Differential regulation of lung homeostasis and silicosis by the TAM receptors MerTk and Axl.

Introduction: TAM receptor-mediated efferocytosis plays an important function in immune regulation and may contribute to antigen tolerance in the lungs, a site with continuous cellular turnover and generation of apoptotic cells. Some studies have identified failures in efferocytosis as a common driver of inflammation and tissue destruction in lung diseases. Our study is the first to characterize the in vivo function of the TAM receptors, Axl and MerTk, in the innate immune cell compartment, cytokine and chemokine production, as well as the alveolar macrophage (AM) phenotype in different settings in the airways and lung parenchyma. Methods: We employed MerTk and Axl defective mice to induce acute silicosis by a single exposure to crystalline silica particles (20 mg/50 µL). Although both mRNA levels of Axl and MerTk receptors were constitutively expressed by lung cells and isolated AMs, we found that MerTk was critical for maintaining lung homeostasis, whereas Axl played a role in the regulation of silica-induced inflammation. Our findings imply that MerTk and Axl differently modulated inflammatory tone via AM and neutrophil recruitment, phenotype and function by flow cytometry, and TGF-ß and CXCL1 protein levels, respectively. Finally, Axl expression was upregulated in both MerTk-/- and WT AMs, confirming its importance during inflammation. Conclusion: This study provides strong evidence that MerTk and Axl are specialized to orchestrate apoptotic cell clearance across different circumstances and may have important implications for the understanding of pulmonary inflammatory disorders as well as for the development of new approaches to therapy.

A new edible coating of fish gelatin incorporated into açaí oil to increase the post-harvest shelf life of tomatoes.

Açaí oil (Euterpe oleracea) is a new active ingredient, originating from the Amazon Forest, which offers numerous benefits as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Here, we report how açaí oil can be used as an active ingredient in gelatin coatings to increase the shelf life of tomatoes. The optimized viscosity and gel strength conditions were 5.40 % gelatin, 17.25 % açaí oil and 18 % plasticizer. FTIR, XRD and zeta potential analysis reveals that repulsive forces dominate the interactions between açaí oil and gelatin. The optimized coating (GAO) reduced mass loss by 8 % and achieved greater firmness (25 N), proving its effectiveness in maintaining tomato quality during storage. For the first time, it was found that the addition of açaí oil to fish gelatin improves the percentage of acidity and firmness of the tomato, delaying ripening, making it a promising alternative as packaging for climacteric fruits.

FishDNAIDs: DNA barcoding as a tool in the development and validation in silico and in vitro of detection systems to four species of Characiformes of commercial importance in the Brazilian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: The COI mitochondrial gene has been chosen as the "DNA barcode in animals" and the large quantity of genetic information in public databanks gives solid support for the use of DNA barcoding as a promising tool for the development of a specific molecular detection system. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present study aimed to develop a Specific Molecular Detection System (SMDS: FishDNAIDs) (primers and probe sets) for the following four target species: Prochilodus nigricans, Potamorhina altamazonica, Psectrogaster rutiloides and Triportheus angulatus, in qPCR assays. In silico and in vitro tests (using gDNA) were performed to test these sets. The database generated contained the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) nucleotide sequence for 183 specimens of Characiformes, distributed in 34 species representing eight families. In silico, primers designed for the target species amplified different species from the same genus, except for P. rutiloides, which amplified only the target species. In the in vitro test, using the SYBRGreentm and TaqMan® fluorescence systems, both sets detected the respective target species (P. nigricans, P. altamazonica, P. rutiloides and T. angulatus). In the qPCR assays using SYBRGreentm, species considered to be related were also detected, in addition to the target species, with the exception of P. amazonica and P. essequibensis (correlated to P. rutiloides). All target species were detected in the qPCR assays using the TaqMan® system; however, with the SMDS PALT, the target species P. altamazonica was detected with low CT values (22.21 ± 0.17) as well as the correlates of P. latior and P. pristigaster, though with high CT values (23.51 ± 0.19 and 30.21 ± 0.95). This assay uniquely identifies known adult tissue samples from all four species. CONCLUSIONS: The primers and probe sets developed can act as powerful tools for detecting the target Characiformes species.

High fiber content snack bars made with maize biomass flour, rice flakes and oat flakes: Physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance.

