ABSTRACT
In 2023, a series of climatological and political events unfolded, partly driving forward the global climate and health agenda while simultaneously exposing important disparities and vulnerabilities to climate-related events. On the policy front, a significant step forward was marked by the inaugural Health Day at COP28, acknowledging the profound impacts of climate change on health. However, the first-ever Global Stocktake showed an important gap between the current progress and the targets outlined in the Paris Agreement, underscoring the urgent need for further and decisive action. From a Latin American perspective, some questions arise: How do we achieve the change that is needed? How to address the vulnerabilities to climate change in a region with long-standing social inequities? How do we promote intersectoral collaboration to face a complex problem such as climate change? The debate is still ongoing, and in many instances, it is just starting. The renamed regional centre Lancet Countdown Latin America (previously named Lancet Countdown South America) expanded its geographical scope adding Mexico and five Central American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama, as a response to the need for stronger collaboration in a region with significant social disparities, including research capacities and funding. The centre is an independent and multidisciplinary collaboration that tracks the links between health and climate change in Latin America, following the global Lancet Countdown's methodologies and five domains. The Lancet Countdown Latin America work hinges on the commitment of 23 regional academic institutions, United Nations agencies, and 34 researchers who generously contribute their time and expertise. Building from the first report, the 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown Latin America, presents 34 indicators that track the relationship between health and climate change up to 2022, aiming at providing evidence to public decision-making with the purpose of improving the health and wellbeing of Latin American populations and reducing social inequities through climate actions focusing on health. This report shows that Latin American populations continue to observe a growing exposure to changing climatic conditions. A warming trend has been observed across all countries in Latin America, with severe direct impacts. In 2022, people were exposed to ambient temperatures, on average, 0.38 °C higher than in 1986-2005, with Paraguay experiencing the highest anomaly (+1.9 °C), followed by Argentina (+1.2 °C) and Uruguay (+0.9 °C) (indicator 1.1.1). In 2013-2022, infants were exposed to 248% more heatwave days and people over 65 years old were exposed to 271% more heatwave days than in 1986-2005 (indicator 1.1.2). Also, compared to 1991-2000, in 2013-2022, there were 256 and 189 additional annual hours per person, during which ambient heat posed at least moderate and high risk of heat stress during light outdoor physical activity in Latin America, respectively (indicator 1.1.3). Finally, the region had a 140% increase in heat-related mortality from 2000-2009 to 2013-2022 (indicator 1.1.4). Changes in ecosystems have led to an increased risk of wildfires, exposing individuals to very or extremely high fire danger for more extended periods (indicator 1.2.1). Additionally, the transmission potential for dengue by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes has risen by 54% from 1951-1960 to 2013-2022 (indicator 1.3), which aligns with the recent outbreaks and increasing dengue cases observed across Latin America in recent months. Based on the 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown Latin America, there are three key messages that Latin America needs to further explore and advance for a health-centred climate-resilient development. Latin American countries require intersectoral public policies that simultaneously increase climate resilience, reduce social inequities, improve population health, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The findings show that adaptation policies in Latin America remain weak, with a pressing need for robust vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessments to address climate risks effectively. Unfortunately, such assessments are scarce. Up to 2021, Brazil is the only country that has completed and officially reported a V&A to the 2021 Global Survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO). Argentina, Guatemala, and Panama have also conducted them, but they have not been reported (indicator 2.1.1). Similarly, efforts in developing and implementing Health National Adaptation Plans (HNAPs) are varied and limited in scope. Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay are the only countries that have an HNAP (indicator 2.1.2). Moreover, self-reported city-level climate change risk assessments are very limited in the region (indicator 2.1.3). The collaboration between meteorological and health sectors remains insufficient, with only Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Guatemala self-reporting some level of integration (indicator 2.2.1), hindering comprehensive responses to climate-related health risks in the region. Additionally, despite the urgent need for action, there has been minimal progress in increasing urban greenspaces across the region since 2015, with only Colombia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela showing slight improvements (indicator 2.2.2). Compounding these challenges is the decrease in funding for climate change adaptation projects in Latin America, as evidenced by the 16% drop in funds allocated by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in 2022 compared to 2021. Alarmingly, none of the funds approved in 2022 were directed toward climate change and health projects, highlighting a critical gap in addressing health-related climate risks (indicator 2.2.3). From a vulnerability perspective, the Mosquito Risk Index (MoRI) indicates an overall decrease in severe mosquito-borne disease risk in the region due to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) (indicator 2.3.1). Brazil and Paraguay were the only countries that showed an increase in this indicator. It is worth noting that significant temporal variation within and between countries still persists, suggesting inadequate preparedness for climate-related changes. Overall, population health is not solely determined by the health sector, nor are climate policies a sole responsibility of the environmental sector. More and stronger intersectoral collaboration is needed to pave development pathways that consider solid adaptation to climate change, greater reductions of GHG emissions, and that increase social equity and population health. These policies involve sectors such as finance, transport, energy, housing, health, and agriculture, requiring institutional structures and policy instruments that allow long-term intersectoral collaboration. Latin American countries need to accelerate an energy transition that prioritises people's health and wellbeing, reduces energy poverty and air pollution, and maximises health and economic gains. In Latin America, there is a notable disparity in energy transition, with electricity generation from coal increasing by an average of 2.6% from 1991-2000 to 2011-2020, posing a challenge to efforts aimed at phasing out coal (indicator 3.1.1). However, this percentage increase is conservative as it may not include all the fossil fuels for thermoelectric electricity generation, especially during climate-related events and when hydropower is affected (Panel 4). Yet, renewable energy sources have been growing, increasing by an average of 5.7% during the same period. Access to clean fuels for cooking remains a concern, with 46.3% of the rural population in Central America and 23.3% in South America lacking access to clean fuels in 2022 (indicator 3.1.2). It is crucial to highlight the concerning overreliance on fossil fuels, particularly liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), as a primary cooking fuel. A significant majority of Latin American populations, approximately 74.6%, rely on LPG for cooking. Transitioning to cleaner heating and cooking alternatives could also have a health benefit by reducing household air pollution-related mortality. Fossil fuels continue to dominate road transport energy in Latin America, accounting for 96%, although some South American countries are increasing the use of biofuels (indicator 3.1.3). Premature mortality attributable to fossil-fuel-derived PM2.5 has shown varied trends across countries, increasing by 3.9% from 2005 to 2020 across Latin America, which corresponds to 123.5 premature deaths per million people (indicator 3.2.1). The Latin American countries with the highest premature mortality rate attributable to PM2.5 in 2020 were Chile, Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Paraguay. Of the total premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 in 2020, 19.1% was from transport, 12.3% from households, 11.6% from industry, and 11% from agriculture. From emission and capture of GHG perspective, commodity-driven deforestation and expansion of agricultural land remain major contributors to tree cover loss in the region, accounting for around 80% of the total loss (indicator 3.3). Additionally, animal-based food production in Latin America contributes 85% to agricultural CO2 equivalent emissions, with Argentina, Brazil, Panama, Paraguay, and Uruguay ranking highest in per capita emissions (indicator 3.4.1). From a health perspective, in 2020, approximately 870,000 deaths were associated with imbalanced diets, of which 155,000 (18%) were linked to high intake of red and processed meat and dairy products (indicator 3.4.2). Energy transition in Latin America is still in its infancy, and as a result, millions of people are currently exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution and energy poverty (i.e., lack of access to essential energy sources or services). As shown in this report, the levels of air pollution, outdoors and indoors, are a significant problem in the wholeregion, with marked disparities between urban and rural areas. In 2022, Peru, Chile, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, El Salvador, Brazil, Uruguay, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua were in the top 100 most polluted countries globally. Transitioning to cleaner sources of energy, phasing out fossil fuels, and promoting better energy efficiency in the industrial and housing sectors are not only climate mitigation measures but also huge health and economic opportunities for more prosperous and healthy societies. Latin American countries need to increase climate finance