[Research on the variation in distortion product otoacoustic emissions in patients with auditory neuropathy during the natural course of the disease].

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) in patients with auditory neuropathy (AN). The factors affecting DPOAE elicitation rate of each frequency, elicitation rate of each ear and change rate of first and last diagnosis in the natural course were analyzed. Methods: The sample was obtained from the Multicenter Study on Clinical Diagnosis and Intervention of AN (registration number: ChiCTR2100050125), and the diagnostic criteria for AN were based on the Chinese Clinical Practice Guidelines of Auditory Neuropathy (version 2022). Patients with bilateral AN who underwent 2 or more DPOAE tests were screened and divided into infant groups (≤3 years old) and non-infant groups (>3 years old) according to the age of detection, and the trend of DPOAE elicitation rate of each frequency, elicitation rate of each ear and change rate in the natural course of disease were analyzed, in order to explore the relevant influencing factors. Results: A total of 165 patients (330 ears) with AN were included in the study. The overall DPOAE elicitation rate per ear was 77.0%±29.4% at the initial diagnosis and 65.1%±35.2% at the final diagnosis, with a reduction observed in the elicitation rate of 171 ears (51.82%). In the infant group, there were 49 cases (98 ears), including 28 males and 21 females, whose found age ranged from 0 to 3 years old, with a median age of 0.7 years. DPOAE elicitation rate per ear was 57.9%±35.5% in the initial diagnosis, and 32.4%±32.1% in the final diagnosis, with a reduction observed in the elicitation rate of 69 ears (70.41%). In the non-infant group, there were 116 cases (232 ears), including 59 males and 57 females, ranging in found age from 3.9 to 40 years old, with a median age of 14 years old. DPOAE elicitation rate per ear was 84.6%±23.4% in the initial diagnosis, and 78.3%±27.1% in the final diagnosis, with a reduction observed in the elicitation rate of 102 ears (43.97%). Age was found to be correlated with DPOAE changes by multicategorical unordered logistic regression analysis (B=-0.224, OR=0.799, P<0.001). Conclusions: The elicitation rate of DPOAE in AN patients decreases or even disappears with increasing disease duration; The rate of DPOAE extraction is found to be lower in infant patients with auditory neuropathy (AN) compared to non-infant AN patients. Additionally, it is observed that the decrease in DPOAE extraction rate is more pronounced in infant AN patients as the disease progressed, as compared to non-infant AN patients. DPOAE and cochlear microphonic potentials should be fully combined for accurate diagnosis, and regular follow-up should be conducted to understand the natural course of the disease and give personalized guidance and assistance.

[Study on the clinical characteristics of auditory neuropathy patients with normal pure tone average or mild hearing loss].

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of auditory neuropathy (AN) patients with normal hearing or mild hearing loss. Methods: Data from Multicenter Study on Clinical Diagnosis and Intervention of Acoustic Neuropathy (registration number: ChiCTR2100050125). According to the Chinese clinical practice guideline of auditory neuropathy (version 2022), these patients divided into two groups: the normal hearing group (PTA Normal, PTAN group, the average hearing threshold<20 dB HL) and the mild hearing loss group (PTA Mild hearing loss, PTAM group, the average hearing threshold between 20-35 dBHL). The audiology characteristics, clinical features, and follow-up were analyzed. Data analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8 and SPSS 20.0 software. Results: A total of 75 AN with normal hearing or mild hearing loss were included in this study. The PTAN group consisted of 19 patients (38 ears), including 12 males and 7 females. The average onset age was (16.9±4.5) years old, while the test age was (22.1±5.8) years old for PTAN group. The PTAM group consisted of 56 patients (112 ears), including 29 males and 27 females. The average onset age was (16.2±7.9) years old, while the test age was (23.9±9.0) yeas old for PTAM group. The average hearing threshold of low frequency (0.125-0.5 kHz) was significantly decreased. ABR disappeared in 86.00% (126/150) of the patients. The speech recognition rate was 71.80±22.44% in the PTAN group and 58.08±29.28% in the PTAM group.-SP/AP was 0.98±0.47 in the PTAN and 1.07±0.63 in PTAM group; 40 (53.33%) patients had tinnitus. 29 patients (58 ears) were followed up, including 10 patients (20 ears) in the PTAN group and 19 patients (38 ears) in the PTAM group. There was no significant change in hearing threshold in short-term follow-up (<3 years). With the extension of the disease duration (>3 years), the PTAN group tended to decrease at low frequency, and the PTAM group decreased at high frequency first. The hearing threshold at 0.25 kHz in the PTAN group and 4 kHz in the PTAM group decreased significantly. Conclusions: AN patients with normal hearing or mild hearing loss exhibit abnormal results in audiological examination results, including ABR, electrocochleography and speech discrimination score. A combination of audiological tests should be used to make the diagnosis of AN. With the progression of the disease, AN with normal hearing or mild hearing loss tends to decrease.