The aim of this study was to assess physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of snack bars (SBs) made with different levels of maize biomass flour (MBF), rice flakes (RF) and oat flakes (OF). A simplex design was used, with 6 mixtures and 2 repetitions. The different levels of MBF, RF and OF used in the SBs influenced all physicochemical properties evaluated (moisture, water activity, specific volume, hardness and instrumental color). SB4 (containing 14.85:5:10.85% of MBF:RF:OF, respectively) and SB6 (containing 14:8:8% of MBF:RF:OF, respectively) were the closest to the desirable formulation according to the desirability diagram for the physicochemical properties of the SBs. SB1 (containing 20:5:5% of MBF:RF:OF, respectively) was also selected for sensory analysis as it showed the highest MBF content among all formulations. None SBs presented a microbiological risk. The SB6 presented the highest sensory acceptance and purchase intent, highlighting its rich content of dietary fiber (16.45 ± 0.1 g/100 g) and protein (7.04 ± 0.02 g/100 g) besides its low-calorie characteristic (1421.22 kJ/100 g/339.68 kcal/100 g). The development of SBs using MBF is feasible in relation to their physicochemical and sensory properties, which can stimulate the sustainable production of new goods from this by-product.

Visible intestinal peristalsis and chronic diarrhea due to a rare lymphoproliferative disease.

We present the case of a 45-year-old man with watery diarrhea for 2 years, leading to marked weight loss (52 kg). On admission, the patient presented with pallor, dehydration and cachexia. Abdominal examination revealed increased bowel sounds, painful and visible intestinal peristalsis, suggesting intestinal obstruction. There was no response to a gluten-free diet and nutritional support. Finally, the patient developed pulmonary infection, septic shock and died 3 months after admission. The diagnosis of CD4+/CD8+ indolent T-cell lymphoma of the GI tract was made post-mortem.

Embarazo en la adolescencia y las experiencias da vida escolar / Gravidez na adolescência e as experiências da vida escolar / Pregnancy in adolescence and experiences of school life

Este artigo teve como objetivo geral compreender as experiências de vida escolar de adolescentes grávidas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva. Participaram do estudo 14 adolescentes grávidas entre 15 e 19 anos de idade que estavam realizando pré-natal na rede pública do município. Foi realizada uma entrevista semiestruturada com cada participante sobre a história de vida escolar. A análise de dados possibilitou a elaboração de duas categorias: "adolescentes grávidas que pararam de estudar" e "adolescentes grávidas que continuaram estudando". Das 14 adolescentes entrevistadas, 10 pararam de estudar e quatro continuaram estudando. Observou-se a importância do suporte familiar e escolar para que as adolescentes pudessem continuar seus estudos. As adolescentes buscavam na escola um ambiente acolhedor para suas necessidades emocionais, mas nem todas tiveram a possibilidade de vivenciá-lo. O suporte à comunidade escolar é fundamental para que ela consiga oferecer o amparo necessário para seus alunos.

En este artículo se tuvo el objetivo general comprender las experiencias de vida escolar de adolescentes embarazadas. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa y descriptiva. Participaron del estudio 14 adolescentes embarazadas entre 15 y 19 años que estaban realizando prenatal en la red pública del municipio. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada con cada participante sobre la historia de vida escolar. El análisis de datos posibilitó la elaboración de dos categorías: "adolescentes embarazadas que dejaron de estudiar" y "adolescentes embarazadas que siguieran estudiando". De las 14 adolescentes entrevistadas, 10 dejaron de estudiar, y cuatro siguieron estudiando. Se percibió la importancia del soporte familiar y escolar para que las adolescentes pudiesen seguir sus estudios. Las adolescentes buscaban en la escuela un ambiente acogedor para sus necesidades emocionales, pero no todas tuvieron la posibilidad de vivenciarlo. El soporte a la comunidad escolar es fundamental para que ella pueda ofrecer el amparo necesario para sus alumnos.

This article aimed to understand the school life experiences of pregnant adolescents. This is a qualitative and descriptive research. Participated in the study 14 pregnant adolescents between 15 and 19 years of age who were undergoing prenatal care in the public network of the municipality. A semi-structured interview was conducted with each participant about their school life history. Data analysis made it possible to create two categories: "pregnant adolescents who stopped studying" and "pregnant adolescents who continued studying". A total of 14 adolescents were interviewed, 10 stopped studying, and four continued studying. The importance of family and school support was observed so that the adolescents could continue their studies. Adolescents sought a welcoming environment at school for their emotional needs, but not all of them had the opportunity to experience it. Support to the school community is essential for it to be able to offer the necessary support to its students.