through permanent fiscal commitments and multilateral development banks to pave climate-resilient development pathways. Climate change poses significant economic costs, with investments in mitigation and adaptation measures progressing slowly. In 2022, economic losses due to weather-related extreme events in Latin America were US$15.6 billion -an amount mainly driven by floods and landslides in Brazil-representing 0.28% of Latin America's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (indicator 4.1.1). In contrast to high-income countries, most of these losses lack insurance coverage, imposing a substantial financial strain on affected families and governments. Heat-related mortality among individuals aged 65 and older in Latin America reached alarming levels, with losses exceeding the equivalent of the average income of 451,000 people annually (indicator 4.1.2). Moreover, the total potential income loss due to heat-related labour capacity reduction amounted to 1.34% of regional GDP, disproportionately affecting the agriculture and construction sectors (indicator 4.1.3). Additionally, the economic toll of premature mortality from air pollution was substantial, equivalent to a significant portion of regional GDP (0.61%) (indicator 4.1.4). On a positive note, clean energy investments in the region increased in 2022, surpassing fossil fuel investments. However, in 2020, all countries reviewed continued to offer net-negative carbon prices, revealing fossil fuel subsidies totalling US$23 billion. Venezuela had the highest net subsidies relative to current health expenditure (123%), followed by Argentina (10.5%), Bolivia (10.3%), Ecuador (8.3%), and Chile (5.6%) (indicator 4.2.1). Fossil fuel-based energy is today more expensive than renewable energy. Fossil fuel burning drives climate change and damages the environment on which people depend, and air pollution derived from the burning of fossil fuels causes seven million premature deaths each year worldwide, along with a substantial burden of disease. Transitioning to sustainable, zero-emission energy sources, fostering healthier food systems, and expediting adaptation efforts promise not only environmental benefits but also significant economic gains. However, to implement mitigation and adaptation policies that also improve social wellbeing and prosperity, stronger and solid financial systems are needed. Climate finance in Latin American countries is scarce and strongly depends on political cycles, which threatens adequate responses to the current and future challenges. Progress on the climate agenda is lagging behind the urgent pace required. While engagement with the intersection of health and climate change is increasing, government involvement remains inadequate. Newspaper coverage of health and climate change has been on the rise, peaking in 2022, yet the proportion of climate change articles discussing health has declined over time (indicator 5.1). Although there has been significant growth in the number of scientific papers focusing on Latin America, it still represents less than 4% of global publications on the subject (indicator 5.3). And, while health was mentioned by most Latin American countries at the UN General Debate in 2022, only a few addressed the intersection of health and climate change, indicating a lack of awareness at the governmental level (indicator 5.4). The 2023 Lancet Countdown Latin America report underscores the cascading and compounding health impacts of anthropogenic climate change, marked by increased exposure to heatwaves, wildfires, and vector-borne diseases. Specifically, for Latin America, the report emphasises three critical messages: the urgent action to implement intersectoral public policies that enhance climate resilience across the region; the pressing need to prioritise an energy transition that focuses on health co-benefits and wellbeing, and lastly, that need for increasing climate finance by committing to sustained fiscal efforts and engaging with multilateral development banks. By understanding the problems, addressing the gaps, and taking decisive action, Latin America can navigate the challenges of climate change, fostering a more sustainable and resilient future for its population. Spanish and Portuguese translated versions of this Summary can be found in Appendix B and C, respectively. The full translated report in Spanish is available in Appendix D.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents two key data sets derived from the Pomar Urbano project. The first data set is a comprehensive catalog of edible fruit-bearing plant species, native or introduced to Brazil. The second data set, sourced from the iNaturalist platform, tracks the distribution and monitoring of these plants within urban landscapes across Brazil. The study includes data from the capitals of all 27 federative units of Brazil, focusing on the ten cities that contributed the most observations as of August 2023. The research emphasizes the significance of citizen science in urban biodiversity monitoring and its potential to contribute to various fields, including food and nutrition, creative industry, study of plant phenology, and machine learning applications. We expect the data sets presented in this paper to serve as resources for further studies in urban foraging, food security, cultural ecosystem services, and environmental sustainability.
