Efficient adsorption of low-concentration uranium from aqueous solutions by biomass composite aerogel.

The development of nuclear energy has led to the depletion of uranium resources and now presents the challenge of treating radioactive wastewater. Extracting uranium from seawater and nuclear wastewater has been identified as an effective strategy for addressing these issues. However, extracting uranium from nuclear wastewater and seawater is still extremely challenging. In this study, an amidoxime-modified feather keratin aerogel (FK-AO aerogel) was prepared using feather keratin for efficient uranium adsorption. The FK-AO aerogel showed an impressive adsorption capacity of 585.88 mg·g-1 in an 8 ppm uranium solution, with a calculated maximum adsorption capacity of 990.10 mg·g-1. Notably, the FK-AO aerogel demonstrated excellent selectivity for U(VI) in simulated seawater that contained coexisting heavy metal ions. In a uranium solution having a salinity of 35 g·L-1 and a concentration of 0.1-2 ppm, the FK-AO aerogel achieved a uranium removal rate of greater than 90 %, indicating its effectiveness in adsorbing uranium in environments having high salinity and low concentration. This suggests that FK-AO aerogel is an ideal adsorbent for extracting uranium from seawater and nuclear wastewater, and it is also expected that it could be used in industrial applications for extracting uranium from seawater.

Short sleep duration associated with the incidence of cardio-cerebral vascular disease: a prospective cohort study in Shanghai, China.

IMPORTANCE: Sleep duration plays an important role in predicting CCVD incidence, and have implications for reducing the burden of CCVD. However, the association between sleep duration and predicted cardio-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVD) risk remains to be fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of sleep duration on the development of CCVD among Chinese community residents. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. The baseline survey was conducted from January 2013 to July 2013. The cohort has been followed until December 31, 2016 using a combination of in-person interviews and record linkages with the vital registry of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China. SUBJECTS: A total of 8245 Chinese community residents were initially enrolled in the cohort. Of those, 6298 underwent the follow-up examination. EXPOSURE: Self-reported sleep duration and sleep quality were obtained via the questionnaire. Sleep duration was divided into five categories: ≤5, 6, 7, 8, or ≥ 9 h per day. MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S): CCVD, Coronary heart disease (CHD) and Stroke occurrence, Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using Fine-Gray proportional subdistribution hazards models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 3.00 years (IQR 2.92-3.08), we observed 370 participants have had incident CCVD events, of whom 230 had CHDs, 169 had strokes, and 29 had both. After adjustment for relevant confounders, short sleepers (≤ 5 h) had 83% higher risk of total CCVD incidence (HR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.32-2.54), 82% higher risk of CHD incidence (HR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.21-2.75), and 82% higher risk of stroke incidence (HR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.12-2.98) in contrast to the reference group (7 h). Some of these U-shaped relationships varied by age, and were more pronounced in individuals aged < 65 years. Individuals who slept ≤ 5 h per day with baseline hypertension had the highest risk of CCVD incidence (HR: 3.38, 95% CI 2.08-5.48), CHD incidence (HR: 3.11, 95% CI 1.75-5.53), and stroke incidence (HR: 4.33, 95% CI 1.90-9.86), compared with those sleep 7 h and without baseline hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Short sleep duration is independently associated with greater incidence of CCVD, CHD and stroke.

The Impact of a Health Forecasting Service on the Visits and Costs in Outpatient and Emergency Departments for COPD Patients - Shanghai Municipality, China, October 2019-April 2020.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC?: The morbidity and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with adverse weather and air pollution. However, COPD patients are not able to be alerted in advance of high risk environments. WHAT IS ADDED BY THIS REPORT?: This prospective controlled trial conducted in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from October 2019 to April 2020 provided evidence of COPD risk forecasting service on the reductions in visits and costs of COPD patients in outpatient and emergency departments in China for the first time. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE?: This study suggests that COPD risk forecasting service could be integrated into existing COPD management in public health to improve the health and economic outcomes.

Association Between Sleep Quality and Pain Intensity in Mild Patients with COPD: A Community Study.