Evaluation of the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Predictive Scores PAGE-B and mPAGE-B among Brazilian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is intrinsically oncogenic and related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Predictive scores of HCC have been developed but have been poorly studied in admixed populations. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the performance of PAGE-B and mPAGE-B scores for HCC prediction in HBV Brazilian patients and factors related to HCC occurrence. This is a retrospective study that evaluated patients followed at a tertiary university center. A total of 224 patients were included, with a median follow-up period of 9 years. The mean age at HBV diagnosis was 38.71 ± 14.19 years, predominantly males (66.1%). The cumulative incidence of HCC at 3, 5, and 7 years was 0.993%, 2.70%, and 5.25%, respectively, being related in the univariate logistic regression analysis to male sex (p = 0.0461), older age (p = 0.0001), cirrhosis at HBV diagnosis (p < 0.0001), and higher values of PAGE-B and mPAGE-B scores (p = 0.0002 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Older age, male sex, and cirrhosis at HBV diagnosis were independently associated with HCC occurrence. The AUROCs of PAGE-B and mPAGE-B were 0.7906 and 0.7904, respectively, with no differences between them (p = 0.9767). In conclusion, both PAGE-B and mPAGE-B showed a correct prediction of HCC above 70% in this cohort.

Immune Responses in Leishmaniasis: An Overview.

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90 countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of leishmaniasis that range in severity from cutaneous lesions to systemic infection. The diversity of leishmaniasis forms is due to the species of parasite, vector, environmental and social factors, genetic background, nutritional status, as well as immunocompetence of the host. Here, we discuss the role of the immune system, its molecules, and responses in the establishment, development, and outcome of Leishmaniasis, focusing on innate immune cells and Leishmania major interactions.

Salivary ZG16B expression loss follows exocrine gland dysfunction related to oral chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) targets include the oral mucosa and salivary glands after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Without incisional biopsy, no diagnostic test exists to confirm oral cGVHD. Consequently, therapy is often withheld until severe manifestations develop. This proteomic study examined saliva and human salivary gland for a biomarker profile at first onset of oral cGVHD prior to initiation of topical steroid therapy. Whole saliva collected at onset of biopsy-proven oral GVHD was assessed using liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry with identification of 569 proteins, of which 77 significantly changed in abundance. ZG16B, a secretory lectin protein, was reduced 2-fold in oral cGVHD saliva (p <0.05), and significantly decreased in salivary gland secretory cells affected by cGVHD. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of healthy MSG localized ZG16B expression to two discrete acinar cell populations. Reduced ZG16B expression may indicate specific cGVHD activity and possibly general salivary gland dysfunction.

Accuracy of clinical indicators of the nursing diagnosis of dysfunctional gastrointestinal motility in infants.

This study aimed to analyze the accuracy of the clinical indicators of the nursing diagnosis of dysfunctional gastrointestinal motility in infants from neonatal units and identify their association with clinical variables. This is a study of the diagnostic accuracy of clinical indicators of the diagnosis of dysfunctional gastrointestinal motility, with a cross-sectional design, performed on 228 hospitalized infants in neonatal units. A high prevalence of dysfunctional gastrointestinal motility was identified in the studied population. Regarding accuracy measures, clinical indicators such as increased gastric residual, changes in bowel sounds, bile-colored gastric residual, regurgitation, absence of flatus, and hard and formed stool were useful to discriminate between infants with and without dysfunctional gastrointestinal motility. The findings can help nurses during the diagnostic process, as they identify which defining characteristics can be used to confirm or rule out the probability of occurrence of the diagnosis.

Conhecimento e adesão da equipe de enfermagem à posição canguru em uma unidade neonatal / Conocimiento y adhesión del equipo de enfermería a la posición canguro en una unidad neonatal / Knowledge and adherence of the nursing team to the kangaroo position in a neonatal unit

