grandes tamaños de infarto, la fracción de eyección de ventrículo izquierdo < 40% y la ausencia de ondas T negativas en el electrocardiograma posreperfusión fueron variables relacionadas de manera independiente con una mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Conclusiones: El infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Perú afecta con más frecuencia a varones de entre 60 y 70 años. El tratamiento de reperfusión inicial más frecuente es la fibrinólisis, seguida por la angioplastia primaria y la estrategia farmacoinvasiva. El motivo principal de la falta de administración de tratamiento de reperfusión fue la demora desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el primer contacto médico. La causa más frecuente de muerte intrahospitalaria es el choque cardiogénico.

Abstract Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics, treatment, reperfusion strategies and in-hospital adverse events of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction in Peru. Methods: Observational, prospective multicentre study in patients over 18 years admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction. Results: A total of 396 patients were enrolled in the registry during February 2016 to February 2017. The mean age was 64.9 ± 12 years, and 21% were women. In the first 12 h of onset 38% of patients were fibrinolysed, 29% underwent primary PCI, and 33% did not receive any reperfusion. Pharmaco-invasive strategy was used in 12.9% of cases. The fibrinolysis was successful in 65% of patients, and primary PCI success was 82%. The hospital stay was 6 days (IQR 5-10). In-hospital mortality was 10.1%, with the first cause of death being due to cardiogenic shock. The rate of in-hospital re-infarction was 2.2%, and the rate of acute heart failure was 25%. Age > 75 years, large infarct size, left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%, and absence of negative T waves on post-reperfusion electrocardiogram were independently related to higher in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: In Peru, ST elevation myocardial infarction most frequently affects men between 60-70 years. The most frequent initial reperfusion treatment is fibrinolysis, followed by primary angioplasty, and pharmaco-invasive strategy. The main reason for the lack of administration of reperfusion treatment was the delay from symptoms onset to first medical contact. The most common cause of in-hospital death was cardiogenic shock.

Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura y Factores de Riesgo Durante la Manipulación de Alimentos en los Mercados Municipales del Departamento de Caaguazú (2015-2016)

Resumen La alimentación incide directamente en la salud humana. En los mercados se elaboran y expenden productos alimenticios de alta demanda y gran consumo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las buenas prácticas de manufactura y los factores de riesgo durante la manipulación de alimentos en los Mercados Municipales del Departamento de Caaguazú, años 2015 y 2016. El estudio fue de tipo observacional descriptivo de corte transversal y prospectivo. La muestra quedó conformada por 5 mercados, en los cuales fueron seleccionados para participar del estudio 66 manipuladores de alimentos y 39 establecimientos gastronómicos. Para la recolección de datos relacionados con las BPM, se diseñó y validó una lista de verificación que contenía 176 variables agrupadas en 14 secciones, con el mismo instrumento también se identificaron los factores de riesgo. Los resultados arrojaron la siguiente información. Los factores de riesgo observados en los manipuladores de alimentos fueron: forma incorrecta como descongelan los alimentos con el 98,46% (n=64), prueban los alimentos de forma incorrecta el 85,25% (n=52) y el no uso del uniforme completo de color claro y limpio el 83,33% (n=55).En los establecimientos, los factores de riesgo observados fueron en mayor porcentaje fueron: la forma de disposición de la basura, lo realiza de forma incorrecta el 84,88% (n=37), no realizan el lavado de los abridores de lata entre cada uso, un 92,31% (n=36) y alimentos no almacenados por separado debidamente, el 92,31% (n=36). Se concluyó de manera general en los Mercados Municipales del Departamento de Caaguazú durante los años 2015 - 2016, no se conocían ni aplicaban las buenas prácticas de manufactura, siendo observados algunos factores de riesgo como fueron la formad de descongelar los alimentos, la forma en cómo prueban los alimentos, la forma de disposición de la basura y lavado de abridores de lata entre cada uso.

Abstract Food directly affects human health. In markets, high-demand and high-consumption food products are made and sold. The objective of this work was to describe good manufacturing practices and risk factors during food handling in the Municipal Markets of the Department of Caaguazú, in the years 2015 and 2016. The study was descriptive observational cross-sectional and prospective. The sample consisted of 5 markets, in which 66 food handlers and 39 gastronomic establishments were selected to participate in the study. For the collection of GMP-related data, a checklist was drawn up and validated containing 176 variables grouped into 14 sections, with the same instrument also identifying risk factors. The results showed the following information. The risk factors observed in food handlers were: incorrectly defrosted food with 98.46% (n = 64), incorrectly tested food 85.25% (n = 52) and non-use of the complete uniform of light and clean color 83.33% (n = 55). In the establishments, the observed risk factors were in greater percentage were: the form of disposition of the garbage, it performs incorrectly the 84, 88.3% (n = 36) and food not separately stored properly, 92.31% (n = 36) did not perform the washing of can openers between each use. It was concluded in general in the Municipal Markets of the Department of Caaguazú during the years 2015 - 2016, the good manufacturing practices were not known and applied, being observed some risk factors such as the form of thawing the food, the way in which test foods, how to dispose of trash and wash can openers between each use.

Oxidative Stress in the Local and Systemic Events of Apical Periodontitis.

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders. Apical periodontitis (AP) usually results in the formation of an osteolytic apical lesion (AL) caused by the immune response to endodontic infection. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phagocytic cells in response to bacterial challenge represent an important host defense mechanism, but disturbed redox balance results in tissue injury. This mini review focuses on the role of oxidative stress in the local and associated systemic events in chronic apical periodontitis. During endodontic infection, ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on phagocytes' surface triggers activation, phagocytosis, synthesis of ROS, activation of humoral and cellular responses, and production of inflammatory mediators, such as, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The increment in ROS perturbs the normal redox balance and shifts cells into a state of oxidative stress. ROS induce molecular damage and disturbed redox signaling, that result in the loss of bone homeostasis, increased pro-inflammatory mediators, and MMP overexpression and activation, leading to apical tissue breakdown. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been strongly involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, where a chronic inflammatory process develops in the arterial wall. Chronic AP is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and especially atherogenesis. The potential mechanisms linking these diseases are also discussed.