PURPOSE: Poor sleep quality and pain were common and had been proved as an important influenced factor of quality of life for patients with COPD. The association of sleep quality with pain has been observed in other population but remains unclear in mild patients with COPD from a community setting. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to include eligible mild patients with COPD in Pudong New District of Shanghai. A structured questionnaire was used to collect general and clinical information for the patients. The Chinese version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the short form of McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) was used to assess sleep quality and intensity of pain. Logistic regression was performed to test the association between sleeping quality and pain intensity. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-four patients with COPD, with an average age of 64 years (SD 5.78 years), were enrolled, and of 52% were women. Seventy-one (26.9%) participants reported at least one exacerbation during the past year. About 28.2% of the patients were classified as having poor sleep quality. Sleep quality was significantly associated with PRI score (adjusted odds ratio (ORad)=2.16, 95% CI: 1.16-4.00) and PPI rank (ORad=1.90, 95% CI: 1.08-3.34). People with daytime disturbance were more likely to have pain (ORad =2.03, 95% CI: 1.18-3.50). CONCLUSION: Poor sleep quality was common in mild patients with COPD in community and was associated with higher pain intensity. Pain may involve an impairment of sleep quality.

Glucose Intolerance and Cancer Risk: A Community-Based Prospective Cohort Study in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: Cancer becomes the leading cause of premature death in China. Primary objective of this study was to determine the major risk factors especially glucose intolerance for cancer prophylaxis. METHODS: A cluster sampling method was applied to enroll 10,657 community-based adults aged 15-92 years in Shanghai, China in 2013. A structured questionnaire and physical examination were applied in baseline survey. Prediabetes was diagnosed using 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. After excluding 1433 subjects including 224 diagnosed with cancer before and 1 year after baseline survey, the remaining 9,224 subjects were followed-up to December 31, 2020. RESULTS: A total of 502 new cancer cases were diagnosed. The cancer incidence was 10.29, 9.20, and 5.95/1,000 person-years in diabetes patients, those with prediabetes, and healthy participants, respectively (p<0.001). The multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that age, prediabetes and diabetes, were associated with an increased risk of cancer in those <65 years, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for prediabetes and diabetes were, 1.49(1.09-2.02) and 1.51(1.12-2.02), respectively. Glucose intolerance (prediabetes and diabetes) were associated with increased risks of stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, and kidney cancer in those <65 years. Anti-diabetic medications reduced the risk of cancer caused by diabetes. The multivariate Cox analysis showed that age, male, <9 years of education, and current smoking were associated with increased risks of cancer in those ≥65 years independently. CONCLUSIONS: Glucose intolerance is the prominent cancer risk factor in adults <65 years. Lifestyle intervention and medications to treat glucose intolerance help prevent cancer in this population.

Quality of life and its associated factors for mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients of urban community settings.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious disease with impaired quality of life (QoL). Few studies have focused on the QoL for mild COPD patients in Chinese urban communities. This study aimed to evaluate the QoL and explore its associated factors among patients with mild COPD in Shanghai. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 275 mild COPD patients was conducted in 6 communities of Pudong New Area in Shanghai, China, in 2016. Data on socioeconomic and health conditions were acquired through a face-to-face interview and a physical examination. EuroQoL five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D)- Chinese version was applied to evaluate their QoL. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% CI for risk factors associated with QoL. RESULTS: Among 275 subjects, the overall visual analog scale score and utility of QoL were 70.6 and 0.889, respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that exacerbation in recent year were negatively associated with the top 25% utility of QoL (OR =2.02, 95% CI: 1.03-3.97), and the worse exercise capacity (distance of 6-minute walking test <525.3 m) was negatively correlated the outcome (OR =2.92, 95% CI: 1.10-7.75) too. In multi-factor logistic regression, the associations were slightly weakened. CONCLUSIONS: The QoL was impaired in mild COPD patients living in urban communities. Exacerbation in the past year and exercise capacity were significantly correlated to QoL. More interventions should be developed to improve the QoL at the early stage of COPD.

Association of interarm blood pressure difference with cardio-cerebral vascular disease: A community-based, cross-sectional study.

Interarm blood pressure difference (IAD) is a risk factor for peripheral artery disease and cardio-cerebral vascular disease (CCVD). The current study examines the association of IAD with stroke and coronary heart disease in a Chinese community. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pudong New Area in Shanghai, China. A total of 10 657 residents aged 15 years and older were randomly selected through three-stage sampling. Volunteers had systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) measured in both arms at recruitment, and IAD was defined in both arms as the absolute difference in BP. Medical records of study participants were reviewed by investigators to confirm measurements. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between systolic interarm blood pressure difference (sIAD) and diastolic interarm blood pressure difference (dIAD) with stroke and coronary heart disease. Compared with dIAD <5 mm Hg, the multivariate adjusted odds ratio (OR) of stroke prevalence was 1.357 (95% CI 0.725-2.542, P = 0.034) for dIAD ≥20 mm Hg and 1.702 (95% CI1.025-2.828, P = 0.040) for dIAD between 15 and 19 mm Hg, and the multivariate adjusted OR of coronary heart disease prevalence was 1.726 (95% CI 1.093-2.726, P = 0.019) for dIAD ≥20 mm Hg and 1.498 (95% CI 0.993-2.261, P = 0.044) for dIAD between 15 and 19 mm Hg. The relationship between cardio-cerebral vascular disease and dIAD was significant in a Chinese community population. Further cohort studies are needed to investigate the association of different levels of IAD with the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and subsequent mortality.

Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and their associated factors in mild COPD patients from community settings, Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious disease frequently accompanied by anxiety and depression. Few studies have focused on anxiety and depression for mild COPD patients in China. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors for anxiety and depression among patients with mild COPD in urban communities. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 275 mild COPD patients was conducted in 6 communities randomly sampled from Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China, in 2016. Data on socioeconomic factors and health conditions were acquired through a face-to-face interview as well as a physical examination. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and EQ-5D visual analogue (EQ-5Dvas) were applied to evaluate their mental health and quality of life, respectively. Logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and their 95% confidential intervals (CI) for risk factors associated with anxiety or depression. RESULTS: Among 275 subjects, 8.1% had anxiety and 13.4% had depression. Logistic regression analysis indicated that female patients were more likely to suffer from anxiety than male patients (aOR = 6.41, 95% CI:1.73-23.80). Poor health status (EQ-5Dvas score < 70) was significantly associated with increased risks of anxiety (aOR = 5.99, 95% CI: 2.13-16.82) and depression (aOR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.29-5.52). CONCLUSIONS: There were increased risks of anxiety and depression in mild COPD patients living in urban communities. Female sex and poor health status were significantly correlated to anxiety or depression. More interventions should be developed to reduce the risks of anxiety and depression at the early stage of COPD.

Sex-specific associations between extreme sleep duration and prevalence of cardio-cerebral vascular disease: a community-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Most previous studies on sleep duration and cardio-cerebral vascular disease (CCVD) association have not adequately controlled for many confounders. The current study prospectively examined the association of sleep duration with CCVD prevalence in a Chinese community population; cardiovascular risk factors, chronic diseases, and sleep quality were taken into consideration. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China. Through three-stage sampling, 10,657 adults aged ≥15 years were randomly selected. Self-reported sleep duration and CCVD prevalence were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Medical records of the subjects were reviewed by investigators for further confirmation. Relationships between sleep duration and CCVD prevalence were examined using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared to midrange sleep duration (7 h), the multivariate-adjusted OR of CCVD prevalence was 1.550 (95% CI 1.192-2.017) for sleeping 5 h, 1.427 (95% CI 0.983-2.072) for sleeping <5 h. A similar situation also prevailed in coronary heart disease (CHD) prevalence: the multivariate-adjusted OR of stroke prevalence was 2.130 (95% CI 1.338-3.389) for sleeping >9 h. In an analysis stratified by sex, participants with a long sleep duration (>9 h) demonstrated significantly increased prevalence (OR = 3.623, 95% CI 1.862-7.052) for stroke only in men. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between extreme sleep durations and CCVD were influenced by sex in a Chinese community population. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of the association between extreme sleep duration and CCVD, as well as sex-specificity in the relationship.

Optimal hemoglobin A1C cutoff value for diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.

AIMS: Due to the diversity of the Chinese population, it requires considerable research to evaluate HbA1c diagnostic threshold for diagnosis of hyperglycemia. METHODS: We included 7909 subjects aged ≥15 without known diabetes from the baseline of Pudong community cohort in 2013. Participants took oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and HbA1c assay. Receiver operating characteristic curve determined the HbA1c threshold in the diagnosis of hyperglycemia. RESULTS: The optimal HbA1C threshold for diagnosing newly diagnosed diabetes (NDD) and pre-diabetes in this population was 6.0% (AUC=0.798, 95%CI: 0.779-0.818) and 5.6% (AUC=0.655, 95%CI: 0.638-0.671). When compared with elderly age group (≥70 years), HbA1c for detecting NDD performed better in youth (15-39 years: P=0.003, 40-49 years: P<0.001). There were 13.81% and 13.34% of participants would be newly detected as NDD and pre-diabetes via HbA1c criteria; meanwhile 3.20% and 15.52% diagnosed as NDD and pre-diabetes by OGTT criteria would be missed diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal HbA1c thresholds for NDD and pre-diabetes were lower than ADA criteria. It is necessary to carefully consider whether choose HbA1c as a diagnostic criterion or combine two diagnostic standards. Age-specific diagnostic thresholds should be considered when HbA1c was recommended as diagnostic standard.