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender o conhecimento e adesão dos profissionais de enfermagem à posição canguru e investigar o conhecimento dos profissionais sobre a posição e seus benefícios. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa realizada com 15 profissionais de enfermagem da neonatologia de um hospital terciário. Os dados foram coletados no período de agosto a setembro de 2020, utilizando instrumento desenvolvido pelos autores, e analisados pelo software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaire. Resultados: todas as técnicas de enfermagem afirmaram colocar o recém-nascido em posição canguru. Já em relação às enfermeiras, uma afirma não realizar a posição. O conteúdo analisado foi categorizado em três classes: Classe 1) Vivências da equipe de enfermagem em realizar ou não a posição canguru; Classe 2) Importância da aplicação da posição canguru; e Classe 3) Barreiras vivenciadas em realizar a posição canguru. Considerações finais: evidenciou-se uma boa adesão dos profissionais à posição canguru, entretanto, relatam dificuldades para executar a técnica, como a inadequação da rotina, falta de incentivo institucional e treinamentos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender el conocimiento y la adhesión de los profesionales de enfermería a la posición canguro e investigar el conocimiento de los profesionales sobre la posición y sus beneficios. Métodos: investigación cualitativa realizada con 15 profesionales de enfermería de la neonatología de un hospital terciario. Los datos fueron recolectados en el período de agosto a septiembre de 2020, utilizando instrumento desarrollado por los autores, y analizados por el software Interfaz de R pour les Analyses Multimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaire. Resultados: todas las técnicas de enfermería afirmaron colocar al recién nacido en posición canguro. En cuanto a las enfermeras, una afirma no realizar la posición. El contenido analizado fue categorizado en tres clases: Clase 1) Vivencias del equipo de enfermería al realizar o no la posición canguro; Clase 2) Importancia de la aplicación de la posición canguro; y Clase 3) Dificultades experimentadas al realizar la posición canguro. Consideraciones finales: se evidenció una buena adhesión de los profesionales a la posición canguro, sin embargo, relatan dificultades para ejecutar la técnica, como la inadecuación de la rutina, falta de incentivo institucional y entrenamientos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the knowledge and adherence of nursing professionals to the kangaroo position and to investigate the knowledge of professionals about the position and its benefits. Methods: qualitative research conducted with 15 neonatology nursing professionals from a tertiary hospital. Data were collected from August to September 2020, using an instrument developed by the authors, and analyzed by the software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaire. Results: all nursing techniques claimed to place the newborn in a kangaroo position. Regarding the nurses, one claims not to perform the position. The analyzed content was categorized into three classes: Class 1) Experiences of the nursing team in performing or not the kangaroo position; Class 2) Importance of applying the kangaroo position; and Class 3) Barriers experienced in performing the kangaroo position. Final thoughts: there was a good adherence of professionals to the kangaroo position, however, they report difficulties to perform the technique, such as inadequate routine, lack of institutional incentive and training.

Cryptococcal peritonitis in patients on the liver transplant waitlist: Reporting two cases with opposite outcomes.

Cryptococcus neoformans is rarely associated with peritonitis in cirrhotic patients; nevertheless, it has a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment may be the determining prognostic factors. This is a report of two patients awaiting a liver transplant who had opposite outcomes after the diagnosis of spontaneous cryptococcal peritonitis. In Patient 1, the fungal culture was positive in the blood and ascites. She had a poor evolution and died, which was likely caused by the delayed diagnosis and concomitant bacterial infections. In Patient 2, the fungus was found in the ascites, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures. Antifungal treatment was effective. He underwent a liver transplant on the 83rd day of antifungal therapy and is still alive 1 year later. It is important to suspect fungal etiology when there is a lack of response to antibiotics in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and spontaneous peritonitis, and physicians must be aware of leukocyte count in the ascitic fluid, which is not so high in these cases. This report also emphasizes the need for the routine use of blood culture bottles for microbiological analysis of the ascitic fluid, as it was helpful to diagnose fungal peritonitis in both cases.

Obesity and clinical severity in patients with COVID-19: a scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 strain, was first identified in late 2019 in China. The outcomes of patients affected by the virus can worsen, developing acute respiratory failure and other serious complications, especially in older individuals and people with obesity and comorbidities. Thus, obese patients tend to have a more severe course of COVID-19. Thus, this review aims to synthesize the evidence in the literature that associates COVID-19 and the severity of clinical outcomes in infected obese patients. METHODS: This protocol was designed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols Statement. Scientific and gray literature will be systematically selected from PubMed/MEDLINE, Latin American Literature in Health Sciences, Online Scientific Electronic Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. The selection of articles will be limited to studies published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish from December 2019 onwards. The main clinical outcomes will be clinical severity in obese patients with COVID-19 as tachypnea (respiratory rate, ≥ 30 breaths per minute), hypoxemia (oxygen saturation, ≤ 93%), the ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (< 300), lung infiltrate (> 50% of the lung field involved within 24-48 h), diagnosis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, need of invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. Selection bias will be minimized by excluding studies published before December 2019. Conflicts will be resolved through a third reviewer and consensus-building. Moreover, findings will be reported using narrative synthesis and tabulation of the summaries. DISCUSSION: Given the need for early detection of the possible implications and treatment for patients with obesity diagnosed with COVID-19, the scoping review will be useful to capture the state of the current literature, identify the gaps, and make recommendations for future research for directing the conduct and optimization of therapies in these patients by the multiprofessional teams. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/xrkec.