Risk perception for fractures and its related factors among family caregivers of underage patients with osteogenesis imperfecta in China: A cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: To describe the level of risk perception for fractures among family caregivers of children diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta, and explore the related factors. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study. A self-administered questionnaire on family caregivers' perception of fracture risk of underage patients with osteogenesis imperfecta was used. The study was performed in mainland China from May to December 2022, with 127 family caregivers of patients aged 3-17. Stepwise backwards multivariable linear regression analysis was undertaken to examine risk factors for caregivers' risk perception of fractures. RESULTS: A total of 16.54% of caregivers had a higher level of risk perception for fractures of patients. The caregiver's educational level, the family members, the patient's self-care ability, fracture times in the past year, and whether or not they had received community services were associated with the caregiver's risk perception for fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with osteogenesis imperfecta will eventually leave the medical system and receive more support from themselves or family caregivers instead of health personnel. These findings should be incorporated into the prevention and health education of fractures in caregivers of underage patients with osteogenesis imperfecta to help develop effective risk communication strategies and induce caregivers to implement appropriate protective behaviors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: It is important to evaluate the risk perception for fractures and its related factors among family caregivers of underage patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Identifying these factors can help healthcare providers to screen caregivers with high perceived level of fracture risk in a quicker and earlier way. This study provides evidence for the establishment of interventions to balance caregivers' risk perception and patient socialization.

Efficacy and safety of intrathecal pemetrexed for TKI-failed leptomeningeal metastases from EGFR+ NSCLC: an expanded, single-arm, phase II clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal pemetrexed (IP) for treating patients with leptomeningeal metastases (LM) from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who progressed from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment in an expanded, prospective, single-arm, phase II clinical study (ChiCTR1800016615). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with confirmed NSCLC-LM who progressed from TKI received IP (50 mg, day 1/day 5 for 1 week, then every 3 weeks for four cycles, and then once monthly) until disease progression or intolerance. Objectives were to assess overall survival (OS), response rate, and safety. Measurable lesions were assessed by investigator according to RECIST version 1.1. LM were assessed according to the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria. RESULTS: The study included 132 patients; 68% were female and median age was 52 years (31-74 years). The median OS was 12 months (95% confidence interval 10.4-13.6 months), RANO-assessed response rate was 80.3% (106/132), and the most common adverse event was myelosuppression (n = 42; 31.8%), which reversed after symptomatic treatment. The results of subgroup analysis showed that absence of brain parenchymal metastasis, good Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score, good response to IP treatment, negative cytology after treatment, and patients without neck/back pain/difficult defecation had longer survival. Gender, age, previous intrathecal methotrexate/cytarabine, and whole-brain radiotherapy had no significant influence on OS. CONCLUSIONS: This study further showed that IP is an effective and safe treatment method for the EGFR-TKI-failed NSCLC-LM, and should be recommended for these patients in clinical practice and guidelines.

Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 components and the risk of different types of preterm birth and the mediating effect of pregnancy complications: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to reveal the single and mixed associations of PM2.5 and its components with very, moderately, and late preterm births and to explore the potential mediating role of pregnancy complications in PM2.5-induced preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. METHODS: We enrolled 168,852 mothers and matched the concentrations of PM2.5 and its five components (OM, SO42-, BC, NO3-, and NH4+) based on their geographical location. Next, we used generalized linear models, quantile g-computation, and mediation analysis to evaluate the associations of PM2.5 and its components with very, moderately, and late preterm births and the mediating role of pregnancy complications. RESULTS: Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and its components was associated with preterm birth, and the association was strongest in the third trimester. Preterm birth was associated with co-exposure to a mixture of PM2.5 components in the third trimester, and the contributions of NO3-, NH4+, and BC to the risk of preterm birth were positive. Meanwhile, pregnancy complications mediated PM2.5-induced preterm birth. Moreover, very and moderately preterm births were associated with PM2.5 and its components in the second and third trimesters, and very and late preterm births were associated with co-exposure to a mixture of PM2.5 components in the third trimester. CONCLUSIONS: Later exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy will cause earlier preterm birth. Targeted and positive interventions for anthropogenic sources of specific PM2.5 components and pregnancy complications are helpful for preterm birth prevention.