Pain problems for patients with mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a community-based study in Shanghai.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a great public health burden worldwide. Few studies have focused on pain problems in patients with mild and moderate COPD in Chinese community settings. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 283 patients with mild and moderate COPD was conducted in six communities that were randomly sampled in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China, in 2016. A face-to-face interview was conducted to collect data on personal characteristics and health conditions. The short form McGill Pain Questionnaire and the COPD assessment test (CAT) were applied to evaluate pain problems and health status, respectively. RESULTS: Among 283 subjects, more than one third (37%) had pain problems indicated by the present pain intensity (PPI) scale. COPD patients aged <65 years with exacerbation in the past 12 months or a CAT score of ≥10 had a significantly higher score in affective dimension. Female sex, COPD severity, and length of disease were significantly related to higher scores of the sensory dimension. Those with moderate COPD or a CAT score of ≥10 had significantly higher scores of visual analog scale than those with mild COPD or a CAT score <10. Patients with moderate COPD had a higher rank of PPI than those with mild COPD. CONCLUSION: Pain was common in patients with mild and moderate COPD in the community settings of Shanghai, China. Severity of COPD and CAT score were significantly related to the prevalence of pain. Intervention measures should be developed to improve pain problems for COPD patients.

Heterogeneous associations of insoluble dietary fibre intake with subsequent glycosylated Hb levels among Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes: a quantile regression approach.

Dietary fibre intake has been suggested to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, particularly when glycosylated Hb (HbA1c) levels are high. In the present study, we used a quantile regression (QR) approach to characterise the possible heterogeneous associations of dietary fibre intake with HbA1c levels in Chinese diabetic patients. A total of 497 diabetic patients participated in the baseline survey in 2006 and in the follow-up survey in 2011, both of which were conducted in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China. Structured in-person interviews were conducted to collect information on demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated FFQ. Blood samples were collected during the interviews for biochemical assays. QR models were used to examine the heterogeneous associations of dietary factors with HbA1c levels. A significant marginal association of insoluble dietary fibre intake with subsequent HbA1c levels was observed only when the HbA1c level was over 6·8%. The associations appeared to be greater when the quantile levels of HbA1c were higher. The coefficient estimates were -0·174 (95% CI -0·433, -0·025) at the quantile of 0·60, -0·200 (95% CI -0·306, -0·008) at 0·70, -0·221 (95% CI -0·426, -0·117) at 0·80, and -0·389 (95% CI -0·516, -0·018) at 0·90. A similar pattern was observed for the associations of dietary glycaemic index (GI) value with HbA1c levels. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the associations of insoluble dietary fibre intake and GI value with subsequent HbA1c levels depend on glycaemic control status in Chinese diabetic patients. More studies are required to confirm our findings.

