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1.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(9): 605-612, 2024 Sep.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39262368

ABSTRACT

Incretin gut hormones, especially glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), raise a huge interest in diabetology. GLP-1 receptor agonists have gained a privileged role in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). They improve glucose control without inducing hypoglycaemia, while promoting weight loss. Furthermore, they protect people with T2D against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contribute to reduce the risk of heart failure and chronic kidney disease, two other common complications of T2D. A recent innovation consists in the development of co-agonists that target both GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Whereas the co-infusion of GIP and GLP-1 failed to further reduce hyperglycaemia of T2D compared to GLP-1 single infusion, tirzepatide, an original dual unimolecular biaised GIP/GLP-1 agonist, showed a remarkable improvement of glucose control in the SURPASS programme in patients with T2D. Consequently, it is now commercialized in many countries for the management of T2D. GLP-1/glucagon (GCG) co-agonists and GIP/GLP-1/GCG poly-agonists are currently in development, aiming to benefit from the favourable effects of GCG on energy expenditure and liver lipid metabolism, while mitigating the hyperglycaemic effects of this hormone thanks to balanced effects of GLP-1 and/or GIP. They might occupy in the future an interesting place in the management of obesity and its metabolic complications among which T2D and liver steatosis.


Les hormones digestives à effet incrétine, en particulier le «glucagon-like peptide-1¼ (GLP-1) et le «glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide¼ (GIP) suscitent un intérêt considérable en diabétologie. Les agonistes des récepteurs du GLP-1 ont acquis une place de choix dans la prise en charge des patients avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2). Ils améliorent le contrôle glycémique, sans provoquer des hypoglycémies, tout en faisant perdre du poids. De plus, ils protègent contre les maladies cardiovasculaires athéromateuses. Enfin, ils contribuent à réduire le risque d'insuffisance cardiaque et de maladie rénale chronique, deux autres complications fréquentes du DT2. Une innovation récente consiste dans le développement de co-agonistes ciblant à la fois les récepteurs du GLP-1 et du GIP. Alors que la co-infusion de GIP et de GLP-1 ne réduit pas davantage l'hyperglycémie du DT2 qu'une perfusion isolée de GLP-1, le tirzépatide, un agoniste biaisé unimoléculaire original à effet double sur les récepteurs GIP/GLP-1, a montré une amélioration remarquable du contrôle glycémique, tout en favorisant l'amaigrissement, dans le programme SURPASS chez le patient avec DT2. Ce médicament est maintenant commercialisé dans de nombreux pays. Des co-agonistes GLP-1/glucagon (GCG) et des poly-agonistes GIP/GLP-1/GCG sont actuellement développés, profitant des effets favorables du glucagon sur les dépenses énergétiques et le métabolisme lipidique hépatique, tout en maîtrisant les effets hyperglycémiants de cette hormone grâce aux actions balancées du GLP-1 et/ou du GIP. Ils pourraient occuper à l'avenir une place intéressante dans le traitement de l'obésité et ses complications métaboliques dont le DT2 et la stéatopathie hépatique.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor , Incretins , Humans , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Incretins/therapeutic use , Incretins/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/therapeutic use , Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/agonists , Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/pharmacology , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/agonists , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
3.
Rev Med Suisse ; 20(884): 1498-1502, 2024 Aug 28.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39219393

ABSTRACT

SGLT2 inhibitors (gliflozins) have proven their efficacy in reducing complications due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure and chronic kidney disease both in placebo-controlled clinical trials and in real-life studies versus other glucose-lowering agents (except GLP-1 analogues) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hence, observational studies demonstrate that they are poorly used in -clinical practice, including in patients at high cardiorenal risk. -Reasons are multiple and involve physicians, patients and health care system with restricted criteria for prescription and reimbursement in many countries. Bridging the gap between scientific proves from evidence-based medicine and clinical practice represents a major health-care issue.


