Deprived areas and community water fluoridation in Brazil: a multilevel approach for refocusing public policy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether geographic location, socioeconomic status, infant mortality, and mortality from diarrheal disease in health regions are associated with the provision of community water fluoridation (CWF) in Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: A multilevel ecological study was conducted based on data from the National Survey of Basic Sanitation and Human Development Atlas. A multilevel analysis was carried out considering Brazilian municipalities as the first level and health regions as the second level, comprising sanitation, demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics. RESULTS: The observation units comprised 5,565 municipalities clustered in 438 health regions in Brazil. The lack of CWF provision was positively associated with the following municipal characteristics: a below-median proportion of inhabitants covered by the sewage network, medium to very low human development index, below-median per capita gross domestic product, and an above-median percentage of expenditures on sanitation. In relation to the health regions, the likelihood of a lack of CWF provision was greater in the municipalities belonging to the health regions located in the Northern and Northeastern areas of Brazil and in those where child mortality due to acute diarrheal disease and the proportion of people with low income were higher when adjusted by municipal indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Information on the characteristics associated with CWF provision constitutes important input for refocusing public policy to reduce inequalities among Brazilian municipalities and health regions. These findings may help policy-makers to understand the challenges facing CWF expansion in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.

Reabilitação prótetica convencional após remoção cirúrgica de hiperplasia fibrosa: relato de caso / Conventional prosthetic rehabilitation after surgical removal of fibrous hyperplasia: case report

O uso de próteses mal adaptadas pode ocasionar o surgimento de processos proliferativos não neoplásicos. A hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória (HFI) é uma lesão benigna, proveniente de reação hiperplásica do tecido conjuntivo fibroso em resposta às injúrias crônicas de baixa intensidade. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso clínico sobre remoção cirúrgica de HFI, seguida de reabilitação oral com próteses removíveis. Paciente de 75 anos do sexo masculino relatou que gostaria de fazer a troca da sua prótese, pois a mesma estava fraturada. Ao exame clínico intra-oral constatou-se que suas próteses possuíam higienização precária, e, a superior, possuía uma borda cortante que causou uma lesão hiperplásica na região de fundo de vestíbulo anterior. Quanto ao aspecto clínico, apresentava-se com consistência fibrosa e firme à palpação, de coloração semelhante a mucosa e assintomática. O plano de tratamento proposto foi reembasamento da prótese antiga com resina Soft Confort (Dencril, Brasil) eliminando as áreas que traumatizavam a mucosa, cirurgia pré-protética para a remoção da HFI, exame histopatológico e a confecção de novas próteses, sendo a superior prótese total convencional e a inferior prótese parcial removível. Observa-se a importância no cuidado do planejamento reabilitador protético dos pacientes, pois, como foi descrito neste caso, em algumas situações pode haver necessidade de lançarmos mão de diversas modalidades de tratamento prévias à reabilitação(AU)

The use of poorly adapted prostheses can lead to the emergence of non-neoplastic proliferative processes. Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (HFI) is a benign lesion, resulting from a hyperplastic reaction of fibrous connective tissue in response to low-intensity chronic injuries. The aim of the present study is to report a clinical case about surgical removal of HFI, followed by oral rehabilitation with removable prostheses. A 75-year-old male patient reported that he would like to change his prosthesis, because it was fractured. On intra-oral clinical examination, it was found that his prostheses had poor hygiene, and the upper one had a cutting edge that caused a hyperplastic lesion in the deep region of the anterior vestibule. As for the clinical aspect, it was fibrous and firm on palpation, mucosa-like and asymptomatic. The proposed treatment plan was to repurpose the old prosthesis with Soft Confort resin (Dencril, Brazil), eliminating the areas that traumatized the mucosa, pre-prosthetic surgery for the removal of HFI, histopathological examination and the making of new prostheses, the upper prosthesis being conventional total and the lower partial removable prosthesis. It is observed the importance in the care of the prosthetic rehabilitation planning of the patients, because, as it was described in this case, in some situations it may be necessary to resort to different treatment modalities prior to the rehabilitation(AU)

Characteristics of sanitation companies associated to water fluoridation of the supply systems of Brazilian municipalities, 2008. / Características das empresas de saneamento associadas à fluoretação da água dos sistemas de abastecimento de municípios do Brasil, 2008.