Long-term effect of dietary fibre intake on glycosylated haemoglobin A1c level and glycaemic control status among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Dietary fibre has been linked to lower levels of glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) among diabetes patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the long-term effect of dietary fibre on HbA1c levels among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2011, with the second one being a repeat survey on a sub-sample from the initial one. In both surveys, an in-person interview was conducted to collect information on demographic characteristics and lifestyles following a similar protocol. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated FFQ. Anthropometric measures and biochemical assays were performed at the interview. SETTING: Communities in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China. SUBJECTS: Chinese patients (n 934) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: An inverse association was observed between dietary fibre and glycaemic status indicated by HbA1c level in both surveys, although it was significant only in the first survey. Among 497 patients participating in both surveys, dietary fibre intake at the first survey was inversely associated with uncontrolled glycaemic status at the second survey, with adjusted odds ratios across the tertiles of intake being 1·00, 0·72 (95 % CI 0·43, 1·21) and 0·58 (95 % CI 0·34, 0·99; P trend = 0·048). The change in fibre intake was slightly associated with glycaemic status, with each increase in tertile scores of intake linked to a 0·138 % (ß = -0·138; 95 % CI -0·002, 0·278) decrease in HbA1c value and a 19 % (OR = 0·81; 95 % CI 0·65, 1·02) reduced risk of uncontrolled glycaemic status at the second survey. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary fibre may have a long-term beneficial effect on HbA1c level among Chinese diabetes patients.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease across levels of glycemia among adults in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: Few population-based studies have examined the relationship between glycemic status and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in China. We examined the prevalence of CKD across categories of glycemia [diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] ≥ 126 mg/dL), prediabetes (FPG 100-126 mg/dL) and normal glycemia (FPG <100 mg/dL)] among Chinese adults and assessed the relative contribution of dysglycemia (prediabetes and/or diabetes) to the burden of CKD. METHODS: 5,584 Chinese adults aged 20-79 years were selected from the Pudong New Area of Shanghai through a multistage random sampling. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics, anthropometry and blood pressure were measured. Biochemical assays included FPG, serum creatinine and lipids, urinary creatinine and albumin. Prevalence of albuminuria [urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30 mg/g], decreased kidney function and CKD (either decreased kidney function or albuminuria) across levels of glycemia were estimated. RESULTS: The prevalence of albuminuria, decreased kidney function and CKD each increased with higher glycemic levels (P < 0.001). Based on the MDRD Study equation, the unadjusted CKD prevalence was 30.9%, 28.5%, 14.1% and 9.2% in those with diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetes and normoglycemia, respectively. The corresponding age-, gender- and hypertension-adjusted CKD prevalence were 25.8%, 25.0%, 12.3% and 9.1%, respectively. In a multivariable analysis, the factors associated with CKD were hypertension (Odds ratio [OR] 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-2.03), dysglycemia (OR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.39-1.95), female gender (OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.25-1.75), higher triglycerides (OR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08-1.20 per mmol/L), higher body mass index (OR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10 per kg/m2), and older age (OR 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01 -1.03 per year). The population attributable risks (PARs) associated with diabetes, prediabetes, dysglycemia (diabetes and prediabetes) and hypertension were 18.4%, 19.7%, 30.3% and 44.5% for CKD as defined by the MDRD study equation, and 15.8%, 24.4%, 29.2% and 10.0% with the CKD-EPI equation. Estimates of prevalence and ORs of the relative contribution of various risk factors to CKD obtained with the CKD-EPI equation were similar. CONCLUSIONS: As much as 30% of the CKD burden may be associated with dysglycemia among Chinese adults, independent of age, gender and hypertension status. Prevention and control of diabetes and prediabetes should be a high priority in reducing the CKD burden in China.

Dietary fiber intake is associated with HbA1c level among prevalent patients with type 2 diabetes in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: Dietary factors play an important role in glycemic control in diabetic patients. However, little is known about their effects among Chinese diabetic patients, whose diets are typically abundant in fiber and high in glycemic index (GI) values. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 934 patients with type 2 diabetes and 918 healthy volunteers from Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, were interviewed during the period of Oct-Dec, 2006 to elicit demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements, bio-specimen collection and biochemical assays were conducted at the interview according to a standard protocol. In this population, diabetic patients consumed lower levels of energy and macronutrients but had higher levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycolated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglyceride and body mass index than healthy adults. While the average consumption levels of the nutrients among diabetic patients did not vary along duration of the disease, the average levels of FPG and HbA1c increased with increasing duration. Regardless of diabetes duration, HbA1c level was observed lower in patients having a higher fiber or lower GI intake. Compared with those with the lowest tertile intake of fiber, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for poor glycemic control reduced from 0.75 (95%CI: 0.54-1.06) to 0.51 (95%CI: 0.34-0.75) with increasing tertile intake (P for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary fiber may play an important role in reducing HbA1c level. Increasing fiber intake may be an effective approach to improve glycemic control among Chinese diabetic patients.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Pudong New Area of Shanghai using three proposed definitions among Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has been increasing in China in recent years. The aim of this study is to estimate and compare the prevalence of MS among Chinese adults in Shanghai, one of the most economic developed areas in China, using definitions proposed by World Health Organization (WHO), National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (modified ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 5,584 adults at age 20-79 randomly selected from Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China, through a three-stage sampling. All participants were interviewed in-person between April and July of 2008 to collect information on demographic and lifestyle characteristics. At the interview, anthropometry and blood pressure were measured and bio-specimens were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence estimates for the MS increased with age for each definition in men and women, but the estimates varied greatly between the definitions and by sex. The prevalence of the MS was higher in men (20.2%) than in women (18.7%) using WHO definition but this sex difference was reversed when using the modified ATP III (28.4% for men vs. 35.1% for women) and the IDF (15.9% for men vs. 26.7% for women) criteria. The most common metabolic disorder in this population was dyslipidaemia, regardless of the definition used. Substantial agreement, estimated using the kappa statistic, was found between the modified ATP III and IDF definition, whereas the lowest agreement was observed between the WHO and ATP III criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The MS is highly prevalent among Chinese adults in Pudong New Area of Shanghai and the most prevalent component was dyslipidemia. These findings underscore the importance of prevention and control efforts for the MS in this area and the need for a unified predictive definition for the syndrome for use by clinical practitioners and public health agencies.