Les inhibiteurs des SGLT2 (gliflozines) ont prouvé leur efficacité pour réduire le risque des complications de la maladie athéro­mateuse, de l'insuffisance cardiaque et de la maladie rénale chronique dans des essais cliniques contrôlés versus placebo et dans des études de vraie vie versus les autres antidiabétiques (sauf les analogues du GLP-1) chez des patients avec un diabète de type 2. Pourtant, les études observationnelles démontrent qu'ils sont peu utilisés en pratique clinique, y compris chez des patients à haut risque cardiorénal. Les raisons en sont multiples et impliquent le médecin prescripteur, le patient et, éventuellement, le système de soins avec des critères d'utilisation ou de remboursement restreints. Combler le fossé entre l'évidence scientifique apportée par la médecine factuelle et la pratique ­clinique représente un enjeu majeur de santé publique.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Hypoglycemic Agents , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors , Humans , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/adverse effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Evidence-Based Medicine
5.
Rev Med Suisse ; 20(884): 1492-1497, 2024 Aug 28.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39219392

ABSTRACT

Both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improve cardiorenal -prognosis of at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes thanks to pleiotropic effects that are either common or specific. This article discusses the clinical efficacy of a combined therapy with the two medications. Data were obtained from post hoc analyses of subgroups of participants to cardiovascular outcome trials and from real-life observational retro-spective cohort studies. The reported superiority of the combination versus either monotherapy should be confirmed in an ongoing large prospective trial (PRECIDENTD). The extra-cost of such a combined therapy as well as the common underuse of each pharmacological class in daily clinical practice deserve attention.


Les agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 (ARGLP-1) et les inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose 2 (iSGLT2) améliorent le pronostic cardiorénal des patients avec un diabète de type 2 à risque grâce à des effets pléiotropes à la fois communs et spécifiques. Cet article discute l'efficacité d'une combinaison des deux classes à partir d'analyses de sous-groupes de participants aux grands essais contrôlés à visée cardiovasculaire et de données observationnelles en vie réelle provenant d'études rétrospectives de cohortes. La supériorité de la combinaison rapportée par rapport à l'une ou l'autre monothérapie devra être confirmée dans un grand essai prospectif en cours (PRECIDENTD). Le surcoût d'une telle combinaison et la sous-utilisation déjà constatée en pratique clinique pour chaque classe méritent attention.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Drug Therapy, Combination , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor , Hypoglycemic Agents , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
7.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(5-6): 385-393, 2024 Jun.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38869128

ABSTRACT

Prevention of cardiovascular disease remains a key-objective from a health care point of view. The present article focuses on primary prevention, i.e. to prevent a first cardiovascular event among at-risk people. The first step is to evaluate the cardiovascular risk level (low to moderate, high, very high), which allows to fix target goals. It is especially the case regarding the management of dyslipidaemias. Lipid abnormalities are considered as a major coronary risk factor (especially, LDL or even better non-HDL cholesterol according to recent guidelines). Theoretically, it is quite easy to control this risk factor thanks to available lipid-lowering drugs, yet this goal remains insufficiently reached in clinical practice. The second step is to prescribe, in addition to life-style measures, the best pharmacological treatment. In most cases, it is a statin that should be well titrated, eventually combined with ezetimibe and/or bempedoic acid, to reach the set objectives. Finally, it is important to convince the at-risk individual by providing the valuable information regarding the benefits/risks ratio of the therapy and to verify a good drug compliance in the long run. Indeed, as dyslipidaemia is asymptomatic, people in primary prevention too easily tend to neglect (and eventually stop) the valuable therapy, also because statins have been widely (yet unfairly) criticized by some people in recent years.


La prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires reste un objectif prioritaire de santé publique. Cet article fait le point sur la prévention primaire, à savoir prévenir un premier événement chez des personnes considérées comme à risque. La première étape consiste à évaluer le niveau du risque (faible à modéré, élevé, très élevé), ce qui permet de fixer des objectifs thérapeutiques. C'est particulièrement le cas en ce qui concerne la prise en charge des dyslipidémies. Celles-ci sont considérées comme un facteur de risque coronarien majeur (en particulier l'augmentation du cholestérol LDL, ou encore mieux du non-HDL d'après les dernières recommandations). Ce facteur de risque est, en théorie, assez facilement modifiable avec les médicaments à notre disposition, mais reste insuffisamment contrôlé dans la pratique clinique. La seconde étape consiste à prescrire, en complément des mesures hygiéno-diététiques, le traitement pharmacologique le plus adéquat, en général une statine correctement titrée et éventuellement combinée à de l'ézétimibe et/ou à de l'acide bempédoïque, pour atteindre les objectifs fixés. Il convient, enfin, de convaincre la personne à risque en lui expliquant le rapport bénéfices/risques du traitement proposé et de s'assurer qu'une bonne observance thérapeutique soit maintenue au long cours. En effet, comme la dyslipidémie est asymptomatique, la personne en prévention primaire a trop facilement tendance à négliger, voire abandonner, ce traitement, d'autant plus que les statines ont été largement (mais injustement) décriées par certains ces dernières années.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Dyslipidemias , Primary Prevention , Humans , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Dyslipidemias/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
8.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(5-6): 455-461, 2024 Jun.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38869139

