OBJECTIVES: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. RESULTS: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes.
Altitude , Puberty , Male , Child , Female , Humans , Adolescent , Child, Preschool , Peru , Cross-Sectional Studies , Body Height , Growth
Introducción: El crecimiento físico (CF) está determinado por factores genéticos y ambientales que producen variaciones en la población de las diferentes regiones del mundo. Objetivo: Comparar el CF lineal de niños y adolescentes que viven a moderada y elevada altitud del Perú. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio trasversal (compara-tivo) en niños y adolescentes que viven a moderada (2.178metros) y elevada altitud (4.349 metros) del Perú. Se estudió a 563 escolares (276 niños y 287 niñas) de dos regiones geográficas de Puno (Perú). Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y circunferencia del brazo derecho. Se utilizó la referencia de la organización mundial de la salud (OMS) para categorizar el Z-Score por sexo y edad especifica. Resultados: Los niños de moderada altitud presentaron mayor peso corporal en todas las edades (p<0,05), sin em-bargo, en la estatura, a edades iniciales hubo diferencias en-tre ambas altitudes y en durante la adolescencia hubo valo-res similares. En la circunferencia del brazo no se observódiferencias significativas (p>0,05) entre los niños de ambasaltitudes en todas las edades. La estatura de los niños y ni-ñas de ambas altitudes presentaron Z-Score negativas,siendo más profundas en los niños de elevada altitud (niños-0.38 a -1.41 y niñas -0.77 a -1.80 Z-Score) en relación a lasque viven en moderada altitud (niños 0.05 a -1.30 y niñas-0.06 a -1.40 Z-Score). Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que los niños de am-bos sexos de 5 a los 16 años que viven a elevadas y modera-das altitudes del Perú, presentaron patrones de crecimiento li-neal disminuidos en relación a la referencia de la OMS,además, los niños que viven a elevada altitud presentaron es-taturas inferiores durante la niñez cuando fueron comparadoscon los de moderada altitud, sin embargo, durante la adoles-cencia evidenciaron un rápido crecimiento, nivelándose consus similares de moderada altitud (AU)
Introduction: Physical growth (FC) is determined by genetic and environmental factors that produce variations in the population in different regions of the world. Objective: To compare the linear FC of children and adolescents living at moderate and high altitude in Peru. Methodology: A cross-sectional (comparative) study wascarried out in children and adolescents living at moderate(2,178 meters) and high altitude (4,349 meters) in Peru. A total of 563 school children (276 boys and 287 girls) from two geographical regions of Puno (Peru) were studied. Weight, height and right arm circumference were evaluated. The reference of the World Health Organization (WHO) was used to categorize the Z-Score by sex and specific age.Results: Children of moderate altitude presented higherbody weight at all ages, however, in height, at initial agesthere were differences between both altitudes and duringadolescence there were similar values. In arm circumference,no significant differences were observed between children ofboth altitudes at all ages. The height of boys and girls of bothaltitudes presented negative Z-Score, being deeper in childrenof high altitude (boys -0.38 to -1.41 and girls -0.77 to -1.80Z-Score) in relation to those living in moderate altitude (boys-0.05 to -1.30 and girls -0.06 to -1.40 Z-Score). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that children of bothsexes from 5 to 16 years of age living at high and moderatealtitudes in Peru, presented diminished linear growth patternsin relation to the WHO reference, in addition, children livingat high altitude presented lower heights during childhoodwhen compared to those at moderate altitude, however, du-ring adolescence they showed rapid growth, leveling withtheir peers at moderate altitude (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Growth , Child Development , Altitude , Peru , Cross-Sectional Studies
BACKGROUND: The relationship between the Body Mass Index (BMI) with physical fitness in children and adolescent populations from diverse regions are consistent. However, the relationship between the Ponderal Index (PI) with physical fitness, based on what is known to date, has not been examined in depth. The objective was to evaluate the relationships between BMI and PI with three physical fitness tests of students living at moderate altitudes in Peru. METHODS: A descriptive correlational study was carried out with 385 adolescents, between the ages of 10.0 to 15.9 years old, from the province of Arequipa, Peru. Weight, height, and three physical fitness tests (horizontal jump, agility, and abdominal muscle resistance) were evaluated. BMI and PI were calculated, and they were, then, categorized into three strata (low, normal, and excessive weight). Specific regressions were calculated for sex, using a non-lineal quadratic model for each item adjusted for BMI and PI. RESULTS: The relationship between BMI and PI with the physical tests reflected parabolic curves that varied in both sexes. The regression values for BMI in males oscillated between R2 = 0.029 and 0.073 and for females between R2 = 0.008 and 0.091. For PI, for males, it varied from R2 = 0.044 to 0.82 and for females, from R2 = 0.011 to 0.103. No differences occurred between the three nutritional categories for BMI as well as for PI for both sexes (p range between 0.18 to 0.38), as well as for low weight (BMI vs PI), normal weight (BMI vs PI), and excessive weight (BMI vs PI) (p range between 0.35 to 0.64). CONCLUSIONS: BMI showed inferior quadratic regressions with respect to the PI. In addition, physical performance was slightly unfavorable when it was analyzed by BMI. PI could be a useful tool for analyzing and predicting physical fitness for adolescents living at a moderate altitude since it corrects for the notable differences for weight between adolescents.