Muscle of dark and normal beef differs metabolically.

Reduction in muscle glycogen triggered by adverse antemortem handling events alters postmortem energy metabolism and results in a high ultimate pH and dark, firm and dry beef, often referred to as 'dark-cutting'. However, the relationship between atypical dark (AT) beef, postmortem energy metabolism and underlying tissue characteristics remains somewhat unclear. Cattle harvested in the US and Canada representing normal (pH < 5.6), AT dark (pH 5.6-5.8) and dark cutting (DC; pH > 5.8) beef were analyzed for tissue characteristics related to energy metabolism. Results show AT dark beef is more oxidative but similar to normal beef in glycolytic potential and nucleotide abundance. Mitochondria DNA content (P < 0.05, Canada; P < 0.005, US) and oxidative enzymes for DC and AT dark beef were greater (P < 0.01; Canada and US) compared to normal beef. Myoglobin tracked (P < 0.01) with color classification. These findings show both DC and AT beef are inherently more oxidative and raise the possibility that more oxidative muscle may be more prone to develop dark beef.

[Study of immunophenotypic characteristics, clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in gastric cancer microenvironment].

Objective: To explore the immunophenotypic characteristics of gastric cancer microenvironment and analyze its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of patients. Methods: The expression levels of leukocyte differentiation antigen (CD) 8, CD4, T lymphocyte immunoglobulin mucoprotein 3 (TIM3), human forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) and co-localized tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were detected in 92 cases of gastric cancer tissue [58 males and 34 females; aged M(Q1, Q3), 70(59, 77) years ] and 84 cases of paracancer tissue [57 males and 27 females, aged 70(59, 77) years] purchased from Shanghai Xinchao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the samples were from 28 hospitals in the sample bank. Gastric cancer and adjacent tissues were divided into high expression group and low expression group according to the optimal cut-off value of positive lymphocytepercentage. The expression of immunophenotypes in gastric cancer and adjacent tissues was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Cox proportional hazard model was used to explore the prognostic factors of gastric cancer patients. Results: The optimal cut-off values of CD8, CD4, TIM3 and Foxp3 positive cells in gastric cancer were 12.73%, 1.39%, 10.77% and 2.44%, respectively. The expression of Foxp3 in gastric cancer tissues was higher than that in paracancer tissues [M (Q1, Q3), 0.93 (0.45, 2.16) vs 0.31 (0.09, 0.86), P<0.001], and the expression of CD8 [4.92 (2.34, 8.80) vs 8.81 (6.61, 12.17), P<0.001], CD4 [4.79 (1.77, 11.36) vs 8.40 (4.84, 12.77), P=0.022] and TIM3 [5.68 (2.05, 11.58) vs 7.07 (3.13, 11.43), P=0.338] were lower than that in paracancer tissues. There were significant differences in TIM3 expression in gastric cancer patients with different lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (all P<0.05). The 5-year survival rate of patients with high CD4 expression, low TIM3 expression and low Foxp3 expression in gastric cancer tissues was poor, among which the high CD4 expression and low CD4 expression groups were 29.3% and 64.7%, respectively; The high and low TIM3 expression groups were 60.9% and 30.4%, respectively; The high and low Foxp3 expression groups were 64.3% and 33.3%, respectively (all P<0.05). The optimal cut-off values of CD8+TIM3+TILs, CD4+TIM3+TILs, CD8+Foxp3+TILs and CD4+Foxp3+TILs were 3.86%, 0.23%, 0.08% and 0.76%, respectively. Colocalization analysis showed that the expression of CD8+Foxp3+TILs in gastric cancer tissues was higher than that in adjacent tissues(all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high expression of CD4 (HR=3.079, 95%CI: 1.350-7.024,P=0.008), low expression of TIM3 (HR=0.428, 95%CI: 0.208-0.879, P=0.021) and low expression of Foxp3 (HR=0.288, 95%CI: 0.121-0.687, P=0.005) were the influencing factor for the 5-year survival rate of patients with gastric cancer after operation. Conclusions: Gastric cancer tissues have complex immune microenvironment characteristics. The expression of CD4, TIM3 and Foxp3 is closely related to the prognosis of patients.