ABSTRACT

Adverse events related to drug therapy are a major cause of iatrogenicity. They are responsible of increased morbidity, leading to hospitalization, sometimes in emergency, and mortality, not only in ambulatory care but also during hospitalization itself. Causes are multiple : among them, confusion leading to an erroneous drug administration, mistakes regarding dosage, risks associated to self-medication, drug-drug interactions or even food-drug interactions. Elderly population is exposed to an increased incidence of drug iatrogenicity because older patients cumulate numerous risk factors, especially polypharmacy and cognitive disorders. Prevention of drug iatrogenicity is a key objective from a public health point of view. Preventive measures should target the prescriber (physician), the dispenser (pharmacist), the user (patient) and the supplier (pharmaceutical industry).


Les manifestations indésirables liées à la prise des médicaments représentent une cause non négligeable d'iatrogénie. Elles sont responsables d'une morbidité, amenant des hospitalisations parfois en urgence, voire d'une mortalité, non seulement en ambulatoire mais aussi au sein même de l'hôpital. Les causes sont multiples. Citons, notamment, la confusion aboutissant à la prise d'un médicament erroné, les erreurs dans la posologie, les risques liés à l'auto-médication, les interactions médicamenteuses, ou encore, les interactions aliments- médicaments. La population âgée est particulièrement exposée car elle cumule nombre de facteurs de risque, dont la polymédication et les troubles cognitifs. La prévention de la iatrogénie médicamenteuse est donc un objectif prioritaire dans le domaine de la pharmacothérapie. Les mesures préventives devraient cibler le prescripteur (médecin), le délivreur (pharmacien), l'utilisateur (patient) et le fournisseur (industrie pharmaceutique).


Subject(s)
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Iatrogenic Disease , Humans , Iatrogenic Disease/prevention & control , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/prevention & control , Medication Errors/prevention & control , Drug Interactions , Risk Factors
9.
Expert Opin Drug Saf ; 23(7): 797-810, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38738549

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and cardiovascular death. Cardiovascular protection is a key objective in T2DM. AREAS COVERED: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have proven their efficacy in reducing major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with T2DM in placebo-controlled trials, a finding confirmed in observational studies compared with other glucose-lowering agents. Overall, GLP-1RAs have a good safety profile associated with a favorable benefit/risk ratio for the management of T2DM, even if their cost-effectiveness might be questionable. International guidelines recommend GLP-1RAs as preferred glucose-lowering agents in patients with ASCVD and as a valuable alternative in overweight/obese patients with T2DM. However, real-life studies worldwide revealed that only a minority of patients receive a GLP-1RA, despite a positive trend for increased prescriptions in recent years. Surprisingly, however, fewer patients with established ASCVD are treated with these cardioprotective antihyperglycemic agents versus patients without ASCVD. EXPERT OPINION: The reasons for GLP-1RA underuse in clinical practice are multiple. Multifaceted and coordinated interventions targeting all actors of the health-care system must be implemented to stimulate the adoption of GLP-1RAs as part of routine cardiovascular care among patients with T2DM, especially in those with ASCVD.


Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, especially myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cardiovascular protection should be considered as a key objective when treating those patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), an injectable therapy for the treatment of hyperglycemia, have proven their efficacy in reducing major cardiovascular events (cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke) both in controlled trials compared to placebo and in real-life studies compared with other glucose-lowering agents. These consistent findings profoundly influence international guidelines which recommend GLP-1RAs as preferred glucose-lowering agents in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or at high risk of developing this complication. However, real-life studies worldwide revealed that only a minority of patients receive a GLP-1RA. An even more surprising finding was that GLP-1RAs are less prescribed in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including antecedents of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, than in patients without such cardiovascular complications. The reasons for GLP-1RA underuse in clinical practice are multiple and concern physicians, patients, and health-care system. Bridging the gap between evidence-based cardiovascular protection with GLP-1RAs and their underuse in daily clinical practice in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk is crucial from a public health viewpoint.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor , Hypoglycemic Agents , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
10.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(4): 202-207, 2024 Apr.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38602206

ABSTRACT

Hypercholesterolemia, especially LDL-C («Low-Density-Lipoprotein - Cholesterol¼), is a major cardiovascular risk factor, especially for coronary artery disease. Patients at high or very high cardiovascular risk should reach LDL concentrations as low as possible («the lower, the better¼), with a reduction of at least 50 % from baseline levels according to the most recent guidelines, especially those in secondary prevention. An ezetimibe-statin combination most often allows to reach this goal thanks to a complementary action. The objectives of this article are to remind the dual actions of these two medications, to summarize the clinical evidence showing not only a remarkable cholesterol-lowering effect but also a reduction in cardiovascular events in both controlled trials and observational real-life studies, to specify the positioning of this combined oral therapy in the last international guidelines and to mention pharmaceutical specialties that combine ezetimibe with a statin available for the practitioner.