ABSTRACT
Urbanization brings forth social challenges in emerging countries such as Brazil, encompassing food scarcity, health deterioration, air pollution, and biodiversity loss. Despite this, urban areas like the city of São Paulo still boast ample green spaces, offering opportunities for nature appreciation and conservation, enhancing city resilience and livability. Citizen science is a collaborative endeavor between professional scientists and nonprofessional scientists in scientific research that may help to understand the dynamics of urban ecosystems. We believe citizen science has the potential to promote human and nature connection in urban areas and provide useful data on urban biodiversity.
Subject(s)
Citizen Science , Humans , Brazil , Ecosystem , BiodiversityABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o IMPACTO-MR, um estudo brasileiro de plataforma nacional em unidades de terapia intensiva focado no impacto das infecções por bactérias multirresistentes relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Métodos: Descrevemos a plataforma IMPACTO-MR, seu desenvolvimento, critérios para seleção das unidades de terapia intensiva, caracterização da coleta de dados, objetivos e projetos de pesquisa futuros a serem realizados na plataforma. Resultados: Os dados principais foram coletados por meio do Epimed Monitor System® e consistiram em dados demográficos, dados de comorbidades, estado funcional, escores clínicos, diagnóstico de internação e diagnósticos secundários, dados laboratoriais, clínicos e microbiológicos e suporte de órgãos durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, entre outros. De outubro de 2019 a dezembro de 2020, 33.983 pacientes de 51 unidades de terapia intensiva foram incluídos no banco de dados principal. Conclusão: A plataforma IMPACTO-MR é um banco de dados clínico brasileiro de unidades de terapia intensiva focado na pesquisa do impacto das infecções por bactérias multirresistentes relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Essa plataforma fornece dados para o desenvolvimento e pesquisa de unidades de terapia intensiva individuais e ensaios clínicos observacionais e prospectivos multicêntricos.
ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the IMPACTO-MR, a Brazilian nationwide intensive care unit platform study focused on the impact of health care-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methods: We described the IMPACTO-MR platform, its development, criteria for intensive care unit selection, characterization of core data collection, objectives, and future research projects to be held within the platform. Results: The core data were collected using the Epimed Monitor System® and consisted of demographic data, comorbidity data, functional status, clinical scores, admission diagnosis and secondary diagnoses, laboratory, clinical, and microbiological data, and organ support during intensive care unit stay, among others. From October 2019 to December 2020, 33,983 patients from 51 intensive care units were included in the core database. Conclusion: The IMPACTO-MR platform is a nationwide Brazilian intensive care unit clinical database focused on researching the impact of health care-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. This platform provides data for individual intensive care unit development and research and multicenter observational and prospective trials.
ABSTRACT
The undernutrition and obesity pandemics associated with climate change are a global syndemic. They have a point of convergence, which is the unsustainable current food systems. This paper aims to discuss the role of public health policies, particularly the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in the context of Primary Health Care, in combating the global syndemic and in the development of sustainable food systems. In this scenario, the National Food and Nutrition Policy is a leading intersectoral tool for an adequate and healthy diet and food and nutrition security. Also, the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian population is a strategic tool to support food and nutrition education. We highlight the need to articulate health, agriculture, and environmental policies to achieve sustainable development. Thus, SUS can be the arena to promote the main discussions on this topic, potentiating individual, group, and institutional actions to provide a fairer, healthy, and sustainable food system.