[Tanshinone â ¡A activates PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit the apoptosis of mice cochlear pericytes induced by high glucose].

Objective: To investigate whether tanshinone ⅡA can protect the apoptosis of mice cochlear pericytes induced by high glucose and its specific protective mechanism, so as to provide experimental evidence for the prevention and treatment of diabetic hearing loss. Methods: C57BL/6J male mice were used to prepare type 2 diabetes model, which were divided into normal (NG) group, diabetic (DM) group, diabetic+tanshinone ⅡA (HG+tanshinone ⅡA) group and tanshinone ⅡA group. Each group had 10 animals. Primary cochlear pericytes were divided into NG group, HG group (high glucose 35 mmol/L), HG+tanshinone ⅡA (1, 3, 5 µmol/L) group, HG+Tanshinone ⅡA+LY294002 (PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor) group, LY294002 group, tanshinone ⅡA group and DMSO group. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was used to measure hearing threshold. Evans blue was used to detect the permeability of blood labyrinth barrier in each group. TBA methods were used to detect oxidative stress levels in various organs of mice. Morphological changes of stria vascularis were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE). Evans blue was used to detect the vascular labyrinth barrier permeability in cochlea. The expression of apoptosis protein in stria vascularis pericytes was observed by immunofluorescence. Pericytes apoptosis rate was observed by flow cytometry. DCFH-DA was combined with flow cytometry to detect intracellular ROS content, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptotic proteins (Cleaved-caspase3, Bax), anti-apoptotic proteins (BCL-2) and pathway proteins (PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT). SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Independent sample t test was performed, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Animal experiments: Tanshinone ⅡA decreased the hearing threshold of DM group [(35.0±3.5) dB SPL vs. (55.3±8.1) dB SPL] (t=4.899, P<0.01), decreased the oxidative stress level in cochlea (t=4.384, P<0.05), improved the structure disorder, atrophy of cochlea vascular lines, vacuole increased phenomenon. Tanshinone ⅡA alleviated the increased permeability of the blood labyrinth barrier [Evans blue leakage (6.84±0.27) AU vs. (8.59±0.85) AU] in the cochlea of DM mice (t=2.770, P<0.05), reversed the apoptotic protein: Caspase3 (t=4.956, P<0.01) and Bax (t=4.388, P<0.05) in cochlear vascularis. Cell experiments: Tanshinone ⅡA decreased intracellular ROS content in a concentration-dependent way (t=3.569, P<0.05; t=4.772, P<0.01; t=7.494, P<0.01); Tanshinone ⅡA decreased apoptosis rate and apoptotic protein, and increased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein, p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT in concentration-dependent manner (all P values<0.05); LY294002 reversed the protective effect of tanshinone ⅡA on pericytes apoptosis (all P values<0.05). Conclusion: Tanshinone ⅡA can inhibit the apoptosis of cochlear pericytes induced by high glucose by reducing oxidative stress level and activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway under high glucose environment, thus playing a protective role in diabetic hearing loss.

Unintrusive multi-cancer detection by circulating cell-free DNA methylation sequencing (THUNDER): development and independent validation studies.

BACKGROUND: Early detection of cancer offers the opportunity to identify candidates when curative treatments are achievable. The THUNDER study (THe UNintrusive Detection of EaRly-stage cancers, NCT04820868) aimed to evaluate the performance of enhanced linear-splinter amplification sequencing, a previously described cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation-based technology, in the early detection and localization of six types of cancers in the colorectum, esophagus, liver, lung, ovary, and pancreas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A customized panel of 161 984 CpG sites was constructed and validated by public and in-house (cancer: n = 249; non-cancer: n = 288) methylome data, respectively. The cfDNA samples from 1693 participants (cancer: n = 735; non-cancer: n = 958) were retrospectively collected to train and validate two multi-cancer detection blood test (MCDBT-1/2) models for different clinical scenarios. The models were validated on a prospective and independent cohort of age-matched 1010 participants (cancer: n = 505; non-cancer: n = 505). Simulation using the cancer incidence in China was applied to infer stage shift and survival benefits to demonstrate the potential utility of the models in the real world. RESULTS: MCDBT-1 yielded a sensitivity of 69.1% (64.8%-73.3%), a specificity of 98.9% (97.6%-99.7%), and tissue origin accuracy of 83.2% (78.7%-87.1%) in the independent validation set. For early-stage (I-III) patients, the sensitivity of MCDBT-1 was 59.8% (54.4%-65.0%). In the real-world simulation, MCDBT-1 achieved a sensitivity of 70.6% in detecting the six cancers, thus decreasing late-stage incidence by 38.7%-46.4%, and increasing 5-year survival rate by 33.1%-40.4%, respectively. In parallel, MCDBT-2 was generated at a slightly low specificity of 95.1% (92.8%-96.9%) but a higher sensitivity of 75.1% (71.9%-79.8%) than MCDBT-1 for populations at relatively high risk of cancers, and also had ideal performance. CONCLUSION: In this large-scale clinical validation study, MCDBT-1/2 models showed high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of predicted origin in detecting six types of cancers.

[Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of adult celiac disease].

Objective: The study aimed to analyze the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of adult celiac disease (CD) to provide a scientific basis for more effective CD diagnosis and treatment. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the clinical and endoscopic data of 96 adult CD patients treated in the Department of Gastroenterology of the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from March 2016 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 96 CD patients were diagnosed, including 33 men and 63 women. The average age was 47±14 years (range, 18-81 years). The disease occurred mainly in the age group of 31-60 years. The median course of the disease was 2.0 (0.2-40.0) years. There were 41 (42.7%) classical and 55 (57.3%) non-classical CD patients. All patients with classical CD showed chronic diarrhea, often accompanied by abdominal pain (46.3%, 19/41), abdominal distension (17.1%, 7/41), anemia (65.9%, 27/41), and chronic fatigue (48.8%, 20/41). The main manifestations of non-classical CD were chronic abdominal pain (58.2%, 32/55), abdominal distension (32.7%, 18/55), anemia (40.0%, 22/55), and osteopenia/osteoporosis (38.2%, 21/55). Compared with non-classical CD, anemia developed more frequently in classical CD, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.012). The incidence of complications in CD patients was 36.5% (35/96), and the main complications were thyroid disease (19.8%, 19/96), connective tissue disease (6.2%, 6/96), and kidney disease (6.2%, 6/96). There was no significant difference between classical and non-classical CD (P>0.05). The frequency of endoscopic manifestations in CD patients was 84.4% (81/96). Duodenal bulb endoscopy showed nodular changes (72.9%, 70/96), grooved changes (10.4%, 10/96), and focal villous atrophy (9.4%, 9/96). The main manifestations of descending endoscopy were the decrease, flattening, or disappearance of duodenal folds (43.8%, 42/96), scallop-like changes (38.5%, 37/96), and nodular changes (34.4%, 33/96). Conclusions: Adult CD patients are mostly female. CD occurred mainly in the age group of 31-60 years. The clinical manifestations were mainly those of non-classical CD. Some patients often had other autoimmune diseases. Patients with characteristic endoscopic manifestations should be warned about the possibility of developing CD. Clinicians should strengthen the understanding of CD and reduce the related rates of missed diagnosis.

Three first records of stick insects attacking plants (Inseect: Phasmida) in Tibet / Três primeiros registros de insetos-pau atacando plantas (Inseect: Phasmida) no Tibet

Except for a few stick insects that are economically valuable, most species be considered to be forest pests, so it is extremely important to obtain plant host-use information of more stick insects. In this paper, the plant hosts of three species of stick insects were recorded for the first time. We also discovered these stick insects can feed upon the flowers or leaves of plants. Lopaphus unidentatus (Chen & He, 1995) (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) attacked Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex N. Robson, 1973 (Hypericaceae), Leurophasma dolichocercum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Aschiphasmatidae) attacked Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier, 1964 (Polygonaceae) and Megalophasma granulatum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) attacked Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen, 1991 (Urticaceae). Finally, we were lucky enough to also obtain photographs of them mating and feeding.

Exceto por alguns insetos-pau que são economicamente valiosos, a maioria das espécies pode ser considerada praga florestal, por isso é extremamente importante obter informações sobre o uso de hospedeiros de plantas de mais insetos-pau. Neste artigo, as plantas hospedeiras de três espécies de bicho-pau foram registradas pela primeira vez. Também descobrimos que esses bichos-pau podem se alimentar de flores ou folhas de plantas. Lopaphus unidentatus (Chen & He, 1995) (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) atacou a parede de Hypericum choisianum. ex N. Robson, 1973 (Hypericaceae), Leurophasma dolichocercum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Aschiphasmatidae) atacou Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier, 1964 (Polygonaceae) e Megalophasma granulatum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae orientaled) atacou Chen, 1991 (Urticaceae). Finalmente, tivemos a sorte de também obter fotos deles se acasalando e se alimentando.