L'hypercholestérolémie, en particulier le LDL-C («Low-Density-Lipoprotein - Cholesterol¼), est un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire, notamment coronarien, majeur. Les patients à haut ou très haut risque cardiovasculaire doivent atteindre des concentrations de LDL les plus basses possibles (concept du «the lower, the better¼), avec une diminution d'au moins 50 % des valeurs de base selon les dernières recommandations, tout particulièrement ceux en prévention secondaire. Une combinaison ézétimibe-statine permet souvent d'atteindre cet objectif grâce à une action complémentaire. Le but de cet article est de rappeler la dualité des mécanismes d'action de ces deux approches, de résumer les évidences cliniques montrant non seulement un remarquable effet hypocholestérolémiant mais aussi une réduction des événements cardiovasculaires dans les essais cliniques et dans les études observationnelles de vraie vie, de préciser la position de cette combinaison thérapeutique orale dans les dernières recommandations internationales et de mentionner les spécialités pharmaceutiques associant l'ézétimibe à une statine mises à la disposition du praticien.


Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents , Azetidines , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Hypercholesterolemia , Humans , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Cholesterol , Cholesterol, LDL , Drug Therapy, Combination , Ezetimibe/therapeutic use , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , Treatment Outcome
11.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(4): 260-264, 2024 Apr.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38602215

ABSTRACT

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are frequently exposed to comorbidities, mainly cardiovascular complications. Thus, a polypharmacy is often mandatory, targeting not only T2D but also comorbidities such as coronary artery disease and heart failure. Interestingly, some drugs improve glucose control, cardiovascular prognosis and heart failure outcome. This versatility may cause trouble regarding prescriptions by practitioners, especially because of the restricted conditions for the reimbursement in Belgium. This clinical vignette aims at discussing the path of pharmacotherapy for a patient with T2D who suffers from a myocardial infarction and subsequently develops a heart failure. It will mainly focus on the place of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporters 2 (gliflozins) as well as the potential of their combination in this context, considering the current restrictions for the reimbursement.


Le patient avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2) est souvent exposé à diverses comorbidités, notamment cardiovasculaires. Dès lors, une polymédication est souvent nécessaire, ciblant le DT2 lui-même, mais aussi les comorbidités comme une coronaropathie et une insuffisance cardiaque. De façon intéressante, certaines médications améliorent à la fois le contrôle glycémique, le pronostic cardiovasculaire et le devenir de l'insuffisance cardiaque. Cette polyvalence peut jeter le trouble en ce qui concerne les prescriptions chez les praticiens, notamment en lien avec les conditions restrictives de remboursement en Belgique. Cette vignette clinique a pour but d'illustrer le cheminement de la pharmacothérapie d'un patient avec un DT2 qui présente un infarctus du myocarde puis, secondairement, une insuffisance cardiaque. Elle ciblera surtout la place des agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 et des inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (gliflozines), et expliquera l'intérêt de leur combinaison dans ce contexte en tenant compte des conditions actuelles de remboursement.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Cardiovascular System , Coronary Artery Disease , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Heart Failure , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Heart Failure/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications
12.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(3): 191-194, 2024 Mar.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38487915

ABSTRACT

The concept of «metabolic syndrome¼ was brought to the forefront in the early 2000s in international literature, but this interest seems to have faded somewhat in recent years. However, this constellation of cardiovascular risk factors should not be neglected. Taken individually, they hardly seem problematic, but when they are present within the same individual, they significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This clinical vignette aims to draw attention to the usefulness of the search for metabolic syndrome in clinical practic.