INTRODUCTION: The adjusted effect of the characteristics of sanitation companies on the provision of fluoridation into public water supply in Brazilian municipalities was evaluated. METHODS: Cross-sectional and ecological study based on the 2010 Demographic Census, 2008 National Survey on Basic Sanitation (PNSB), and 2010 Atlas of Human Development. The independent variables were the characteristics of utilities and municipalities, and the outcome was the lack of provision of fluoridation. Prevalence ratio was estimated with Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: 5,565 Brazilian municipalities were included. In the adjusted analysis, the outcome was independently and positively associated to municipalities in the North, Northeast, Central-West and Southeast macro-regions, with coverage rates for water and sewage services below the median value, with less than 10,000 inhabitants, medium and low/very low in human development. Regarding the independent effect of the utilities' characteristics, they were more likely not to provide fluoridation, all the companies that were not classified as indirect administration of the government or mixed-capital company or mixed-capital company of public character; municipal and intermunicipal (PR=1.21; 95%CI 1.19-1.23); and when the municipal government is the only provider (PR=1.22; 95%CI 1.20-1.25). CONCLUSION: The lack of provision of water fluoridation was greater when the service was mainly provided by municipal administrations and private companies associated or not to public entities, regardless of the characteristics of the municipalities.

Abordagem periodontal e protética para o fechamento de diastemas ­ relato de caso / Periodontal and prosthetic approach to diastema closure - case report

O diastema é uma das queixas estéticas mais comuns em clínicas odontológicas e caracteriza-se por espaços distintos entre dois dentes, geralmente entre incisivos centrais. Sua solução é variada, o planejamento pode incluir ortodontia, cirurgias periodontais e restaurações diretas ou indiretas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de cirurgia periodontal prévia ao fechamento de diastemas com facetas de cerâmica. Paciente compareceu à clínica odontológica da Universidade Nilton Lins com queixa de insatisfação com seu sorriso. No exame intraoral, observou-se presença de diastemas entre os dentes anteriores em ambos os arcos. Inicialmente foram realizadas moldagem e montagem em articulador para correta avaliação e planejamento. Após análises de proporcionalidade e harmonia estética dos dentes anteriores foi proposta a realização de cirurgia de aumento de coroa clínica e reanatomização com facetas de cerâmica. Executou-se o procedimento cirúrgico nos dentes 11, 12, 13, 21, 22 e 23 e, após a cicatrização, nova moldagem dupla. Os modelos resultantes foram reproduzidos digitalmente, seguidos da confecção de enceramento de diagnóstico e impressão de modelos em 3D. Realizou-se o teste estético prévio com resina bisacrílica, com a aprovação da paciente, partiu-se para os preparos e nova moldagem do arco superior. A partir do enceramento, as facetas de cerâmica foram confeccionadas e, a seguir, instaladas com cimento resinoso dual. As técnicas empregadas proporcionaram uma harmonização satisfatória do sorriso, devolvendo a autoestima da paciente (AU).

Diastema is one of the most common aesthetic complaints in dental clinics, characterized by distinct spaces between two teeth, usually between central incisors. Its solution is varied and may include orthodontics, periodontal surgeries, and direct or indirect restorations. The aim of this study is to report a case report of periodontal surgery prior to the closure of diastemas with ceramic veneers. Patient attended the dental clinic of Nilton Lins University complaining of dissatisfaction with her smile. In the intraoral examination, diastema was observed between the anterior teeth in both arches. Initially were made molding and assembly in articulator for correct evaluation and planning. After analysis of proportionality and aesthetic harmony of the anterior teeth, it was proposed to perform the periodontal surgery and reanatomization with ceramic veneers. The surgical procedure was performed on teeth 11, 12, 13, 21, 22 and 23 and, after healing, a new double impression. The resulting models were digitally reproduced for diagnostic waxing followed by 3D model printing. The previous aesthetic test was performed with bisacrylic resin, with the patient's approval, the preparation was performed and the upper arch was re-molded. With the diagnostic waxing, the porcelain veneers were made and then installed with dual resin cement. The techniques employed provided a satisfactory harmonization of the smile, restoring the patient's self-esteem (AU).