Body Height , Physical Fitness , Adolescent , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Physical Fitness/physiology , Students , Weight Gain
Introduction: physical growth patterns and nutritional status of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude are not applicable for clinical assessment of growth for diverse populations around the world. Objective: a) to compare weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variables with CDC-2012 references; b) to verify if BMI and/or ponderal index (PI) are applicable to children living at a moderate altitude; and c) to propose percentiles to assess physical growth by age and sex. Methods: a total of 5,377 students, ranging in age from 6.0 to 17.9 years, were evaluated. The students were from two geographic regions of moderate altitude in Peru (2,320 meters) and Colombia (2,640 meters). Weight and height were measured. BMI and PI were calculated. Weight, height and BMI were compared with CDC-2012 references. Results: males showed lower weight and height from age 11 to 17.9 years compared to CDC-2012. Females weighed less than the reference from 9.0 to 17.9 years. Female height was lower from 6.0 to 14.9 years; however, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, values were similar to the reference. As for BMI, there were differences in both sexes (in males, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, and in females, from 12.0 to 17.9 years). Age, weight and height explained BMI: between R2 = 17 and 83 % in males, and in females between R2 = 24 and 85 %. These same variables influenced PI in a lower percentage in both sexes: for males (R2 = 0.01 to 49 %) and for females (R2 = 0.01 to 18 %). (AU)
Introducción: los patrones de crecimiento físico y el estado nutricional de los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada no son aplicables para la evaluación clínica del crecimiento de las diversas poblaciones del mundo. Objetivo: a) comparar las variables de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) con las referencias del CDC-2012; b) verificar si el IMC y/o el índice ponderal (IP) son aplicables a los niños que viven a una altitud moderada, y c) proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico por edad y sexo. Métodos: se evaluaron 5377 estudiantes con edades que oscilaban entre los 6,0 y 17,9 años. Los estudiantes procedían de dos regiones geográficas de altitud moderada de Perú (2320 metros) y Colombia (2640 metros). Se midieron el peso y la estatura. Se calcularon el IMC y el IP. El peso, la estatura y el IMC se compararon con las referencias de los CDC-2012. Resultados: los varones mostraron un peso y una estatura inferiores de los 11 hasta los 17,9 años en comparación con la CDC-2012. Las mujeres pesaron menos que la referencia desde los 9,0 hasta los 17,9 años. La estatura de las mujeres fue inferior de los 6,0 a los 14,9 años; sin embargo, de los 15,0 a los 17,9 años, los valores fueron similares a los de referencia. En cuanto al IMC, se produjeron diferencias en ambos sexos (en varones, desde 15,0 hasta 17,9 años, y en mujeres, de 12,0 hasta 17,9 años). La edad, el peso y la altura explicaron el IMC: entre R2 = 17 y 83 % en los varones, y en mujeres entre R2 = 24 y 85 %. Estas mismas variables influyeron en el IP en un porcentaje menor en ambos sexos: para los varones (R2 = 0,01 a 49 %) y para las mujeres (R2 = 0,01 a 18 %). (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Growth and Development/physiology , Altitude , Age Factors , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Colombia , Cross-Sectional Studies , Nutritional Status , Peru , Sex Factors , Epidemiology, Descriptive
Objective: Knowledge of the biological parameters of pubertal growth spurt allows verification of secular changes and exploration of the timing of puberty. The aim of the study was to estimate final height, age at peak height velocity (APHV), and peak height velocity PHV (cm/y) in children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed in 2.295 schoolchildren from Bogotá (Colombia) with an age range from 5.0 to 18.9 years. Height (cm) was assessed. Preece-Baines model 1 (1PB) was used to make inferences about mathematical and biological parameters. Results: The five mathematical parameters estimated in general have reflected quality in the fit to the model, reflecting a small residual error. Final height was reached in boys at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm and in girls at 157.9 ± 0.2 cm. APHV was estimated at 12.71 ± 0.1 years in boys and 10.4 ± 0.2 years in girls. Girls reached APHV 2.2 years earlier than boys. In relation to PHV (cm/y), boys reached higher growth speed in height (7.4 ± 0.4 cm/y), and in girls it was (7.0 ± 0.2 cm/y). Conclusion: It was determined that final height was reached at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm in boys and 157.9 ± 0.2 cm in girls, and APHV (years) and PHV (cm/ye) were reached relatively early and with average peak velocity similar to Asian and Western populations. A large-scale longitudinal study is needed to confirm these findings.