Three first records of stick insects attacking plants (Inseect: Phasmida) in Tibet

Abstract Except for a few stick insects that are economically valuable, most species be considered to be forest pests, so it is extremely important to obtain plant host-use information of more stick insects. In this paper, the plant hosts of three species of stick insects were recorded for the first time. We also discovered these stick insects can feed upon the flowers or leaves of plants. Lopaphus unidentatus (Chen & He, 1995) (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) attacked Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex N. Robson, 1973 (Hypericaceae), Leurophasma dolichocercum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Aschiphasmatidae) attacked Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier, 1964 (Polygonaceae) and Megalophasma granulatum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) attacked Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen, 1991 (Urticaceae). Finally, we were lucky enough to also obtain photographs of them mating and feeding.

Resumo Exceto por alguns insetos-pau que são economicamente valiosos, a maioria das espécies pode ser considerada praga florestal, por isso é extremamente importante obter informações sobre o uso de hospedeiros de plantas de mais insetos-pau. Neste artigo, as plantas hospedeiras de três espécies de bicho-pau foram registradas pela primeira vez. Também descobrimos que esses bichos-pau podem se alimentar de flores ou folhas de plantas. Lopaphus unidentatus (Chen & He, 1995) (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) atacou a parede de Hypericum choisianum. ex N. Robson, 1973 (Hypericaceae), Leurophasma dolichocercum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Aschiphasmatidae) atacou Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier, 1964 (Polygonaceae) e Megalophasma granulatum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae orientaled) atacou Chen, 1991 (Urticaceae). Finalmente, tivemos a sorte de também obter fotos deles se acasalando e se alimentando.

Three first records of stick insects attacking plants (Inseect: Phasmida) in Tibet / Três primeiros registros de insetos-pau atacando plantas (Inseect: Phasmida) no Tibet

Abstract Except for a few stick insects that are economically valuable, most species be considered to be forest pests, so it is extremely important to obtain plant host-use information of more stick insects. In this paper, the plant hosts of three species of stick insects were recorded for the first time. We also discovered these stick insects can feed upon the flowers or leaves of plants. Lopaphus unidentatus (Chen & He, 1995) (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) attacked Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex N. Robson, 1973 (Hypericaceae), Leurophasma dolichocercum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Aschiphasmatidae) attacked Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier, 1964 (Polygonaceae) and Megalophasma granulatum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) attacked Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen, 1991 (Urticaceae). Finally, we were lucky enough to also obtain photographs of them mating and feeding.

Resumo Exceto por alguns insetos-pau que são economicamente valiosos, a maioria das espécies pode ser considerada praga florestal, por isso é extremamente importante obter informações sobre o uso de hospedeiros de plantas de mais insetos-pau. Neste artigo, as plantas hospedeiras de três espécies de bicho-pau foram registradas pela primeira vez. Também descobrimos que esses bichos-pau podem se alimentar de flores ou folhas de plantas. Lopaphus unidentatus (Chen & He, 1995) (Phasmida: Lonchodidae) atacou a parede de Hypericum choisianum. ex N. Robson, 1973 (Hypericaceae), Leurophasma dolichocercum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Aschiphasmatidae) atacou Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier, 1964 (Polygonaceae) e Megalophasma granulatum Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae orientaled) atacou Chen, 1991 (Urticaceae). Finalmente, tivemos a sorte de também obter fotos deles se acasalando e se alimentando.

[Evaluation of the impact of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine included in an expanded immunization program on the reported incidence rate of Japanese encephalitis in Gansu province-based on interrupted time series].