Características contextuais associadas à fluoretação da água de abastecimento público no Brasil em 2008 / Contextual characteristics associated with public water fluoridation in Brazil in 2008

Introdução: A fluoretação da água dos sistemas de abastecimento é reconhecida como política pública eficaz no controle da doença cárie em nível populacional. Dentre os países que adotam a política, foram observadas desigualdades na distribuição dos serviços entre seus entes federativos, levando a necessidade de pesquisas mais aprofundadas com ointuito de identificar os determinantes da sua implantação. Objetivo: Foi investigadasituação da fluoretação da água dos sistemas de abastecimento dos municípios do Brasil, explorando o papel de variáveis contextuais na oferta deste serviço. Métodos: A partir de dados primárias do Censo Demográfico para o ano 2010 e a Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico de 2008, e, utilizando as divisões político-territoriais de região de saúde/município, verificou-se a possibilidade da oferta do serviço de fluoretação exibir relação de dependência com características das empresas prestadoras dos serviços de saneamento, e, com características contextuais das regiões de saúde em que os municípios estão inseridos. A análise para ambas foi ajustada por variáveis de características municipais. Resultados: 60% dos municípios contavam com serviço de fluoretação. Em análise das características das empresas de saneamento (natureza jurídica, esfera administrativa e forma de execução), estas mantiveram-se associadas positivamente independente das características municipais. Administrações municipais e empresas privadas associadas ou não a entidades públicas estiveram associadas a ausência de provisão do serviço.A oferta de fluoretação se alterou conforme as variáveis contextuais das regiões de saúde, eram maiores as chances de o serviço estar ausente em municípios pertencentes a regiões de saúde onde eram elevadas as mortalidades infantil e ocasionadas doença diarreica aguda, onde houvesse maior a proporção de pessoas com baixa renda e nas regiões saúde pertencentes às macrorregiões Nordeste/Norte. Conclusão: Verificou-se importante relação de dependência entre provisão da fluoretação da água com as características das empresas e características contextuais das regiões de saúde

Introduction: The fluoridation of water supply systems is recognized as an effective public policy in the control of caries disease at the population level. Among the countries that adopting the policy, inequalities were observed in the distribution of services among their federative entities, leading to the need for more detailed surveys in order to identify the determinants of their implementation. Objective: It was investigated the water fluoridation of water supply systems in Brazilian municipalities, exploring the role of contextual variables in the supply of this service. Methods: Based on primary data from the Demographic Census for the year 2010 and the 2008 National Survey on Basic Sanitation, and using the political-territorial divisions health region/municipality, it was verified the possibility of offering the fluoridation service show dependency relation with characteristics of the companies that providing the sanitation services, and, with contextual characteristics of the health regions in which the municipalities are inserted. The analysis for both was adjusted by variables of municipal characteristics. Results: 60% of municipalities had fluoridation service. In an analysis of the characteristics of the sanitation companies (legal nature, administrative sphere and form of water supply service provision), they were positively associated with municipal characteristics. Municipal administrations and private companies associated or not with public entities were associated with the absence of provision of the service. The fluoridation supply changed according to the contextual variables of the health regions, the chances of the service being absent were higher in municipalities belonging to health regions where child mortality was high and mortality caused by acute diarrheal disease, where there was a greater proportion of people with low income and in the health regions belonging to the North-East / North macro-regions. Conclusion: There was an important dependence relationship between the provision of water fluoridation with the characteristics of the companies and the contextual characteristics of the health regions

Reabilitação com coroas metal free em dentes anteriores traumatizados e com rizogênese incompleta: relato de caso / Rehabilitation with metal free crowns in traumatized anterior teeth with incomplete rhizogenesis: case report