Le concept de «syndrome métabolique¼ a été mis en avant de la scène au début des années 2000 dans la littérature internationale, mais cet intérêt semble s'être quelque peu estompé au cours des dernières années. Il convient cependant de ne pas négliger cette constellation de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire qui, pris individuellement, ne paraissent guère problématiques, mais qui, lorsqu'ils co-existent chez une même personne, augmentent sensiblement le risque de morbi-mortalité. Cette vignette clinique a pour but d'attirer l'attention sur l'importance de la recherche d'un syndrome métabolique dans la pratique clinique.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Metabolic Syndrome , Humans , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism , Risk Factors , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
13.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(3): 146-151, 2024 Mar.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38487908

ABSTRACT

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in placebo-controlled CV outcome trials. This article compares the proportion of T2DM patients treated with GLP-1RAs in retrospective observational studies that recruited T2DM patients with versus without established ASCVD. Nine cohorts from seven studies were collected in the international literature between 2019 and 2022. Overall, the percentages of patients treated with GLP-1RAs were low (< 10 %) in most studies. Surprisingly, the use of GLP-1RAs in patients with ASCVD was slightly lower in 7 out of 9 cohorts when compared to the use in patients without ASCVD (odds ratio 0.80, 95% CI 0.79-0.81). Despite a positive trend over the last decade, the real-world use of GLP-1RAs remains limited, especially in patients with established ASCVD. The reasons for this underuse are diverse. Bridging the gap between clinical evidence of cardioprotective effects of GLP-1RAs and their underuse in clinical practice in T2DM patients at high/very high CV risk, more particularly those with established ASCVD, should be considered as a key objective for health care providers, especially cardiologists.


Les agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 (ARGLP-1) réduisent le risque de complications cardiovasculaires (CV) chez les patients avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2) et une maladie cardiovasculaire athéromateuse (MCVA) dans des essais contrôlés versus placebo. Cet article compare l'utilisation des ARGLP-1 dans des études observationnelles rétrospectives en vie réelle chez des patients DT2 avec MCVA versus sans MCVA. Neuf cohortes provenant de 7 études ont été collectées dans la littérature internationale entre 2019 et 2022. Au total, les pourcentages de patients DT2 traités par un ARGLP-1 restent faibles (< 10 %) dans la plupart des études, même si une certaine progression a été notée ces dernières années. Curieusement, le recours à un ARGLP-1 chez des patients DT2 avec MCVA s'avère être légèrement inférieur chez les patients avec MCVA par rapport à ceux sans MCVA dans 7 cohortes sur 9 (odds ratio 0,80, intervalle de confiance à 95 % 0,79-0,81). Les raisons de cette sous-utilisation sont multiples. Combler le fossé entre l'évidence clinique d'une cardioprotection procurée par les ARGLP-1 et leur sous-utilisation en pratique clinique chez les patients DT2 à haut ou très haut risque CV, en particulier ceux avec une MCVA avérée, doit être considéré comme un objectif par les professionnels de la santé, en particulier les cardiologues.


Subject(s)
Atherosclerosis , Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Humans , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Atherosclerosis/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors
14.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(2): 120-128, 2024 Feb.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38356430

ABSTRACT

Mavacamten (Camzyos®) is a myosin modulator which reduces the interactions between myosin and actin. These are overly activated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a source of exaggerated ventricular contractility, energy loss, and impairment of diastolic function (relaxation). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medication Agency (EMA) approved mavacamten for the treatment of symptomatic obstructive HCM (NYHA class II or III) in adult patients in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The medication is not yet reimbursed in Belgium. As seen in its clinical development studies, mavacamten reduces the intraventricular gradient, improves functional capacity and reduces symptoms. It also seems to be an innovative alternative to septal reduction. Mavacamten is usually very well tolerated knowing that, through its mechanism of action, it causes a dose-dependent and reversible reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction, which must therefore be closely monitored. The good tolerance and the effectiveness of mavacamten seem to be maintained over time. Consequently, the recent European Society of Cardiology Updated Guidelines on cardiomyopathy (ESC 09/2023) already recommend mavacamten in the pharmacological management of obstructive HCM.