Objective: To evaluate the impact of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine included in an expanded immunization program on the reported incidence rate of Japanese encephalitis in Gansu province. Methods: Information on the reported incidence rate of Japanese encephalitis in Gansu province from 1987 to 2019 was collected through the National Population Health Science Data Center and the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. In addition, the trend of Japanese encephalitis reported incidence rate in Gansu province before and after the inclusion of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine in the expanded immunization program was analyzed using an interrupted time-series design. Results: The annual reported incidence rate of Japanese encephalitis in Gansu province from 1987 to 2019 was 0.448/per 100 000. However, after the inclusion of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine in the expanded immunization program in Gansu province in 2008, the amount of change in the level of Japanese encephalitis reported incidence rate was -2.223/per 100 000 (t=-2.90, P=0.007), the amount of change in the slope of Japanese encephalitis reported incidence rate was 0.082 (t=2.87, P=0.008) with the slope of Japanese encephalitis reported incidence rate as 0.071 (ß1+ß3=0.071). Conclusions: The Japanese encephalitis vaccine has achieved good prevention and control effects in Gansu province in the short term after its inclusion in the expanded immunization program, but outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis have still occurred. Therefore, in the future, Gansu province should promptly adjust the immunization strategy of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine, and strengthen the vaccination of the adult population, especially the rural adult population in the southeastern region of Gansu province, based on the continued focus on the works on Japanese encephalitis vaccination for children and adolescents.

Spin-Holstein Models in Trapped-Ion Systems.

In this work, we highlight how trapped-ion quantum systems can be used to study generalized Holstein models, and benchmark expensive numerical calculations. We study a particular spin-Holstein model that can be implemented with arrays of ions confined by individual microtraps, and that is closely related to the Holstein model of condensed matter physics, used to describe electron-phonon interactions. In contrast to earlier proposals, we focus on simulating many-electron systems and inspect the competition between charge-density wave order, fermion pairing, and phase separation. In our numerical study, we employ a combination of complementary approaches, based on non-Gaussian variational ansatz states and matrix product states, respectively. We demonstrate that this hybrid approach outperforms standard density-matrix renormalization group calculations.

[Analysis on incidence trend of liver cancer in China, 2005-2016].

Objective: To understand the incidence trend of liver cancer in China from 2005 to 2016, and explore the correlation between the incidence trend of liver cancer and the incidence trend of hepatitis B. Methods: The incidence data of liver cancer in China from 2005 to 2016 were collected from the Annual Report of Cancer Registry in China. The incidence data of hepatitis B were collected from China Public Health Science Data Center. World standardized incidence rate (WSR) was calculated according to the World Segi's population. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of WSR of liver cancer [measured by average annual percentage change (AAPC)]. The age-period-cohort model was fitted to analyze the age, period and cohort effects in people aged 20- years and above. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to explore the correlation between the incidence of liver cancer and the incidence of hepatitis B. Results: The crude incidence of liver cancer in China showed a trend of first increase before 2009 and then relatively stable. The world standardized morbidity rate of liver cancer in China decreased from 19.11 per 100 000 in 2005 to 17.74 per 100 000 in 2016 (AAPC=-0.5%, 95%CI: -1.3%-0.3%, P=0.240). The incidence of liver cancer in male decreased significantly (AAPC=-1.0%, 95%CI: -1.5%--0.5%, P=0.001). The incidence of liver cancer in women increased from 2005 to 2010 [annual percentage change (APC)=1.7%, 95%CI: -0.1%-3.4%, P=0.059] but showed a significant decrease trend from 2010 to 2016 (APC=-1.6%, 95%CI: -2.3%--1.0%, P=0.001). From 2005 to 2016, the incidence of liver cancer showed a decreasing trend in urban areas (AAPC=-0.3%, 95%CI: -0.8%-0.3%, P=0.316) and rural areas (AAPC=-3.9%, 95%CI: -4.4%--3.3%, P<0.001). Risk for liver cancer increased with age, while the period effect showed a trend of first increase then decrease and cohort effect showed a decrease trend. The morbidity rates of both hepatitis B and liver cancer showed decrease trends from 2009 to 2016, and there was a significant correlation (r=0.71, 95%CI: 0.01-0.94, P=0.048). Conclusions: From 2005 to 2016, the morbidity rate of liver cancer in China showed a decrease trend, and there were significant gender and urban-rural area specific differences. Age effect had a great impact on the risk for liver cancer. With the progress of population aging in China, liver cancer is still a public health problem, to which close attention needs to be paid.

Pharmacokinetics of HupA-PLGA-NPs of different sizes in the mouse blood and brain determined by LC-MS/MS.