Adolescent Development , Altitude , Body Height , Child Development , Puberty/physiology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Prognosis
The practice of physical exercise is recommended in the prevention of the deterioration of neuromuscular functions in aging. The objectives of this systematic review were to describe the protocols used and the functional fitness indicators evaluated in aquatic exercise programs in adults aged 50 to 80 years. The Pubmed database was used. The keywords were: 1) Physical exercise program or protocols or duration or type of exercise or aquatic exercise, frequency or intensity or indicators; 2) Adults or older adults; 3) Training or indicators, functional fitness, physical fitness. The search strategy considered the components of the Population, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) tool. Nine experimental studies were identified. These studies developed protocols to improve functional fitness in adults aged 50 to 80 years. They were based on sessions of 2 to 5 per week, the work time per session was 30 to 60min, intensities varied between 50 to 95% and totaled between 4 to 24 weeks of intervention. The activities were based on aquatic gymnastic exercises aimed at muscular strengthening of the upper and lower extremities, as well as coordination, balance, agility, cycling and walking exercises submerged in water. The protocols developed to improve functional fitness in adults aged 50 to 80 years were based on general physical exercise prescription guidelines (frequency, duration, intensity and type of activity). The application of aquatic exercises based on gymnastic exercises can provoke positive responses on functional fitness if worked at least 2 to 5 times per week, 30 to 60min/day and at intensities of 50 to 95%. These systematized indicators can be used by professionals working with adults to create and promote aquatic programs to improve functional fitness.
INTRODUCTION: Introduction: physical growth patterns and nutritional status of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude are not applicable for clinical assessment of growth for diverse populations around the world. Objective: a) to compare weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variables with CDC-2012 references; b) to verify if BMI and/or ponderal index (PI) are applicable to children living at a moderate altitude; and c) to propose percentiles to assess physical growth by age and sex. Methods: a total of 5,377 students, ranging in age from 6.0 to 17.9 years, were evaluated. The students were from two geographic regions of moderate altitude in Peru (2,320 meters) and Colombia (2,640 meters). Weight and height were measured. BMI and PI were calculated. Weight, height and BMI were compared with CDC-2012 references. Results: males showed lower weight and height from age 11 to 17.9 years compared to CDC-2012. Females weighed less than the reference from 9.0 to 17.9 years. Female height was lower from 6.0 to 14.9 years; however, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, values were similar to the reference. As for BMI, there were differences in both sexes (in males, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, and in females, from 12.0 to 17.9 years). Age, weight and height explained BMI: between R2 = 17 and 83 % in males, and in females between R2 = 24 and 85 %. These same variables influenced PI in a lower percentage in both sexes: for males (R2 = 0.01 to 49 %) and for females (R2 = 0.01 to 18 %). Conclusions: children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude in Peru and Colombia diverge from the CDC-2012 physical growth patterns. In addition, PI is a new alternative for estimating weight in relation to BMI. The proposed curves for weight, height, and PI by age and sex could have greater implications in the control of child health programs and in clinical and epidemiological practices.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los patrones de crecimiento físico y el estado nutricional de los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada no son aplicables para la evaluación clínica del crecimiento de las diversas poblaciones del mundo. Objetivo: a) comparar las variables de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) con las referencias del CDC-2012; b) verificar si el IMC y/o el índice ponderal (IP) son aplicables a los niños que viven a una altitud moderada, y c) proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico por edad y sexo. Métodos: se evaluaron 5377 estudiantes con edades que oscilaban entre los 6,0 y 17,9 años. Los estudiantes