ABSTRACT
AIMS: To evaluate whether there is a difference between the effects of dapagliflozin and gliclazide modified release (MR) on glycaemic variability (GV) and glycaemic control, as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), in individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized, open-label, active-controlled study was conducted in individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes who were drug-naïve or on steady-dose metformin monotherapy. Participants were treated once daily with 10 mg dapagliflozin or 120 mg gliclazide MR. CGM and GV index calculations were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks. RESULTS: In total, 97 participants (age 57.9 ± 8.7 years, 50.5% men, baseline glycated haemoglobin 63 ± 9.8 mmol/mol [7.9 ± 0.9%]) were randomized, and 94 completed the 12-week protocol. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses showed that the reduction in GV, as measured by the mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions, was superior in the dapagliflozin group versus the gliclazide MR group (-0.9 mmol/L [95% CI -1.5, -0.4] vs -0.2 mmol/L [95% CI -0.6, 0.3]; P = 0.030 [ITT]). The reductions in GV estimated by the coefficient of variation and SD were greater in the dapagliflozin group. Moreover, dapagliflozin increased the glucose time in range (TIR; 3.9-10 mmol/L) by 24.9% (95% CI 18.6, 31.2) vs. 17.4% (95% CI 11.6, 23.3) in the gliclazide MR group (P = 0.089 [ITT]; P = 0.041 [PP]). CONCLUSIONS: Dapagliflozin improved GV and increased TIR more efficiently than gliclazide MR in individuals with type 2 diabetes over 12 weeks, as demonstrated by CGM.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Gliclazide , Aged , Benzhydryl Compounds , Blood Glucose , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Female , Gliclazide/therapeutic use , Glucosides , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Results of dyeing of cotton fabrics with a bifunctional reactive dye were significantly improved when the fabric after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide was treated with catalase for the elimination of hydrogen peroxide residues from the fabrics. Compared to processes with a varying number of washing steps, with and without commercial reducing agents, the consumption of water could be significantly reduced, without altering the final color shade.
ABSTRACT
Results of dyeing of cotton fabrics with a bifunctional reactive dye were significantly improved when the fabric after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide was treated with catalase for the elimination of hydrogen peroxide residues from the fabrics. Compared to processes with a varying number of washing steps, with and without commercial reducing agents, the consumption of water could be significantly reduced, without altering the final color shade
Subject(s)
Catalase , Color , Coloring Agents , Gossypium , Hydrogen Peroxide , Textile IndustryABSTRACT
The need for highly reliable methods for the determination of trace elements has been recognised in analytical chemistry and environmental science. A method for the trace analysis of Pb and Cd in natural waters is described. In a preconcentration step, 500 ml of an aqueous sample containing lead and cadmium were extracted into 3.5 ml of a solution containing a complexing agent (dithizone) in xylene. Subsequently, the dithizonate complexes were back-extracted into 600 mul of nitric acid solution for direct determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Important microextraction parameters were optimised using spiked deionised water. The 3sigma detection limits, relative standard deviations and linear calibration graphs were, respectively, 0.39 mugl(-1), 6.3% and 1.0-20.0 mugl(-1) for lead and 8.2 ngl(-1), 4.0% and 0.05-1.0 mugl(-1) for cadmium for solvent microextraction times of 4 min and microvolume back-extraction times of 1 min. The preconcentration factors were 543- and 331-fold for lead and cadmium, respectively.