Physicochemical quality and sensory acceptance of toasts with partial replacement of wheat flour by maize biomass flour.

The aim of this study was to assess physicochemical and sensory viability of toasts developed from the partial replacement of wheat flour (WF) by maize biomass flour (MBF). Different levels of MBF (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g 100 g-1) were used. Data obtained were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. The level of replacement of WF by MBF influenced all physicochemical properties of the toast. Moisture (5.67-7.12 g 100 g-1), hardness (56.67-131.66 N), chroma of crust and crumb (29.86-30.27 and 19.76-25.83, respectively), and hue angle of crust and crumb (60.32°-64.79° and 81.41°-82.06°, respectively) were increased; and area (2286.4-1658.1 mm2), specific volume (3.47-1.83 mL g-1) and luminosity of crust and crumb (62.39-59.67 and 65.49-62.54, respectively) were decreased as the level of substitution of WF by MBF increased. The toasts did not present microbiological risk. The formulations with higher sensory acceptance were 5 and 15 g 100 g-1 of MBF, being considered rich in proteins (16.25 and 15.43 g 100 g-1, respectively) and rich in dietary fibers (12.10 and 16.02 g 100 g-1, respectively), therefore with high nutritional and functional values. The production of toasts with partial replacement of WF by MBF is feasible in relation to physicochemical and sensory characteristics, which it may stimulate exploitation of this by-product and sustainable production of baked goods.

Raman Spectroscopy characterization extracellular vesicles from bovine placenta and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Placenta-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in communication between the placenta and maternal immune cells possibly leading to a modulation of maternal T-cell signaling components. The ability to identify EVs in maternal blood may lead to the development of diagnostic and treatment tools for pregnancy complications. The objective of this work was to differentiate EVs from bovine placenta (trophoblast) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by a label-free, non-invasive Raman spectroscopy technique. Extracellular vesicles were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to verify the presence and the size distribution of EVs. Raman peaks at 728 cm-1 (collagen) and 1573 cm-1 (protein) were observed only in PBMC-derived EVs, while the peaks 702 cm-1 (cholesterol) and 1553 cm-1 (amide) appeared only in trophoblast-derived EVs. The discrimination of the Raman spectral fingerprints for both types of EVs from different animals was performed by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The PCA and LDA results clearly segregated the spectral clusters between the two types of EVs. Moreover, the PBMC-derived EVs from different animals were indistinguishable, while the trophoblast-derived EVs from three placental samples of different gestational ages showed separate clusters. This study reports for the first time the Raman characteristic peaks for identification of PBMC and trophoblast-derived EVs. The development of this method also provides a potential tool for further studies investigating the causes and potential treatments for pregnancy complications.

Broken rice grains pregelatinized flours incorporated with lyophilized açaí pulp and the effect of extrusion on their physicochemical properties.

Liophilized açaí pulp (LAP), which is considered a power food, could enrich broken rice grains flours (BRG), which is an abundant by-product in many countries. The extrusion could change the physico-chemical properties of this mixture, which later could be applied in the development of instant food products, as an appeal regarding the appearance, nutritional value and the presence of bioactive compounds. This study examined the effect of LAP incorporation (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) on the physical, chemical, and functional properties of BRG pregelatinized flours at mild extrusion conditions. Extrusion significantly changed the solubility and absorption of water, the thermal and pasting properties of pregelatinized flours. DSC analysis did not show gelatinization peaks after extrusion, indicating a total gelatinization of the starch. Extrusion also affected the color and chemical composition, and to a greater extent, the anthocyanin content, the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity, despite the mild process conditions. The mixture with 10% LAP resulted in a product with a reddish color, rich in fiber and presented lower loss of anthocyanin (27.16%), therefore, the most suitable to be used as an ingredient in the preparation of ready-to-eat foods with higher functional value.