procedían de dos regiones geográficas de altitud moderada de Perú (2320 metros) y Colombia (2640 metros). Se midieron el peso y la estatura. Se calcularon el IMC y el IP. El peso, la estatura y el IMC se compararon con las referencias de los CDC-2012. Resultados: los varones mostraron un peso y una estatura inferiores de los 11 hasta los 17,9 años en comparación con la CDC-2012. Las mujeres pesaron menos que la referencia desde los 9,0 hasta los 17,9 años. La estatura de las mujeres fue inferior de los 6,0 a los 14,9 años; sin embargo, de los 15,0 a los 17,9 años, los valores fueron similares a los de referencia. En cuanto al IMC, se produjeron diferencias en ambos sexos (en varones, desde 15,0 hasta 17,9 años, y en mujeres, de 12,0 hasta 17,9 años). La edad, el peso y la altura explicaron el IMC: entre R2 = 17 y 83 % en los varones, y en mujeres entre R2 = 24 y 85 %. Estas mismas variables influyeron en el IP en un porcentaje menor en ambos sexos: para los varones (R2 = 0,01 a 49 %) y para las mujeres (R2 = 0,01 a 18 %). Conclusiones: los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada en Perú y Colombia divergen de los patrones de crecimiento físico del CDC-2012. Además, el IP es una nueva alternativa para estimar el peso en relación al IMC. Las curvas propuestas para el peso, la talla y el IP por edad y sexo podrían tener mayores implicaciones en el control de los programas de salud infantil y en las prácticas clínicas y epidemiológicas.
Altitude , Growth and Development/physiology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Child , Colombia , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Nutritional Status , Peru , Sex Factors
Introducción: La antropometría es una herramienta que sirve para cuantificar la cantidad y proporciones de los compartimentos del tejido corporal, permitiendo realizar la evaluación y seguimiento nutricional de diversas poblaciones. Objetivo: Comparar la adiposidad corporal de jóvenes chilenos con y sin Síndrome de Down (SD) usando técnicas antropométricas. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio transversal comparativo en66 jóvenes chilenos con y sin SD. El grupo de jóvenes con SD quedó conformado por 16 hombres y 14 mujeres, el grupo control GC (jóvenes sin SD) por 18 hombres y 18 mujeres. El rango de edad oscila desde los 18 a 23 años. Se agruparon los datos en tres rangos de edad (18-19, 20-21 y 22-23 años). Se evaluó el peso, estatura, circunferencia del cuello y cintura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Resultados: Los jóvenes con SD reflejaron mayor circunferencia del cuello (~3,6 a 4,3cm), cintura (~4,1 a 11,7cm) eI CE (~0,03 a 0,05) en todos los rangos de edad en relación al GC (p<0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en el IMC (p>0.05). Las jóvenes con SD presentaron valores superiores en la circunferencia del cuello (~3,0 a 5,8cm), cintura (~11,4 a 15,1cm), IMC (~5,6 a 7,5cm) e ICE (~0,10 a 0,11) en comparación con el GC (p<0.05). Conclusión: Los resultados han demostrado que los jóvenes con SD presentan elevados niveles de adiposidad corporal en relación a sus contrapartes sin SD. Estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de implantar y fomentar programas de estilos de vida saludable para mantener niveles aceptables de adiposidad corporal entre los jóvenes. (AU)
Introduction: Anthropometry is a tool used to quantifythe quantity and proportions of body tissue compartments, allowing nutritional evaluation and follow-up of diverse populations. Objective: To compare body adiposity in young Chileans with and without Down syndrome (DS) using anthropometric techniques. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was designed in 66 Chilean young people with and without DS. The group of young people with DS consisted of 16 males and 14 females, the control group GC (young people without DS) consisted of 18 males and 18 females. The age range ranged from 18 to 23 years. The data were grouped into three age ranges (18-19, 20-21 and 22-23 years). Weight, height, neck circumference and waist circumference were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were calculated. Results: Young people with DS reflected greater neck circumference (~3.6 to 4.3cm), waist (~4.1 to 11.7cm) and BMI (~0.03 to 0.05) in all age ranges relative to the CG (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in BMI (p>0.05). Young women with DS had higher values in neck circumference (~3.0 to 5.8cm), waist (~11.4 to 15.1cm), BMI (~5.6 to 7.5cm) and ECI (~0.10 to 0.11) compared to CG (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results have shown that youth with DS have elevated levels of body adiposity relative to their non-DS counterparts. These findings suggest the need to implement and encourage healthy lifestyle programs to maintain acceptable levels of body adiposity among youth. (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adiposity , Down Syndrome , Cross-Sectional Studies , Chile , Anthropometry/methods , Life Style