Objetivo: rizogênese incompleta refere-se a dentes permanentes em que não houve a formação completa do ápice radicular, ocasionando perda da vitalidade pulpar e, consequentemente, incapacidade da bainha epitelial de Hertwig para induzir a formação completa da raiz. Devido ao traumatismo e escurecimento dental, se faz necessário em certos casos a confecção de coroas em porcelana pura para reabilitar a paciente em estética e função. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar um caso de reabilitação estética e funcional em dente com rizogênese incompleta, onde se consideraram as perdas estruturais e alteração de cor, para que seja possível estabelecer o tratamento mais adequado. Relato de caso: paciente de 16 anos, gênero feminino, atendida na Clínica de Odontologia de uma instituição privada, insatisfeita com a estética do seu dente devido ao escurecimento do elemento 21, pois quando tinha 5 anos o dente foi traumatizado juntamente com o elemento 11. O plano de tratamento adotado para ambos os elementos foi a confecção de peças protéticas em porcelana e cimentação. Considerações finais: esse caso demonstrou que a confecção de coroas estéticas em porcelana é considerada uma boa conduta na rotina clínica em casos de escurecimento dental, devolvendo estética e função para o paciente.(AU)

Objective: incomplete rhizogenesis refers to permanent teeth with incomplete formation of the root apex, causing loss of pulp vitality and the consequent inability of the Hertwig epithelial sheath to induce complete root formation. Due to dental trauma and darkening, some cases require the production of pure porcelain crowns to rehabilitate the aesthetics and function of patients. The present study aims to show a case of aesthetic and functional rehabilitation in a tooth with incomplete rhizogenesis, in which structural losses and color change were considered to establish the most appropriate treatment. Case report: a 16-year-old female patient treated at the Dental Clinic of a private institution. The patient was not satisfied with the aesthetics of her tooth due to the darkening of element 21, because at 5 years old the tooth was traumatized along with element 11. The treatment used for both elements was the production of prosthetic porcelain crowns and cementation. Final considerations: this case showed that the production of aesthetic porcelain crowns is considered a good conduct in the clinical routine in cases of tooth darkening, returning aesthetics and function to the patient.(AU)

Sanitation utilities and fluoridation of water supply systems: an ecological study in Brazilian municipalities, 2008-2010. / Empresas de saneamento e a fluoretação da água dos sistemas de abastecimento: estudo ecológico nos municípios do Brasil, 2008/2010.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the characteristics of Brazilian sanitation utilities and municipalities according to the water supply system fluoridation situation. METHODS: this was an ecological study using data from the National Survey of Basic Sanitation 2008, the Demographic Census 2010 and the Atlas of Human Development 2010. RESULTS: of the 5,565 Brazilian municipalities, 60% had a fluoridation service; there was variation in fluoridation provision depending on the characteristics of the service providers and the municipality; the greater the coverage of water supply and sewerage and the higher the level of human development, the greater the provision of fluoridation (p<0.001); fluoridation provision was higher in municipalities where the sanitation utilities were mixed-capital companies (75%) and lower when the companies were private (27%) and also when the service was provided only by the municipal government (40%). CONCLUSION: there was an important dependence relationship between the characteristics of the companies and the provision of water fluoridation in Brazilian municipalities.

Empresas de saneamento e a fluoretação da água dos sistemas de abastecimento: estudo ecológico nos municípios do Brasil, 2008/2010 / Empresas sanitarias y fluoración del agua de los sistemas de abastecimiento: estudio ecológico en los municipios de Brasil, 2008/2010 / Sanitation utilities and fluoridation of water supply systems: an ecological study in Brazilian municipalities, 2008-2010

Objetivo: descrever as características das empresas de saneamento e dos municípios brasileiros segundo a situação da fluoretação da água dos sistemas de abastecimento. Métodos: estudo ecológico, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico 2008, Censo Demográfico 2010 e Atlas de Desenvolvimento Humano 2010. Resultados: dos 5.565 municípios brasileiros, 60% contavam com serviço de fluoretação; a provisão da fluoretação variou segundo características dos prestadores do serviço e do município; quanto maior a cobertura de abastecimento de água e de esgoto e maior o nível de desenvolvimento humano, maior a provisão da fluoretação (p<0,001); essa provisão foi maior nos municípios onde as empresas executoras eram do tipo de sociedade de economia mista (75%), e menor sob a esfera administrativa privada (27%) e a prefeitura a única executora (40%). Conclusão: verificou-se importante relação de dependência entre as características das empresas e a provisão da fluoretação da água nos municípios brasileiros.