Le mavacamten (Camzyos®) est un modulateur de la myosine qui diminue les interactions entre la myosine et l'actine. En effet, celles-ci sont trop activées dans la cardiomyopathie hypertrophique (CMH), source de contractilité ventriculaire exagérée, de déperdition énergétique et de troubles de la fonction diastolique (relaxation). Le mavacamten est approuvé par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA 2022) et l'European Medication Agency (EMA 2023) pour le traitement de la CMH obstructive (CMHO) symptomatique (classe NYHA II ou III) chez les patients adultes. Il n'est pas encore remboursé en Belgique. Les études pivots de son développement clinique ont montré que le mavacamten réduit le gradient intraventriculaire, améliore la capacité fonctionnelle et diminue les symptômes. Il semble aussi représenter une alternative innovante à la réduction septale. Le mavacamten est généralement très bien toléré, sachant que, par son mécanisme d'action, il entraîne une diminution dose-dépendante et réversible de la fraction d'éjection ventriculaire gauche, qui devra donc être surveillée étroitement. Sa bonne tolérance et son efficacité semblent se maintenir au cours du temps. En conséquence, les récentes recommandations de la Société Européenne de Cardiologie (ESC 2023) à propos des cardiomyopathies recommandent déjà le mavacamten dans l'arsenal pharmacologique de la prise en charge des CMHO.


Subject(s)
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic , Uracil/analogs & derivatives , Ventricular Function, Left , United States , Adult , Humans , Stroke Volume , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/drug therapy , Benzylamines/adverse effects , Myosins
15.
Diabetes Metab ; 50(2): 101508, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38158077

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), while developed as antihyperglycaemic medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, have proven to reduce major cardiovascular adverse events (MACEs) and hospitalization for heart failure (especially for SGLT2is) in dedicated cardiovascular outcome trials. The contribution of the glucose-lowering effect in the cardiovascular protection is uncertain and may differ between the two drug classes. METHODS: This narrative review compares the relative effects of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction on the cardiovascular protection provided by GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is in placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trials by using the results of either post-hoc mediation analyses or meta-regression studies. RESULTS: Both mediation and meta-regression analyses suggest that the lower cardiovascular risk with GLP-1RAs partially but substantially tracks with their glucose-lowering effect, especially when considering the reduction in nonfatal strokes. In contrast, similar analyses fail to demonstrate any significant contribution of the glucose-lowering effect with SGLT2is, not only on MACEs but also on heart failure issues. CONCLUSION: The contribution of improved glucose control in cardiovascular protection is limited, but is much greater for GLP-1RAs than for SGLT2is. Of note, such mediation or meta-regression analyses are exploratory and can only be viewed as hypothesis generating.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Heart Failure , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced , Glycated Hemoglobin , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Glucose , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced
16.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(12): 725-732, 2023 Dec.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38095038

ABSTRACT

Finerenone, a new nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, showed a significant reduction in a primary composite renal outcome in FIDELIO-DKD and a significant reduction in a primary composite cardiovascular outcome in FIGARO-DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and a chronic kidney disease (CKD). In a subsequent analysis that combined these two clinical trials (FIDELITY), the reduction becomes statistically significant when compared to placebo for both outcomes, with a hazard ratio of 0.86 (95 % confidence interval 0.78-0.95; P = 0.0018) for the cardiovascular outcome and 0.77 (0.67-0.88; P = 0.0002) for the renal outcome. Furthermore, all renal events occurred less frequently with finerenone than with placebo, including the progression to end-stage CKD independently of the baseline levels of glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria and regardless of associated medications (including gliflozins). The safety profile was excellent. However, a significant increase in serum potassium level was observed. Even if it is less pronounced than the increase usually seen with spironolactone, the risk of hyperkalemia requires some caution regarding both patient selection and monitoring. Finerenone (Kerendia®) is indicated in the treatment of CKD with albuminuria in adult patients with T2D. In Belgium, it is reimbursed with conditions in combination with a renin-angiotensin blocker.


La finérénone, un nouvel antagoniste non stéroïdien du récepteur des minéralocorticoïdes, a montré, dans deux grandes études réalisées chez des patients avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2) et une maladie rénale chronique (MRC), une réduction significative du critère composite rénal dans FIDELIO-DKD et du critère composite cardiovasculaire dans FIGARO-DKD. Dans une analyse combinant les deux études (FIDELITY), la réduction est statistiquement significative dans le groupe finérénone par rapport au groupe placebo pour les deux critères, avec un hasard ratio de 0,86 (intervalle de confiance à 95 % 0,78-0,95; P = 0,0018) pour le critère cardiovasculaire et de 0,77 (0,67-0,88; P = 0,0002) pour le critère rénal. De plus, tous les événements rénaux surviennent moins fréquemment sous finérénone que sous placebo, y compris la progression vers l'insuffisance rénale terminale et ce, indépendamment du niveau du débit de filtration glomérulaire et de l'albuminurie à l'inclusion dans les essais ou des traitements associés (y compris les gliflozines). Le profil de sécurité est excellent, avec cependant une élévation de la kaliémie. Si elle est moindre que celle observée avec la spironolactone, elle nécessite néanmoins des précautions d'usage en termes de sélection des patients et de leur surveillance. La finérénone (Kerendia®) est indiquée dans le traitement de la MRC avec albuminurie chez le patient adulte avec DT2 et est remboursée en Belgique, sous conditions, en association avec un bloqueur du système rénine-angiotensine.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetic Nephropathies , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Adult , Humans , Albuminuria , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/adverse effects , Double-Blind Method , Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
17.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(11): 665-673, 2023 Nov.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37955298