As pandemias de desnutrição e obesidade, em conjunto com as mudanças climáticas, constituem uma sindemia global e apresentam um importante ponto de convergência, que é a insustentabilidade dos sistemas alimentares atuais. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o papel de políticas públicas de saúde, particularmente do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde, no combate à sindemia global e no desenvolvimento de sistemas alimentares sustentáveis. Nesse contexto, a Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição se destaca como uma importante ferramenta intersetorial para a alimentação adequada e saudável e à segurança alimentar e nutricional. Além disso, o Guia Alimentar se apresenta como um instrumento estratégico de apoio às ações de educação alimentar e nutricional. De modo essencial, destaca-se a necessidade de articulação das políticas de saúde, agricultura e meio ambiente para que o desenvolvimento sustentável possa ser efetivado. Assim, o SUS tem capacidade de ser palco das principais discussões sobre essa temática, atuando como um potencializador de ações individuais, coletivas e institucionais para promover um sistema alimentar mais justo, saudável e sustentável.
Subject(s)
Food Supply , Malnutrition , Global Health , Humans , Nutrition Policy , Nutritional Status , SyndemicABSTRACT
Resumo As pandemias de desnutrição e obesidade, em conjunto com as mudanças climáticas, constituem uma sindemia global e apresentam um importante ponto de convergência, que é a insustentabilidade dos sistemas alimentares atuais. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o papel de políticas públicas de saúde, particularmente do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde, no combate à sindemia global e no desenvolvimento de sistemas alimentares sustentáveis. Nesse contexto, a Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição se destaca como uma importante ferramenta intersetorial para a alimentação adequada e saudável e à segurança alimentar e nutricional. Além disso, o Guia Alimentar se apresenta como um instrumento estratégico de apoio às ações de educação alimentar e nutricional. De modo essencial, destaca-se a necessidade de articulação das políticas de saúde, agricultura e meio ambiente para que o desenvolvimento sustentável possa ser efetivado. Assim, o SUS tem capacidade de ser palco das principais discussões sobre essa temática, atuando como um potencializador de ações individuais, coletivas e institucionais para promover um sistema alimentar mais justo, saudável e sustentável.
Abstract The undernutrition and obesity pandemics associated with climate change are a global syndemic. They have a point of convergence, which is the unsustainable current food systems. This paper aims to discuss the role of public health policies, particularly the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in the context of Primary Health Care, in combating the global syndemic and in the development of sustainable food systems. In this scenario, the National Food and Nutrition Policy is a leading intersectoral tool for an adequate and healthy diet and food and nutrition security. Also, the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian population is a strategic tool to support food and nutrition education. We highlight the need to articulate health, agriculture, and environmental policies to achieve sustainable development. Thus, SUS can be the arena to promote the main discussions on this topic, potentiating individual, group, and institutional actions to provide a fairer, healthy, and sustainable food system.