OBJECTIVE: Huperzine A, which was extracted from a Chinese herb, is a reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is used as an anti-Alzheimer's drug that exerts evident pretreatment effects against exposure to organophosphate chemical warfare agents or pesticides. The aims of this study were to establish an LC-MS/MS method for the detection of HupA in biological samples and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of HupA polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (HupA-PLGA-NPs) with different diameters in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proposed LC-MS/MS method was established by optimizing the MS conditions and validating the specificity, linear range, lower limit, precision, accuracy, matrix effects, absolute recovery, and sample stability of the method. ICR mice were divided into three treatment groups: the HupA control group, the 46.4-nm HupA-PLGA-NP group and the 208.5-nm HupA-PLGA-NP group. All the mice in the three groups were administered 0.5 mg/kg HupA via the tail vein. The pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and the brain were detected by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using PKS pharmacokinetic software, and the relative bioavailability and brain-targeted drug targeting efficiency (DTE) were also calculated. RESULTS: The distributions of HupA-PLGA-NP groups showed marked changes compared with that of HupA in mice in vivo, and the particle size of nanodrugs exerted a significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters in mice. The half-life (T1/2) values in plasma of the 46.4- and 208.5-nm HupA-PLGA-NPs were 1.53- and 1.96-fold longer than that of the HupA at the same dose. The bioavailabilities of the two nanoparticles were 1.93- and 2.19-fold higher than that of HupA, respectively. In the brain, the Tmax values of the two HupA-PLGA-NPs of different sizes was 1.25 h, which was clearly longer than that of HupA (0.5 h), and the corresponding T1/2 values were 12.53 h and 8.47 h, which were 1.82- and 1.23-fold higher than that of HupA (6.89 h). In addition, the brain targeting index of the 46.40-nm HupA-PLGA-NPs was 1.48, which revealed an evident brain-targeting effect. CONCLUSIONS: The LC-MS/MS method has the advantages of good specificity, high sensitivity and needing a low sample amount and is economical and particularly suitable for determining the drug content in plasma and brain samples. The NP size is associated with the distribution patterns of nanodrugs. Therefore, a particular NP size can be selected to maximize the pharmacodynamics effects and control the toxicity of nanodrugs.

Investigating the association between COVID-19 vaccination and care home outbreak frequency and duration.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of 2020, many countries commenced a vaccination programme against SARS-CoV-2. Public health authorities aim to prevent and interrupt outbreaks of infectious disease in social care settings. We aimed to investigate the association between the introduction of the vaccination programme and the frequency and duration of COVID-19 outbreaks in Northern Ireland (NI). STUDY DESIGN: We undertook an ecological study using routinely available national data. METHODS: We used Poisson regression to measure the relationship between the number of RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks in care homes, and as a measure of community COVID-19 prevalence, the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey estimated the number of people testing positive for COVID-19 in NI. We estimated the change in this relationship and estimated the expected number of care home outbreaks in the absence of the vaccination programme. A Cox proportional hazards model estimated the hazard ratio of a confirmed COVID-19 care home outbreak closure. RESULTS: Care home outbreaks reduced by two-thirds compared to expected following the introduction of the vaccination programme, from a projected 1625 COVID-19 outbreaks (95% prediction interval 1553-1694) between 7 December 2020 and 28 October 2021 to an observed 501. We estimated an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.53 of the outbreak closure assuming a 21-day lag for immunity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings describe the association of the vaccination with a reduction in outbreak frequency and duration across NI care homes. This indicates probable reduced harm and disruption from COVID-19 in social care settings following vaccination. Future research using individual level data from care home residents will be needed to investigate the effectiveness of the vaccines and the duration of their effects.

Inherent factors influence color variations in semimembranosus muscle of pigs.

Variations in color, though a quality frustration, are common across the face of fresh and processed hams. Herein, we measured objective color across the semimembranosus (SM) muscle early postmortem and at 1440 min, then compared these differences against biochemical and metabolic characteristics responsible for pork quality development. Color (L*, a*) differed (P < 0.001) by zone and time but no interaction was evident. Lactate content and pH were highly correlated (R2 = 0.92) at 30 min, but weakened (R2 = 0.161412) by 1440 min. Lactate anaplerosis was not responsible for this lack of relationship. Glycolytic potential also differed across zone (P < 0.001) and time (P < 0.005). Differences in myoglobin expression and abundance, as well as mitochondrial DNA were notable (P < 0.05) across zone. These data suggest inherent differences in SM muscle are key determinants of ham color variation, while postmortem metabolism may play a lesser role in driving this quality attribute.