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae infections cause community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease such as sepsis and acute meningitis. In the adult population, the risk of severe infections, which can be lethal, is particularly high among people aged above 65 years and subgroups with comorbidities. Pneumococcal vaccines underwent progressive improvement and a new conjugated vaccine targeting 20 serotypes (PCV20) is now available. The Belgian Superior Health Council has recently reiterated the importance of vaccinating at-risk individuals against S. pneumoniae and now recommends vaccination with PCV20 (Apexxnar®) as the preferred primary vaccination regimen in all at-risk adults. The present article reminds the risk of severe pneumococcal infections among patients with comorbidities, by targeting five of them, chronic respiratory diseases, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis. It emphasizes the too low rate of pneumococcal vaccination in these at-risk subgroups and summarizes the last guidelines of the Belgian Superior Health Council in favor of pneumococcal vaccination in at-risk patients with comorbidities. Finally, it describes the Belgian reimbursement criteria recently granted to people aged 65-85 years with comorbidities.


Les infections par le Streptococcus pneumoniae sont responsables de pneumonies communautaires et de maladies invasives à pneumocoques telles que sepsis et méningites aiguës. Dans la population adulte, le risque d'infections graves, potentiellement léthales, est particulièrement élevé chez les personnes âgées de plus de 65 ans et parmi des sous-groupes avec comorbidités. Les vaccins antipneumococciques ont été progressivement améliorés et un nouveau vaccin conjugué ciblant 20 sérotypes (PCV20) est désormais disponible. Le Conseil Supérieur de la Santé (CSS) belge a rappelé, en 2022, l'importance de vacciner contre S. pneumoniae les personnes à risque et privilégie le PCV20 (Apexxnar®) pour la primo-vaccination chez les personnes adultes dans tous les groupes à risque. Cet article rappelle le risque d'infections pneumococciques graves chez les patients avec comorbidités, en ciblant plus particulièrement quatre d'entre elles, les maladies respiratoires chroniques, l'insuffisance cardiaque, la maladie rénale chronique, le diabète sucré et la cirrhose. Il insiste sur le trop faible taux de vaccination antipneumococcique dans ces populations à risque et résume les dernières recommandations du CSS en faveur de la vaccination antipneumococcique des groupes à risque en fonction de la présence de comorbidités. Enfin, il fait état des conditions de remboursement récemment accordées à la vaccination antipneumococcique dans les groupes à risque chez les personnes âgées de 65 à 85 ans.


Subject(s)
Pneumococcal Infections , Adult , Humans , Belgium/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Vaccination , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Vaccines, Conjugate
18.
Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol ; 16(11): 1053-1062, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37919944

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure (HF) are two major complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Cardiovascular protection is a key objective, yet not fully reached in clinical practice. AREAS COVERED: Both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have proven their efficacy in reducing major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with T2DM and SGLT2is in reducing hospitalization for HF in placebo-controlled randomized trials. However, real-life studies worldwide revealed that only a minority of patients with T2DM receive either a GLP-1RA or an SGLT2i and surprisingly even less patients with established ASCVD or HF are treated with these cardioprotective antihyperglycemic agents. EXPERT OPINION: Bridging the gap between evidence-based cardiovascular protection with GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is and their underuse in daily clinical practice in patients with T2DM at high risk is crucial from a public health viewpoint. However, the task appears hazardous and the goal not attained considering the current failure. Education of specialists/primary care physicians and patients is critical. Multifaceted and coordinated interventions involving all actors (physicians, patients and broadly health-care system) must be implemented to stimulate the adoption of these cardioprotective antihyperglycemic medications as part of routine cardiovascular care among patients with T2DM.