Subject(s)
Humans , Malnutrition , Food Supply , Global Health , Nutritional Status , Nutrition Policy , SyndemicABSTRACT
O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o índice de rendimento, per capita de sal, custo direto e a composição nutricional de preparações usuais em cardápios. Tratase de um estudo descritivo realizado pela análise de fichas técnicas de preparações elaboradas em práticas de Técnica Dietética, incluindo entradas, pratos proteicos, guarnições, acompanhamentos e sobremesas. O índice de rendimento foi obtido pela razão entre o peso da preparação pronta e o somatório do peso líquido dos ingredientes e o per capita de sal pela razão entre a quantidade total de sal adicionado e número de porções. O custo direto foi calculado utilizando o peso bruto dos ingredientes e o preço médio dos alimentos. Para calcular a composição nutricional, utilizou-se o peso líquido dos alimentos e o teor de nutrientes, coletado de tabelas de composição. Dentre as preparações analisadas, os menores índices de rendimento foram identificados em preparações que compõem as guarnições, pratos proteicos e sobremesas. Os pratos proteicos e os acompanhamentos obtiveram os maiores valores de per capita de sal. Ao analisar o custo, verificaram-se acompanhamentos e pratos proteicos com os menores e maiores valores, respectivamente. Quanto à composição nutricional, as entradas se destacaram com quantidades significativas de fibras alimentares, os pratos proteicos, com proteínas e lipídeos e os acompanhamentos e sobremesas, com carboidratos. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que a composição química dos alimentos e a forma de preparo são fatores interferentes nas informações técnicas das preparações.(AU)
The aim of this study was to analyze the yield index, per capita of salt, direct cost, and nutritional composition of usual preparations on menus. This is a descriptive study carried out by analyzing technical cards of preparations prepared in practices of Dietetics Technique, including appetizer, protein dishes, garnishes, side dishes and desserts. The yield index was obtained to the ration between preparation weight and the sum of the net weight of the ingredientes and per capita of salt for the ratio between the total salt added in the preparation and the number of the portions. The direct cost was calculated using the raw weight of ingredientes and the average price of foods. For the calculation of the nutritional composition, was used the net weight of foods and the nutrients content extracted of composition tables. Among analyzed preparations, the garnishes, protein dishes, and desserts presented the lower yield index. The protein and side dishes obtained the higher values of per capita of salt. The direct cost analysis checked sides and protein dishes with lower and higher values, respectively. Concerning nutritional composition, the appetizers stood out with significant quantities of dietary fiber, the protein dishes with protein and lipids, and the side dishes and desserts with relevant carbohydrate content. Given the above, verify that the chemical composition of food and method of preparation are factors that interfere in technical data of preparations.(AU)
Subject(s)
Food Composition , Food Services , Menu Planning/methods , Nutritive ValueABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: follow-up of children exposed to oxacillin during hospitalization focusing on adverse reactions. METHODS: patients were selected from the pediatric wards of two hospitals in Fortaleza (Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio-HUWC and Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin-HIAS) from the first oxacillin prescription with a prospective cohort study between October /2000 and July/ 2001 (HUWC) and July/2001 and March/ 2002 (HIAS). Patients' follow-up was performed by daily visits to the wards and medical charts and prescription analysis. Suspected oxacillin-induced adverse reactions (OxAR cases) were notified and classified according to causality and severity. Related statistic tests were completed. RESULTS: of the 130 patients exposed to oxacillin, 27 had OxAR (20.8 percent). Fever was the most frequent reaction (50 percent) followed by rash (35.7 percent). The majority of reactions were considered Probable, for oxacillin was the only medication involved and 92.6 percent of the cases had Moderate severity with the need of therapeutic interventions caused by OxAR. A significant relation between oxacillin exposure time and OxAR was determined as well as hospitalization time and the appearance of adverse reactions. Exposure time over 14 days to oxacillin was established as a risk factor for OxAR (relative risk = 5.49). CONCLUSIONS: careful administration of oxacillin in children is recommended with established treatment duration. Empiric and prolonged use must be avoided.
