ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Tithonia diversifolia as a supplementary forage on dairy cow performance and methane production. Nine lactating Holstein × Zebu dairy cows (519 ± 53.3 kg of body weight and 66 ± 13.3 d in milk) were paired by milk yield (21.3 ± 2.34 kg/d) and body weight and randomly assigned to three dietary treatments in a Latin square design with 21-d experimental periods (14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for measurements and sample collection). The dietary treatments included the control diet consisting of fresh sugar cane plus concentrate (44:56, % of diet DM), and two treatment diets containing different levels of fresh T. diversifolia (6.5 and 15.4%, DM basis) which partially replaced both sugarcane and concentrates. Methane production was measured using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) technique from d 16 to d 21 of each experimental period. Analysis of the gas samples was performed by gas chromatography. The inclusion of T. diversifolia at 15.4% DM had no effects on DM intake, milk production, nitrogen balance or methane production. There was no effect on the concentrations of total saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in milk fat (P ≥ 0.28), though individual milk fatty acids were affected. Serum concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen (BUN), triglycerides, ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and cholesterol were unaffected by the dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.13). There was a time (2 and 6 h post-feeding) and dietary treatment effect (P < 0.01) on the acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen. A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the archaeal community showed distinct clustering of the archaea populations for control and treatment diets. Taken together, our results indicate the potential of T. diversifolia as a supplementary forage for dairy cattle in the tropics.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Lactation/drug effects , Milk/drug effects , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Animals , Asteraceae/chemistry , Cattle , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements , Digestion/drug effects , Female , Fermentation/drug effects , Methane/metabolism , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Rumen/metabolismABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Due to scarce nutritional data, this study assessed the productivity and nutritional value of Echinolaena inflexa (EI) grass, native to the Cerrado biome. It was compared to B. brizantha (BB), one of the most cultivated grasses in Brazil, during a whole year (rainy; RS and dry season; DS). Sampling was held in accordance with pasture management (entry / exit height; 50 / 5cm and 80 / 25cm for EI and BB, respectively). Dry matter production (DMP), crude protein (CP), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF; ADF), hemicellulose (HCEL), PB insoluble neutral and acid detergent (PIDN; PIDA), total and non-fibrous carbohydrates (TC; NFC), ether extract (EE), and mineral matter (MM), and in vitro fermentation kinetics and DM degradability (DMD) were evaluated. A completely randomized design (season as a fixed term) and average treatment compared by Tukey post test were applied. EI produced 38.5% of the DMP of BB. A higher CP (75.3; 73.5 in the RS and DS), PIDA (12.5; 8.7), PIDN (47.1; 40.1), NDF (714.4; 749.5) and ADF (396.0; 419.0) were obtained by EI in relation to BB (CP (60.3; 33.5), PIDA (6.0; 3.5), PIDN (21.4; 10.8), NDF (673.0; 675.1) and ADF (335.5; 351.4) during the RS and DS, respectively (g kg-1 DM). In vitro data were directly associated with chemical composition, resulting in lower DMD of EI compared to BB. EI showed productive similarity (DMP) during RS and DS (939.3; 809.8kg DM respectively). Although EI showed greater nutritional stability (CP) between seasons, 17% of CP was linked to ADF and therefore, not available for rumen microorganisms.
RESUMO: Existem escassas informações a respeito da qualidade nutricional e potencial produtivo de Echinolaena Inflexa, planta nativa do Cerrado Brasileiro e que possui potencial valor forrageiro. Dessa forma, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o seu valor nutritivo e produtividade, comparando-a com a B. brizantha (BB), uma das mais cultivadas gramíneas no Brasil, durante um no agrícola (Estação das Chuvas; CH e seca; SE). A coleta do material experimental foi realizada de acordo com as recomendações de manejo (altura de entrada / altura de saída 50/5cm e 80/25cm para EI e BB, respectivamente). Foram avaliadas a produção de matéria seca (PMS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra detergente neutro e ácido (FDN e FDA), hemicelulose (HCEL), PB insolúvel em detergente neutro e ácido (PIDN e PIDA), carboidratos totais e não fibrosos (CT e CNF), extrato etéreo (EE) e matéria mineral (MM), e a cinética de fermentação ruminal e degradabilidade in vitro da MS (DMS). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e as médias de tratamento comparadas pelo post test de Tukey. A EI apresentou 38,5% da PMS da BB. Foram obtidos maiores teores de PB (75,3 e 73,5), PIDA (12,5 e 8,7), PIDN (47,1 e 40,1), FDN (714,4 e 749,5) e FDA (396,0 e 419,0) para a EI em relação a BB (PB; 60,3 e 33,5), PIDA (6,0 e 3.5), PIDN (21,4 e 10,8), FDN (673,0 e 675,1) e FDA (335,5 e 351,4) na estação chuvosa e seca, respectivamente (g kg-1 MS). Os dados in vitro da EI foram diretamente associados à composição química, resultando em menor DMS comparativamente BB. A EI apresentou estabilidade produtiva (PMS) durante a estação chuvosa e seca (939,3 e 809,8kg MS), respectivamente. Apesar da similaridade nutricional (PB) nas estações, cerca de 17% da PB está ligada a FDA e, portanto, não disponível para os microrganismos ruminais.