Type 2 diabetes can lead to major cardiovascular complications including cardiovascular disease linked to narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), and heart failure. These complications are associated with lower quality of life and life expectancy. Thus, cardiovascular protection in people with type 2 diabetes is an important objective. However, clinical practice often fails in fully achieving this goal.Two types of medications that lower blood sugar (so-called antidiabetic agents) have shown efficacy in reducing major cardiovascular events (such as strokes and heart attacks) in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. One of them has also shown effectiveness in decreasing hospitalizations due to heart failure. However, in clinical practice, most patients with type 2 diabetes do not receive these medications, even people with known cardiovascular disease or heart failure, despite the proven effectiveness of these drugs. Many studies worldwide have highlighted socioeconomic inequities regarding the use of these medications, which can be expensive.From a public health perspective, it is imperative to bridge the gap between the under-use of cardioprotective antidiabetic agents in routine daily practice among high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes and the clear-cut recommendations of international guidelines. Given the current limitations, this task appears challenging. Education of physicians (both primary care practitioners and specialists, including cardiologists) and patients is most important in addressing this issue. Finally, in every country, the global health-care system should facilitate the use of these agents among patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure.


Subject(s)
Atherosclerosis , Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Heart Failure , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Atherosclerosis/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists
19.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(10): 593-600, 2023 Oct.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37830326

ABSTRACT

Evolocumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks PCSK9 («Proproteine Convertase Subtilisine/Kexine type 9¼). It exerts a rapid, potent and sustained reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) levels in combination with statin therapy. It was first reimbursed for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. The FOURIER trial and its extension FOURIER-OLE among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and residual hypercholesterolaemia despite statin therapy demonstrated that evolocumab significantly reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events (- 15 %, P <0.001). There was a monotonic relationship between the reduction in clinical events and the diminution of LDL-c levels even down to the lowest concentrations. The safety profile of evolocumab was excellent, also in patients with very low LDL-c levels. Because of these favorable results, evolocumab (Repatha®) is now reimbursed, under conditions, for the secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.


L'évolocumab est un anticorps monoclonal bloquant la PCSK9 («Proprotein Convertase Subtilisine/Kexine de type 9¼). Il exerce une réduction rapide, puissante et soutenue des concentrations de cholestérol LDL (LDL-c) en ajout à un traitement par statine. Il a d'abord été remboursé pour le traitement de l'hypercholestérolémie familiale. L'étude FOURIER et son extension FOURIER-OLE ont démontré, chez des patients avec ma- ladie cardiovasculaire athéromateuse et hypercholestérolémie résiduelle sous statine, que l'évolocumab est capable de réduire significativement l'incidence des événements cardiovasculaires majeurs (- 15 %, P <0,001). Il existe une relation continue entre la diminution des événements cliniques et la baisse du LDL-c, jusqu'aux valeurs les plus basses. Par contre, même aux taux les plus bas de LDL-c, la tolérance de l'évolocumab s'avère excellente. Au vu de ces résultats favorables, l'évolocumab (Repatha®) est désormais remboursé, sous conditions, pour la prévention secondaire de la maladie cardiovasculaire athéromateuse.


Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents , Atherosclerosis , Cardiovascular Diseases , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Humans , Proprotein Convertase 9 , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Cholesterol, LDL/therapeutic use , PCSK9 Inhibitors , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Secondary Prevention , Treatment Outcome , Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
20.
Diabetes Metab ; 49(5): 101474, 2023 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37678760

ABSTRACT

Stroke represents a major burden in patients with type 2 diabetes, yet this cerebrovascular complication has been less carefully investigated than the risk of cardiovascular mortality, heart failure and renal disease. Some data suggested that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) exert a better protection against stroke than sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is). However, this conclusion was derived from indirect comparisons in absence of any head-to-head randomised controlled trial (RCT). The present comprehensive review compares the effects of SGLT2is versus GLP-1RAs on nonfatal and fatal/nonfatal strokes in network meta-analyses of RCTs (mostly cardiovascular outcome trials) versus placebo, on the one hand, and in real-life observational cohort studies, on the other hand. Whereas network meta-analyses of placebo-controlled RCTs confirm a slight but significant (in 11 out of 13 meta-analyses) higher incidence of stroke in patients treated with SGLT2is compared with those treated with GLP-1RAs, a large majority of retrospective observational cohort studies (19 out of 21) failed to find any significant difference in the risk of stroke between the two pharmacological classes. Available, yet limited, findings suggest that SGLT2is may be more efficacious against haemorrhagic than ischaemic strokes, in patients at risk for atrial fibrillation and in patients with chronic kidney disease.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors , Stroke , Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Stroke/epidemiology , Stroke/prevention & control , Network Meta-Analysis
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