Heterogeneity of weight loss after gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and adjustable gastric banding.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding all lead to substantial weight loss in obese patients. Long-term weight loss can be highly variable beyond 1-year postsurgery. This study examines and compares the frequency distribution of weight loss and lack of treatment effect rates after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. METHODS: A total of 1,331 consecutive patients at a single academic institution were reviewed from a prospectively collected database. Preoperative data collected included demographics, body mass index, and percent excess weight loss. Postoperative BMI and %EWL were collected at 12, 24, and 36 months. Percent excess weight loss was analyzed by the percentiles of excess weight lost, and the distribution of percent excess weight loss was evaluated in 10% increments. Lack of a successful treatment effect was defined as <25% excess weight loss. RESULTS: Of the 1,331 patients, 72.4% (963) underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 18.3% (243) laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and 9.4%(125) laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Mean percent excess weight loss was greatest for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, followed by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and then by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding at every time point: at 2 years mean percent excess weight loss was 77.9± 24.4 for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 50.8 ± 25.8 for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and 40.8± 25.9 for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (P < .0001). The rates of a successful treatment effect s for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding were 0.9%, 5.2%, and 24.3% at 1 year; 0.3%, 11.1%, and 26.0% at 2 years; and 1.0%, 25.3%, and 30.2% at 3 years. At 1 year, the odds ratio of lack of a successful treatment effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was 6.305 (2.125-19.08; P = .0004), the odds ratio for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was 36.552 (15.64-95.71; P < .0001), and the odds ratio for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy was 5.791 (2.519-14.599; P < .0001). At 2 years, the odds ratio for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increased to 70.7 (9.4-531.7; P < .0001), the odds ratio for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increased to 128.1 (16.8-974.3; P < .0001), and the odds ratio for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy decreased to 1.8 (0.9-3.6; P = .09). CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the existing variability in weight loss across bariatric procedures as well as in the lack of a treatment effect for each procedure. Although laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding has the greatest rate of a lack of a successful treatment effect, the rate remained stable over 3 years postoperatively. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy showed a doubling in the rate of a lack of a successful treatment effect every year reaching 25% at year 3. The rates for lack of a successful treatment effect for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass remained stable at about 1% for the first 3 years postoperatively.

Mammography before and after bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Morbidly obese women are at increased risk for breast cancer, and the majority of surgical weight-loss patients are older than 40 years old. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the technical and interpretive changes in mammography following bariatric surgery. SETTING: Accredited Academic Hospital. METHODS: Two breast-imaging radiologists reviewed screening mammograms performed on 10 morbidly obese women undergoing bariatric surgery both pre- and postoperatively. American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR BI-RADS) density, imaging quality measurements, compression force, breast thickness, pectoral nipple line (PNL) length, and x-ray beam kilovoltage (kVp) and miliamperes per second (mAs) were recorded. RESULTS: The average patient age was 56 years old, with mean age at menarche of 13 years old; 70% of patients were postmenopausal (average age 49 years at menopause) and 50% had a family history of breast cancer. There was a significant reduction in both BMI (-13.2 kg/m2, P<.01) and waist circumference (-32.0 cm, P<.01) following bariatric surgery. There was a significant reduction in breast thickness (-23.8 mm), reduction in PNL length (-1.9 cm), reduction in kVp (-1.2), and reduction in mAs (-16.7) even though there was no compression force change in pre- and postoperative mammograms detected. All breast densities were fatty or scattered though there were more scattered and fewer fatty images after surgery (P = .002). CONCLUSION: Morbidly obese women can undergo quality mammograms before and after bariatric surgery; however, weight loss after bariatric surgery leads to only slightly denser mammograms. Furthermore, weight loss reduces mammographic radiation doses.

Do adverse childhood experiences affect surgical weight loss outcomes?

Bariatric surgery is an effective and enduring treatment for obesity; however, variation in weight loss may occur following surgery. Many factors beyond technical considerations may influence postoperative outcomes. A better understanding of the influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on surgical weight loss may improve preoperative care. Demographic and preoperative and postoperative data were prospectively obtained for 223 patients undergoing bariatric surgery. All cases were completed laparoscopically without serious complication. Patients completed the ACE questionnaire, which assesses childhood maltreatment. Patients had an average age of 48 years and 77 % were female. There was a significant reduction from preoperative to 12-month postoperative BMI (45 to 31 kg/m(2), p ≤ 0.01). The average ACE score was 2.9 and these patients were more likely than population norms to have an ACE score ≥4 (35.9 vs. 12.5 %, p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between the number of preoperative comorbidities and preoperative ACE score (R = 0.112, p = 0.09). Patients with a high ACE score (≥6) vs. patients low ACE scores had a higher postoperative BMI at 6-months (36.9 vs. 33.4 kg/m(2), p = 0.03) and 12-months postoperatively (34.5 vs. 30.5 kg/m(2), p = 0.07). High ACE patients had higher total cholesterol (191 vs. 169 mg/dL, p = 0.02) and LDL cholesterol (116 vs. 94 mg/dL, p = 0.02) than low ACE patients 12-months postoperatively. A high preoperative ACE score decreases weight loss following bariatric surgery and may warrant an increased preoperative counseling.