Linguagem musical em instituições infantis: avaliação de duas propostas para formação docente / Lenguaje musical en instituciones infantiles: evaluación de dos propuestas para formación docente / Musical language in institutions of child education: assessment of two proposals for teacher formation

Trata-se de dois estudos visando avaliar duas propostas de intervenção utilizando a linguagem musical na formação de professores de Educação Infantil. As intervenções ocorreram em instituições infantis públicas, de cidades e metodologias distintas, porém com o objetivo de qualificar o desenvolvimento da linguagem musical das crianças, simultaneamente à complementação da formação inicial do professor com os conhecimentos pertinentes. O Estudo 1 se deu pela criação e aplicação de um material psicopedagógico, organizado num programa de formação, acrescido do acompanhamento individual das professoras. Para o Estudo 2 elaborou-se um programa baseado na Teoria da Aprendizagem Musical de Edwin Gordon, que foi trabalhado com professoras de uma escola apoiada por pesquisadores de uma instituição de ensino superior. Os resultados indicaram ligeira melhora na performance das professoras do Estudo 1 e expressivas diferenças no comportamento das professoras do Estudo 2. O trabalho lança luz sobre processos de formação em serviço em contextos infantis.

Se trata de dos estudios visando evaluar dos propuestas de intervención utilizando el lenguaje musical en la formación de profesores de Educación Infantil. Las intervenciones sucedieron en instituciones infantiles públicas, de ciudades y metodologías distintas, sin embargo, con el objetivo de calificar el desarrollo del lenguaje musical de los niños, simultáneamente a la complementación de la formación inicial del profesor con los conocimientos pertinentes. El Estudio 1 se dio por la creación y aplicación de un material psicopedagógico, organizado en un programa de formación acrecido del acompañamiento individual de las profesoras. Para el Estudio 2, se elaboró un programa basado en la Teoría del Aprendizaje Musical de Edwin Gordon, que fue desarrollado con profesoras de una escuela apoyada por investigadores de una institución de enseñanza universitaria. Los resultados indicaron ligera mejora en el rendimiento de las profesoras del Estudio 1 y, expresivas diferencias en el comportamiento de las profesoras del Estudio 2. El estudio lanza luz sobre procesos de formación en servicio en contextos infantiles.

This article assesses two studies evaluating two proposals of intervention employing the language of music in the formation of teachers for Child Education. The interventions took place in public institutions of child education from distinct cities and methodologies with the objective of developing musical language in children, and simultaneously complementing the initial formation of teachers by means of relevant knowledge. Study 1 was based on the creation and application of psycho-pedagogical material, organized by a formation program plus individual support for each one of the teachers. For Study 2, a program was produced based on the Music Learning Theory by Edwin Gordon, which was applied on teachers at a school supported by researchers from a university. The results pointed at a slight improvement in the performance of teachers from Study 1 in contrast with expressive differences in the behaviors of teachers in Study 2. This work sheds light on the formation processes currently employed in child education.

A vivência do acompanhamento pré-natal segundo mulheres assistidas na Rede Pública de Saúde / The experience of prenatal care according to women assisted by Public Health System / La vivencia del acompañamiento prenatal según mujeres asistidas en la Red Pública de Salud

A atenção pré-natal consiste no acolhimento à mulher desde os primórdios da gestação. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a vivência do acompanhamento pré-natal na perspectiva de mulheres assistidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foram entrevistadas 11 mulheres, residentes no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, em 2015. Foi utilizado um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado composto por: (a) dados de caracterização da participante; e (b) questões norteadoras para investigar o transcorrer da gestação. As entrevistas foram transcritas na íntegra e submetidas à análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados apontaram para uma valorização, por parte das entrevistadas, dos profissionais com postura acolhedora, favorecendo a percepção de um pré-natal de qualidade, identificado como aquele no qual eram fornecidas informações sobre os primeiros cuidados como bebê e com estratégias que permitiam espaço para reflexão sobre modificações físicas, psíquicas e hormonais que ocorrem com a mulher durante a gestação.

Prenatal care consists in the reception of the woman from the early stages of her pregnancy. The objective of this study is to understand the experience of prenatal care according to women assisted by Unified Health System (SUS). We have interviewed 11 women, living in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, in 2015, using a semi-structured interview script composed of: (a) characterization data of each participant; and (b) guiding questions to investigate the course of the pregnancy. The interviews were transcribed in full and submitted to the thematic content analysis. The results pointed that the welcoming attitude from the health team favored the perception of a high-quality prenatal care, which was recognized as a provider of useful information about baby care, and a space for reflecting on physical, psychic and hormonal woman changes that occur during the pregnancy.