OBJETIVOS: acompanhar crianças expostas à oxacilina durante hospitalização, com foco na incidência de reações adversas. MÉTODOS: os pacientes foram selecionados em enfermarias pediátricas de dois hospitais de Fortaleza (Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio-HUWC e Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin-HIAS), desde a primeira prescrição de oxacilina, sendo feita coorte prospectiva entre outubro/2000 e julho/2001 (HUWC), e entre julho/2001 e março/2002 (HIAS). O seguimento de pacientes deu-se através de visitas diárias às enfermarias e análise de prontuários e prescrições. Os casos de RAOx foram notificados e classificados quanto à causalidade e gravidade, sendo realizados testes estatísticos pertinentes. RESULTADOS: dos 130 pacientes expostos à oxacilina, 27 apresentaram RAOx (20,8 por cento), sendo febre a reação mais freqüente (50 por cento), seguida do rash cutâneo (35,7 por cento). A maioria das reações foi considerada Provável, pois a oxacilina foi o único medicamento envolvido e 92,6 por cento dos casos tiveram gravidade Moderada, sendo necessárias intervenções terapêuticas devido à RAOx. Uma associação significante entre tempo de exposição à oxacilina e aparecimento de RAOx, assim como entre tempo de internamento e ocorrência de reação foi observada. Um tempo de exposição maior que 14 dias apresentou-se como fator de risco para ocorrência de RAOx (risco relativo = 5,49). CONCLUSÕES: recomenda-se administração cautelosa de oxacilina em crianças, com duração do tratamento estabelecida, evitando-se tratamento empírico e uso prolongado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child, Hospitalized , Continuity of Patient Care , Oxacillin/administration & dosage , Oxacillin/adverse effects , Hospitals, University , Prospective StudiesSubject(s)
Humans , Eyelid Neoplasms/genetics , Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics , Eye Enucleation , Genes, Dominant , Lymphatic Metastasis , Eyelid Neoplasms/pathology , Eyelid Neoplasms/surgery , Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms/pathology , Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms/surgery , Unnecessary ProceduresSubject(s)
Eyelid Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics , Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms/genetics , Contraindications , Eye Enucleation , Eyelid Neoplasms/pathology , Eyelid Neoplasms/surgery , Genes, Dominant , Humans , Lymphatic Metastasis , Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms/pathology , Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms/surgery , Unnecessary ProceduresABSTRACT
A produçäo de alimentos de conveniência, prontos para o consumo, tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Muitos desses alimentos de conveniência säo obtidos por extrusäo termoplástica. A extrusäo consiste na compressäo de matérias-primas (geralmente farelo de milho com 12-15 por cento de umidade ) sob altas temperaturas e trabalho mecânico, fazendo com que o material se funda e expanda após rápida evaporaçäo da agua presente. Esses produtos, os snacks, apresentam alta aceitabilidade por suas características sensoriais, porem possuem valor nutritivo baixo, uma vez que sua composiçäo em proteínas apresenta pequena quantidade (4-7 por cento) e baixa qualidade biológica (VB<50 por cento), além do alto teor de gordura saturada (22-25 por cento adicionados durante a aromatizaçäo), apresentando ainda ferro em pequena quantidade e de baixa biodisponibilidade. Entretanto, eles parecem ser um importante componente da dieta, principalmente de crianças e adolescentes, o que acarreta um aumento do risco a determinadas deficiências e doenças. No Brasil, a anemia tem sido motivo de grande preocupaçäo, devido a sua alta prevalência nessa faixa etária. Trabalhos anteriores revelaram que esses riscos poderiam ser diminuídos pelo uso de materiais primas alternativas, como pulmäo bovino, que é subutilizado, apesar de possuir proteína de alto valor biológico e ferro de alta biodisponibilidade. Desta forma, o trabalho propôs a produçäo de snacks de milho e pulmäo bovino(90:10). Para otimizaçäo do processo empregando-se apenas milho, foi utilizado a Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, com a melhor resposta de textura em 11 por cento de umidade, 170ÝC de temperatura e 104rpm de rotaçäo da rosca (R²>0,85). Os produtos de milho com pulmäo bovino, nas condiçöes ótimas para textura, demonstraram ser altamente nutritivos sendo capazes de fornecer ferro de alta biodisponibilidade (25-15 por cento do RDA, 1989) para crianças e adolescentes, além de melhorar a qualidade protéica do produto. A aceitabilidade, medida em crianças e adolescentes entre 6 e 16 anos, foi bastante elevada (89 por cento), conseguindo assim, aliar praticidade à alta aceitabilidade e melhora na qualidade nutritiva dos produtos obtidos