OBJECTIVES: This study's purpose was to compare physical growth (PG) patterns of children and adolescents living at high elevations with those of other geographic regions, relate body adiposity indicators, and develop percentile reference tables for assessing physical growth and body adiposity. METHODS: The sample included 1536 children and adolescents ages 5.0 to 17.9 years from Puno (Peru) located between 3821 and 4349 m above sea level. Weight, height, arm and waist circumferences (WC), and three skinfolds measurements were recorded. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-height Index (WHI) were calculated. RESULTS: PG patterns for children living at a high altitude reflected similar values for weight, height, and arm circumference (AC) to those of their counterparts living in Puno (Peru) and La Paz (Bolivia). When compared with children living at moderate altitudes in Peru, they showed slightly lower PG values. BMI explained between 41% and 64% of the variance in sum of the skinfolds, while WC explained between 47% and 66%. HWI was not a strong predictor of variation in sum of skinfolds. Percentiles were generated for WC and the sum of skinfolds. CONCLUSION: Weight, height, and, arm and waist circumference patterns for children and adolescents living at high altitudes were similar to those of La Paz (Bolivia). WC and the sum of the skinfolds were better indicators for analyzing abdominal obesity compared to BMI and WHI. The percentiles proposed may be a useful tool for identifying high risk of developing overweight disorders in pediatric populations living at high altitudes.
Adiposity , Altitude , Growth , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Peru
OBJETIVO: Verificar la validez y confiabilidad de la escala de auto-percepción de la aptitud física EAF y proponer referencias por medio de percentiles en función del rango de edad y sexo MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 1569 jóvenes (875 hombres y 694 mujeres) de una universidad del Perú. Se evaluó peso y estatura y se calculó el índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). La aptitud física se evaluó mediante la escala EAF. La validación se efectuó por medio de Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (A-FC). La confiabilidad se verificó por medio de Alpha de Cronbach y se generaron percentiles para la categorización. RESULTADOS: La escala evidenció saturaciones superiores a 0,41 para 18 preguntas, el porcentaje de explicación de la varianza fue del 52%, el KMO fue de 0,911 (X2= 15578.883, gl= 435. El alpha de Cronbach mostró valores superiores a 0,75. Los percentiles propuestos fueron P15, p50, p85. CONCLUSIÓN: La escala de AAF es válida y confiable para jóvenes universitarios. Los percentiles son una alternativa para identificar, clasificar y categorizar los niveles de aptitud física
OBJECTIVE: To verify the validity and reliability of the scale of self-perception of physical aptitude EAF and to propose references by means of percentiles in function of the rank of age and sex METHODS: 1569 young people (875 men and 694 women) from a university in Peru were studied. Weight and height were assessed and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The physical aptitude was evaluated using the AAF scale. The validation was carried out by means of Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (A-FC). Reliability was verified by means of Cronbach's Alpha and percentiles were generated for categorization. RESULTS: The scale showed saturations greater than 0.41 for 18 questions, the percentage explanation of the variance was 52%, the KMO was 0.911 (X2 = 15578.883, gl = 435. Cronbach's alpha showed values greater than 0.75. The percentiles proposed were P15, p50, p85. CONCLUSION: The AAF scale is valid and reliable for university students. The percentiles are an alternative to identify, classify and categorize levels of physical fitness
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Physical Fitness/physiology , Self Concept , Body Weights and Measures/statistics & numerical data , Reference Values , Students/statistics & numerical data , Age and Sex Distribution , Weight by Height/physiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data