Objetivo: describir características de las empresas sanitarias y los municipios brasileños según la situación de fluoración del agua de los sistemas de abastecimiento. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico, con datos de la Investigación Nacional de Saneamiento Básico 2008, Censo Demográfico 2010 y Atlas de Desarrollo Humano 2010. Resultados: entre 5.565 municipios, 60% tenían servicio de fluoración; se encontró variación en la provisión, según los prestadores del servicio y los municipios; cuanto mayor la cobertura de abastecimiento de agua, de alcantarillado y nivel de desarrollo humano, mayor la provisión de fluoración (p<0,001); la provisión fue mayor en los municipios donde las empresas ejecutoras eran de sociedad de economía mixta (75%) y menor donde la esfera administrativa era del tipo privado (27%) y la alcaldía era la única ejecutora (40%). Conclusión: se verificó una importante relación de dependencia entre las características de las empresas y la provisión del servicio en los municipios brasileños.

Objective: to describe the characteristics of Brazilian sanitation utilities and municipalities according to the water supply system fluoridation situation. Methods: this was an ecological study using data from the National Survey of Basic Sanitation 2008, the Demographic Census 2010 and the Atlas of Human Development 2010. Results: of the 5,565 Brazilian municipalities, 60% had a fluoridation service; there was variation in fluoridation provision depending on the characteristics of the service providers and the municipality; the greater the coverage of water supply and sewerage and the higher the level of human development, the greater the provision of fluoridation (p<0.001); fluoridation provision was higher in municipalities where the sanitation utilities were mixed-capital companies (75%) and lower when the companies were private (27%) and also when the service was provided only by the municipal government (40%). Conclusion: there was an important dependence relationship between the characteristics of the companies and the provision of water fluoridation in Brazilian municipalities.

Prótese total imediata em paciente com periodontite crônica associada ao tabagismo ­ relato de caso / Immediate total prosthesis in a patient with chronic periodontitis associated with smoking ­ case report

O tabagismo é uma prática que traz muitos malefícios aos usuários, tanto à saúde sistêmica quanto à oral. O efeito mais comum observado na cavidade oral é a periodontite, podendo culminar na cronificação da doença, consequentemente, levando à perda dos elementos dentários, fazendo-se necessária a intervenção protética. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o tratamento reabilitador por meio de prótese total imediata em paciente portador de periodontite crônica com extensa perda óssea associada ao tabagismo. O mesmo foi diagnosticado com periodontite crônica severa associada ao tabagismo e o tratamento proposto foi a extração de todos os elementos superiores com enfoque para a reabilitação em prótese total imediata superior e confecção de prótese parcial removível inferior. Concluiu-se que o tratamento eleito proporcionou uma reabilitação satisfatória tanto no aspecto clínico quanto emocional do paciente, pois restabeleceu a capacidade mastigatória adequada, trouxe melhora na fonética, conferiu aspecto de cavidade oral saudável e, principalmente, bem-estar estético e social (AU).

Smoking is a practice that brings much harm to its users, both to systemic and oral health. The most common effect observed in the oral cavity is periodontitis, which can culminate in the chronification of the disease, consequently leading to loss of dental elements, making prosthetic intervention necessary. This work aims to report rehabilitation treatment through immediate total prosthesis in patient with chronic periodontitis with extensive bone loss associated with smoking. This patient was diagnosed with severe chronic periodontitis associated with smoking and the proposed treatment was the extraction of all the superior elements with focus on the rehabilitation in the immediate superior total prosthesis and the manufacture of lower removable partial denture. It was concluded that the elected treatment provided a satisfactory rehabilitation for both patient clinical and emotional aspects, as it reestablished adequate masticatory capacity, improved phonetics, conferred a healthy oral cavity aspect, essential aesthetic, and mainly, aesthetic and social well-being (AU).