La atención prenatal consiste en la acogida de la mujer desde el comienzo de la gestación. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender la vivencia del acompañamiento prenatal en la perspectiva de mujeres asistidas por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Se entrevistaron a 11 mujeres, residentes en el municipio de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, en 2015. Se utilizó un guía de entrevista semiestructurado compuesto por: (a) datos de caracterización del participante; y (b) cuestiones orientadoras para investigar el transcurso de la gestación. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas en su totalidad y sometidas al análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados apuntaron a una valoración, por parte de las entrevistadas, de los profesionales con postura acogedora, favoreciendo la percepción de un prenatal de calidad. La importancia del prenatal fue reconocida por su capacidad de ofrecer informaciones acerca del cuidado con el bebé y destacó la brecha en relación a la información y espacio para reflexión sobre modificaciones físicas, psíquicas, hormonales que ocurren con la mujer durante la gestación.

"Ele foi orçado, mas não planejado!": a infância na contemporaneidade / "He was budgeted but not planned!": childhood in the contemporary world / "¡El fue presupuestado, pero no planeado!": La infancia en la contemporaneidad

Resumo O presente estudo traz algumas reflexões sobre o modo como a infância tem sido tratada na contemporaneidade na nossa sociedade. Objetiva contribuir com apontamentos que vão desde as propostas educativas elaboradas ao longo da história para a infância até aspectos relativos à presença da criança na mídia, no consumo e, finalmente, na cada vez mais frequente patologização da vida infantil. Questões como - até que ponto a sociedade atual, com suas mídias e apelos para o consumo e o foco exacerbado na adultização tem cuidado de suas crianças? Por que as crianças estão cada vez mais sendo medicadas? O que fazer diante desse panorama atual em que se torna evidente uma sociedade altamente medicalizada e medicalizante? - são tratadas no texto, a partir da revisão da literatura pertinente. A infância é reconhecidamente uma etapa fundamental para o desenvolvimento de todos os seres humanos e as considerações ao longo do estudo evidenciam como o brincar, vislumbrado como a atividade própria da infância, vem sendo desconsiderado na atualidade, em favor de atividades do mundo adulto num preocupante retorno da imagem criança como adulto em miniatura.

Abstract The present study provides some reflections about the way in which childhood has been addressed in the contemporary world in our society. It aims to contribute with observations ranging from the educational proposals elaborated throughout history to aspects related to the child's involvement in the media, consumption, and finally, childhood pathologizating as an aspect that is becoming more prevalent. Issues such as - ¿ To what extent does current society with its media and appeals for consumption and the exacerbated focus on impose adult behaviors on early ages, care for its children? ¿Why are children increasingly being medicated? ¿What can we do for the current panorama in which a highly medicalized and medicated society becomes evident? - are discussed in the text, from the relevant literature review. Childhood is recognized as a fundamental stage for the development of all human beings and some considerations throughout the study show how playing, considered as a characteristic activity of childhood, is being disregarded today, in favor of the adult world pursuits in a concerning return of the child image as adult in miniature.

Resumen El presente estudio trae algunas reflexiones sobre el modo en que la infancia ha sido tratada en la contemporaneidad en nuestra sociedad. Tiene como objetivo contribuir con apuntes que van desde las propuestas educativas para la infancia elaboradas a lo largo de la historia hasta aspectos relativos a la presencia del niño en los medios, en el consumo y, finalmente, en la cada vez más frecuente patologización de la vida infantil. Cuestiones como - ¿hasta qué punto la sociedad actual, con sus medios y llamados al consumo y el foco exacerbado en la adultización, tiene cuidado de sus niños? ¿Por qué los niños están siendo medicados cada vez más? ¿Qué hacer ante este panorama actual en que se hace evidente una sociedad altamente medicalizada y medicalizante? - se tratan en el texto, a partir de la revisión de la literatura pertinente. La infancia es reconocida como una etapa fundamental para el desarrollo de todos los seres humanos y las consideraciones a lo largo del estudio evidencian cómo el jugar, vislumbrado como la actividad propia de la infancia, viene siendo desconsiderado en la actualidad, a favor de actividades del mundo adulto en un preocupante retorno de la imagen del niño como adulto en miniatura.